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The purpose of this paper is to study the solder beading phenomenon (referring to larger-sized solder balls) of surface-mounted electrolytic capacitors. Solder beading could induce failures by violating the minimal electrical clearance on the printed circuit board (PCB). In modern lead-free reflow soldering, especially in high-reliability industries, such as automotive, aeroplane and aerospace, detecting and preventing such defects is essential in reliable and cost-effective manufacturing.

The large size of the involved components may block the view of automatic optical inspection; therefore, X-ray inspection is necessary. To detect the failure mode, X-ray imaging, cross-section grinding, optical microscopy and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy were used. High-resolution noncontact profilometry and optical microscopy were used to analyse component designs. The surface mounting process steps were also analysed to reveal their dependence on the issue. Test methods were designed and performed to reveal the behaviour of the solder paste (SP) during the reflow soldering process and to emphasise the component design relevance.

It was found that the reduction of SP volume only reduces the failure rate but does not solve the problem. Results show that excessive component placement pressure could induce solder beading. Statistical analysis revealed that differences between distinct components had the highest effect on the solder beading rate. Design aspects of solder beading-prone components were identified and discussed as the primary source of the problem.

The findings can be applied in surface-mount technology production, where the total failure count and resulting failure costs could be reduced according to the findings.

This paper shows that component design aspects such as the low distance between the underside of the component and the PCB and blocked proper outgassing of volatile compounds of the SP can be root causes of solder beading under surface-mounted electrolytic capacitors.

Associated with status, excess and wastefulness, the consumption of luxury is perceived as the antithesis to sustainable development. Entrepreneurs create business cases to mediate positive sustainability changes, which transform markets and institutional arrangements. The purpose of this paper is to propose the concept of value-in-impact as an interface concept to integrate perspectives from entrepreneurship, marketing and ecological economics. It provides interdisciplinarily applicable, generalizable concepts to describe social entrepreneurs’ personal motivations to reconfigure market structures to produce sustainability change.

The case of Ecuadorian luxury chocolate manufactory To’ak is described in the context of the three pillars of sustainability, chocolate producers and cacao suppliers. Thematic analysis of the founders’ personal narratives provides insight regarding their motivation to use ostensibly antithetical luxury marketing for rainforest preservation and to foster self-reliant communities.

To’ak pays premium prices to create incentives to community farmers to propagate the rare, DNA-certified cacao exclusive to their products, thereby marginalizing oppressive suppliers. The company’s founders are motivated to excellence in the chocolate industry, having witnessed the loss of the cultural meaning of cacao, rainforest degradation and the dissipation of associated communities. The case study findings illustrate how value-in-impact is interpreted as purposeful configuration of value-in-use and value-in-exchange on luxury markets to produce positive sustainability change.

The notion of value-in-impact describes higher order conceptualizations in business research. It encompasses a holistic understanding of the dynamics within and between societal and natural ecosystems. Its application at the marketing/entrepreneurship interface can lead to improved management and policy decisions.

The recent advancements in smartphone technology and social media platforms have increased the popularity of artificial intelligence (AI) color cosmetics. Meanwhile, China is a lucrative market for various foreign beauty products and technological innovations. This research aims to investigate the adoption of AI color cosmetics applications and their electronic word-of-mouth (e-WOM) intention among Chinese social media influencers. Several key concepts have been proposed in this research, namely body esteem, price sensitivity, social media addiction and actual purchase.

An online questionnaire design was used in this research. A combination of purposive sampling and snowball sampling of AI color cosmetics users who are also social media influencers in China yields 221 respondents. To analyze the data, this research employs Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) method via SPSS and AMOS software. A 2-step approach, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), is implemented to prove the hypotheses and generate the results.

1) Social media addiction is a positive predictor of AI color cosmetics usage, (2) AI color cosmetics usage is a positive predictor of actual purchase, (3) actual purchase is a positive predictor of e-WOM intention and lastly, (4) there is a full mediation effect of actual purchase.

This research draws on the uses and gratification (U&G) theory to investigate how specific user characteristics affect Chinese social media influencers' adoption of AI color cosmetics, as well as how this may affect their decision to purchase branded color cosmetics and their e-WOM.

The purpose of this paper is to obtain a finite difference method (FDM) solution using control volume for heat transport by conduction and the heat absorption by the enthalpy model in the sand mixture used in casting manufacturing processes. A mixture of sand and different chemicals (binders) is used as moulding materials in the casting processes. The presence of various compounds in the system improve the complexity of the heat transport due to the heat absorption as the binders are decomposing and transformed into gaseous products due to significant heat shock.

The geometrical domain were defined in a 1D polar coordinate system and adapted for numerical simulation according to the control volume-based FDM. The simulation results were validated by comparison to the temperature measurements under laboratory conditions as the sand mould mixture was heated by interacting with a liquid alloy.

Results of validation and simulation methods were about high correspondence, the numerical method presented in this paper is accurate and has significant potential in the simulation of casting processes.

Both numerical solution (definition of geometrical domain in 1D polar coordinate system) and verification method presented in this paper are state-of-the-art in their kinds and present high scientific value especially regarding to the topic of numerical modelling of heat flow and foundry technology.

This article examines how establishing a family constitution influences strategic planning in family businesses, applying the strategy-as-practice theoretical framework.

We analyzed qualitative interviews with family members and non-family managers involved in both constitution-making and strategic planning.

The study reveals that family constitutions drive formalization of governance mechanisms, aligning family values with business goals. Key findings highlight that constitutions professionalize decision-making, enhance family cohesion and introduce structured strategic planning.

Our proposed model illustrates how constitutions act as a bridge, integrating family governance with corporate strategy, thereby supporting business continuity and succession. These results suggest a structured, governance-focused approach to strategic planning, where family constitutions play a central role in aligning family and business interests.

Physical activity (PA) has been widely studied for its individual and societal benefits, but research on how organisations can effectively promote workplace physical activity (WPA) programmes is lacking. This article aims to examine the organisational-level benefits and value drivers of corporate PA programmes whilst also exploring the factors that motivate employees to participate in these programmes.

The authors used the self-determination theory (SDT) and the Hungarian Sport Motivation Scale (H-SMS) – which was modified and validated from the original English SMS scale, which is one of the six most highly cited motivation questionnaires in sports – to assess employees' motivation towards sports. In conjunction, in-depth interviews with company representatives were conducted to create a mind map outlining the impacts and advantages of WPA programmes. The study involved interviews with 13 managers in Hungary and a survey completed by 728 employees.

The findings of the authors' study indicate that WPA programmes had positive effects on employee engagement, turnover reduction and absenteeism. However, the authors' results also revealed that employee motivation to participate in these programmes was primarily driven by external factors, such as identified and introjected regulators, indicating a low level of intrinsic motivation for sports in the workplace. It is important to classify employees based on their motivation and behaviour to design and promote effective PA programmes in the workplace and to increase participation rates.

The authors' findings indicate the importance of aligning WPA programme promotion with employee motivation. This can encourage organisations to initiate their programmes, address participation challenges and strive for higher engagement rates. Further research on employee motivation can support the development of more effective communication strategies for companies in this context.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse time-series change of the competitiveness of leading companies of the sector based on their financial position regarding the period of financial crisis.

First, high level of revenue concentration was proved; consequently, strong competitive situation among few competitors was realised. Corporations having three common features (high amount of equity, high revenue and diversified product structure) were included in the sample. As the methodological background financial parameters were assigned to the definition of corporate competitiveness, and then comparative and comprehensive financial analysis of competitors was accomplished. Using relevant studies, liquidity based on balance sheets and cash flow statements, working capital processes, conventional and cash-flow based profitability were analysed.

It was proved that sample companies continuously improved the efficiency of working capital management indicated by the decrease of the average cash conversion cycle from 45 to 23 days. It was realised that there is a Hungarian-owned firm having outstanding financial performance; consequently, it has significant position among competitors. This company has further opportunity to increase its market share and competitiveness in the future. Finally, important characteristics of the sector were identified concerning the low level of technological improvements (the average ratio was below 3 per cent of the revenue), and unfavourable profitability processes.

In this paper, a separate analytic framework is established in view of the application of financial indicators to analyse competitiveness. This kind of analysis was not executed before in this sector.

This issue is a selected bibliography covering the subject of leadership.