Neil Moreland, Arif Jawaid and Jaswinder Dhillon
Whilst there are different types of benchmarking, this article, as a result of our research into TESOL (Teaching of English to Speakers of Other Languages), argues for a type of…
Abstract
Whilst there are different types of benchmarking, this article, as a result of our research into TESOL (Teaching of English to Speakers of Other Languages), argues for a type of benchmarking that we call generic benchmarking to help develop quality education. The term generic is used to indicate that this type of benchmark is drawn from a detailed analysis and synthesis of extant literature, leading to the development and codification of quality characteristics and standards for an area. As the approach was used in research in TESOL, the context of the research is provided, as is a worked example drawn from the extensive literature review on planning for TESOL. Possible implications for staff development and curriculum improvement are identified.
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Syed Ali Raza, Syed Tehseen Jawaid, Sahar Afshan and Mohd Zaini Abd Karim
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of foreign capital inflows and economic growth on stock market capitalization in Pakistan by using the annual time series…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of foreign capital inflows and economic growth on stock market capitalization in Pakistan by using the annual time series data from the period of 1976 to 2011.
Design/methodology/approach
The autoregressive distributed lag bound testing cointegration approach, the error correction model and the rolling window estimation procedures have been performed to analyze the long run, short run and behavior of coefficients, respectively.
Findings
Results indicate that foreign direct investment (FDI), workers’ remittances and economic growth have significant positive relationship with the stock market capitalization in long run as well as in short run. Results of the dynamic ordinary least square and the fully modified ordinary least square suggest that the initial results of long-run coefficients are robust. Results of variance decomposition test show the bidirectional causal relationship of FDI and economic growth with stock market capitalization. However, unidirectional causal relationship is found in between workers’ remittances and stock market capitalization.
Practical implications
It is suggested that in Pakistan, investors can make their investment decisions through keeping an eye on the direction of the considered foreign capital inflows and economic growth.
Originality/value
This paper makes a unique contribution to the literature with reference to Pakistan, being a pioneering attempt to investigate the effects of foreign capital inflows and economic growth on stock market by using long time series data and applying more rigorous techniques.
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Jawaid Ahmed Qureshi, Aamir Firoz Shamsi and Farrah Arif
The learning outcomes are as follows: to analyze the multidimensional and complex crises, and market stature of a company that was a market and industry leader in a developing…
Abstract
Learning outcomes
The learning outcomes are as follows: to analyze the multidimensional and complex crises, and market stature of a company that was a market and industry leader in a developing country; to evaluate and interpret the outcomes of decisions pertaining declining profits, outstanding receivables, branding, marketing and radical reforms to overcome the challenges of sustainable growth, customers and employees’ loyalty, market stature and leadership crises; and to design strategic solutions for sustaining its leadership position and combating severe challenges.
Case overview/synopsis
The purpose of this paper is to ponder upon various crises that Pakistan State Oil (PSO) was facing, so that learners can critically analyze, assess and design strategic solutions for it. PSO was the state-run market leader in the petroleum industry. The company had been struggling to combat multiple types of turmoil at a time. Its huge fund of receivables was blocked in circular debt that caused the company budget constraints and deficits. Due to a government policy shift, the demand for its furnace oil substantially reduced and profits plummeted. The countless internal and external crises posed severe menace to its competitive position vis-a-vis its rivals. This qualitative case study garners data from eight interviews from senior managers in the petroleum industry and adds content analysis technique to acquire pertinent data from renowned media sources and subsequent analysis. The drastic crises left PSO with dearth of funds and declining profitability. Consequently, due to limited marketing budget, creativity of its marketing team for devising effective marketing programs to raise market share was compromised. PSO underwent the issues of brand sustainability, sustainable growth, customers and employees’ loyalty, and market stature to financial and leadership crises. However, despite limitations, it still enjoyed a market leadership position among its rivals in the industry by occupying more than half of the chunk of market in the petroleum industry. This is a unique case study of a state-owned giant company facing multidimensional menaces. It offers tremendous learning opportunities for students who can devise creative strategic solutions and link theories and models with practice.
Complexity academic level
Graduate (MBA), MS, PhD (management and administrative sciences); Suitable for teaching in chapters: Anywhere but ideally near the middle or end of the above courses.
Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only.
Subject code
CCS 11: Strategy.
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Syed Tehseen Jawaid, Lubna Khan and Imtiaz Arif
Despite the reasonable surge of remittances and imports in Pakistan, very less attention has been given to this area. To bridge the gap, this study aims to explore the…
Abstract
Purpose
Despite the reasonable surge of remittances and imports in Pakistan, very less attention has been given to this area. To bridge the gap, this study aims to explore the relationship of worker’s remittances and imports of Pakistan at both aggregate and disaggregate levels. Also, this research focuses on investigating whether remitted income substitute or complement imports of the country.
Design/methodology/approach
To achieve these goals, the authors use annual time-series data from 1974–2016.
Findings
Empirical findings obtained from the autoregressive distributed lag model method suggest that remittances substitute imports in Pakistan. It is also found that remittances not only substitute aggregate imports but also act as a substitute at different disaggregated levels. Further, it is documented that higher economic growth increases imports, whereas the real exchange rate for imports is inversely related to imports at both levels.
Originality/value
These empirical findings also draw some substantive policy implications for the state owners and policy advisers.
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Wahaj Ahmed Khan, Syed Tehseen Jawaid and Imtiaz Arif
This paper aims to determine the preferable destinations of money laundered from Pakistan by using the Walker’s Gravity Model and to estimate the amount of money laundered through…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to determine the preferable destinations of money laundered from Pakistan by using the Walker’s Gravity Model and to estimate the amount of money laundered through 156 countries. The research aims to facilitate policymakers and regulators to provide more efficient guidelines to counter the problem of money laundering.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses a descriptive and quantitative approach. This study uses the Walker’s Gravity Model updated by Unger et al. (2006) to measure money laundering in Pakistan; Walker’s Gravity Model was first developed by John Walker in 1994.
Findings
The results indicate that Pakistani money launderers preferred countries having large financial sectors and political stability to hide their illegal money. In addition, the study estimates the amount of money laundered and shows that Pakistan has lost bulk of funds.
Research limitations/implications
The major limitation is the non-availability of reliable data as the activity is hidden. Reliable data is either not available officially or scattered. Available data only reflect aspects that are reported. Non-availability of statistics for all years and countries resulted in the omission of some countries.
Practical implications
The study helps legislators and policymakers, including the Ministry of Finance, State Bank of Pakistan, Securities and Exchange Commission Pakistan, and other regulators, including law enforcement agencies and financial institutions, in formulating effective policies, regulations and internal control.
Originality/value
The study helps to identify the need of estimating the amount of money laundered to fight the problem effectively. Very few efforts have made to determine the size and the amount of money laundered, and this is the first study to determine the amount of money flowing out of Pakistan with the purpose of laundering.
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Mahpara Naeem, Syed Tehseen Jawaid and Sadaf Mustafa
This paper aims to review and highlight the gaps in the research streams of the technological acceptance model (TAM) associated with e-banking services. The introduction of TAM as…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to review and highlight the gaps in the research streams of the technological acceptance model (TAM) associated with e-banking services. The introduction of TAM as a decision-making process from individual and organizational perspectives is the core purpose of this paper.
Design/methodology/approach
This study is based on concept-centric reviews and synthesizing of previous research. Data are extracted from a systematic literature review published from 1975 to 2021 under the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analyses statement.
Findings
This review explored that theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior are the basic theories proceeding to TAM evolution. TAM has been extended to its three versions, which are designed and modified for different contexts and cultures. Previously, the risk-return approach, theory of trust and perceived value were the major constructs or modifications in TAM. Now, TAM has been designed for measuring customers’ perception of any technological advancement.
Research limitations/implications
This review is limited to major additive constructs in modified TAM concerning e-banking services, which can be expanded to different cultures and contexts. This study sketched TAM as a decision-making model associated with the factors influencing any technological advancement. So, the proposed conceptual framework is applicable for the behavioral analysis of technological adoption from individual and organizational perspectives in any field.
Originality/value
This review designed a bi-dimensional conceptual model of TAM as a decision-making process for e-services that has not been identified yet in any study from organizations’ and customers’ perspectives.
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Wajeeha Aslam and Syed Tehseen Jawaid
Due to the increased pollution and global warming, the banking sector is also implementing green practices in their operations to improve business ethics. However, there are few…
Abstract
Purpose
Due to the increased pollution and global warming, the banking sector is also implementing green practices in their operations to improve business ethics. However, there are few studies that have looked at how green practices affect performance outcomes. Considering this, the study aims to examine the impact of green banking adoption practices (GRBP) on consumer-related performance outcomes (i.e. consumer green satisfaction, consumer green perceived quality, consumer green trust, environmental friendliness and continuing relations with bank). The study used resource-based view theory and triple bottom line in connecting GBRP and consumer-related performance outcomes.
Design/methodology/approach
The data was gathered via a Likert scale questionnaire from banking personnel and consumers using a non-probability purposive sampling technique. The data of GRBP was collected from the banking employees, whereas the data for consumer-related performance outcomes were gathered from the banking consumers, and “Partial least square-structural equation modeling” (PLS-SEM) was used to examine research hypotheses.
Findings
The results of PLS-SEM reveal that GRBP positively affects consumer green trust, green perceived quality and green satisfaction. However, GRBP does not have any impact on environmental friendliness. The results further reveal that GRBP largely affects consumer green trust followed by green perceived quality and green satisfaction, respectively. Moreover, consumer green perceived quality, green trust and environmental friendliness positively affect the continuing relationship with the bank.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study in the context of green banking, i.e. two-dimensional, as it examines the impact of GRBP on consumer-related performance outcomes and confirms that GRBP enhances consumer-related performance outcomes. The findings of the study provide numerous insights to bank managers, environmentalists and policymakers.
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The restrictive measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic put a halt to everything across the world. The global crisis hit every sphere of life. The mobility restrictive nature of…
Abstract
The restrictive measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic put a halt to everything across the world. The global crisis hit every sphere of life. The mobility restrictive nature of the pandemic was a major blow to the travel, tourism and hospitality industry. For a country like Pakistan, with an unstable economy and struggling tourism, the pandemic served as ground zero. This chapter critically examines tourism dimensions in Pakistan and how it sustained the impact of various crises. It pays attention to the concepts of vulnerability, social and community resilience, and adaptive capacity to provide a theoretical understanding of the revival of tourism in Pakistan. It also considers the impact of COVID-led measures on the tourism industry and corresponding initiatives of the government. The chapter concludes by arguing that Pakistan should carefully monitor and assess the current debates on tourism policies and practices. The chapter suggests that the national tourism strategy should incorporate a mechanism that can address tourism in crises in addition to addressing the environmental, socio-cultural and economic impact of tourism.
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Recognising the significance of international trade in economic growth, this research explores the drivers of exports in South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation countries…
Abstract
Recognising the significance of international trade in economic growth, this research explores the drivers of exports in South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation countries from 2008 to 2021. The study employs the export demand model and the augmented exports supply model and utilises pooled time-series data. This study questions whether export supply decisions are based on traditional trade model factors, emerging trading realities or macroeconomic variables. The model based on fixed effects evaluates the connection between exports and their possible drivers. Traditional export supply models suggest determinants like production capacity, variable cost and relative pricing influencing South Asian export supply performance substantially. Changes in trade, for example, have a substantial impact on export supply, demonstrating that the trade liberalisation procedure promotes growth in exports, compression in imports and technological advancement. The worsening state of the energy industry and growing levels of corruption have proved to be significant deterrents to export supply decisions. The results verify foreign direct investment's positive and medium influence on the expansion of exports. Other variables, however, such as GDP and its growth, Official Development Assistance (ODA), development expenditure, indirect taxation, labour supply and the exchange rate of currencies, have a positive impact on the flow of exports. Furthermore, the data corroborate the notion that increased savings have a significant beneficial influence on the flow of exports. The study proposes that concerned governments examine their export policies and adopt new policies adapted in accordance with changing circumstances with the goal of increasing and enhancing the performance of exports.
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Wajeeha Aslam and Syed Tehseen Jawaid
The increased concerns for the environment have led organizations, businesses and nations to act environmentally friendly. This has also pressurized the banking sector to adopt…
Abstract
Purpose
The increased concerns for the environment have led organizations, businesses and nations to act environmentally friendly. This has also pressurized the banking sector to adopt green practices. However, there is a dearth of studies related to green banking (G-banking) adoption practices (GBAP) on banking performance. Hence, by considering the resource-based view theory, this study aims to examine the impact of GBAP on banking performance, i.e. financial, operational and environmental performance.
Design/methodology/approach
The data was acquired from banking personnel in Pakistan using a five-point Likert scale questionnaire and a non-probability purposive selection technique. In total, 400 responses were gathered, on which data screening was performed to detect and delete outliers. On a useful sample of 360, partial least square-structural equation modeling was used to validate the hypotheses.
Findings
The findings revealed that GBAP positively affects the environmental, operational and financial performance of the banks. The findings further revealed that GBAP largely affects environmental performance followed by operational performance and financial performance, respectively.
Practical implications
The study findings offer various insights to the policymakers and the banking sector to better implement G-banking practices in improving banking performance.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first studies to look at the effect of GBAP on key performance outcomes, i.e. financial and operational performance. This study also verifies the use of resource-based perspective theory in the context of G-banking.