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The aim of this study is to identify and characterize kids' menu offer in fast-food and traditional restaurants located in shopping centres in five different countries.

An observational cross-sectional study is carried out, though a study was performed in all restaurants located in shopping centres from main cities, in five countries: Brazil, Chile, Croatia, Hungary and Portugal. A tool for assessing the quality of menus is used for the analysis (Kids Menu Healthy Score (KIMEHS)). Menu prices between countries were compared.

A total of 192 kids' menus were collected, 44 in Portugal, 57 in Brazil, 66 in Chile, 15 in Hungary and 10 in Croatia. All the countries have average negative KIMEHS values for the menus, indicating that the offer is generally poor in terms of healthy options. The cost of children's menus in European countries is generally low. In Brazil, the price is significantly more expensive, which may limit the accessibility by social economically deprived populations. No significant differences were found in the average cost of meals from different restaurants typology. Traditional/Western restaurants present the highest price.

Globally, kids' menus are composed by unhealthy food items, pointing to the need of improvements in food availability, aiming to promote healthy food habits among children.

This study presents innovative data on children's menus, allowing for characterization of meals offered to children and comparison between different countries.

Key points

1. Kids’ menus are composed by unhealthy food items.

2. Improvement of kids' menus quality will promote children food habits.

3. Healthier out-of-home food consumption will contribute to public health.

Kids’ menus are composed by unhealthy food items.

Improvement of kids' menus quality will promote children food habits.

Healthier out-of-home food consumption will contribute to public health.

Foreign direct investment was obviously going to be central to the economic regeneration of the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe. However, the demise of the formerly centrally‐planned system was accompanied by the widespread collapse of the old union structures. While these have been replaced, at least in part, by a spontaneous growth of new unions, they have a limited membership and are fragmented in their organization. The usual result is that multinational companies need exhibit little concern regarding the views of their acquired workforce. This paper highlights the rather exceptional case of the Hungarian airline industry in which a moribund, albeit new, union was revitalised to the extent of being able to challenge successfully the overseas employer of its members. While to date unusual, the example may offer lessons for worker organizations throughout the region.

The purpose of this paper is to study the solder beading phenomenon (referring to larger-sized solder balls) of surface-mounted electrolytic capacitors. Solder beading could induce failures by violating the minimal electrical clearance on the printed circuit board (PCB). In modern lead-free reflow soldering, especially in high-reliability industries, such as automotive, aeroplane and aerospace, detecting and preventing such defects is essential in reliable and cost-effective manufacturing.

The large size of the involved components may block the view of automatic optical inspection; therefore, X-ray inspection is necessary. To detect the failure mode, X-ray imaging, cross-section grinding, optical microscopy and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy were used. High-resolution noncontact profilometry and optical microscopy were used to analyse component designs. The surface mounting process steps were also analysed to reveal their dependence on the issue. Test methods were designed and performed to reveal the behaviour of the solder paste (SP) during the reflow soldering process and to emphasise the component design relevance.

It was found that the reduction of SP volume only reduces the failure rate but does not solve the problem. Results show that excessive component placement pressure could induce solder beading. Statistical analysis revealed that differences between distinct components had the highest effect on the solder beading rate. Design aspects of solder beading-prone components were identified and discussed as the primary source of the problem.

The findings can be applied in surface-mount technology production, where the total failure count and resulting failure costs could be reduced according to the findings.

This paper shows that component design aspects such as the low distance between the underside of the component and the PCB and blocked proper outgassing of volatile compounds of the SP can be root causes of solder beading under surface-mounted electrolytic capacitors.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of crop insurance among Hungarian crop farmers and the responses to the introduction of the two-scheme risk management system. Specifically, first, it examines the economic and environmental factors affecting the willingness of farmers to contract crop insurance. Second, it reveals the relationship between having crop insurance and technical efficiency of crop producing farms.

Probit models of panel data are applied to explore the factors of insurance decisions. The relationship between efficiency and insurance is investigated with two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) model with double bootstrap using panel data for the 2001 to 2014 period.

The results of Probit model estimations show that the education, the size, the indebtedness of crop producing farms and the new two-scheme risk management system are in positive correlation, while the concentration of farming activity are in negative correlation with the crop insurance contracting. The estimations of two-stage DEA model reveal that crop producing farms with an agricultural insurance contract are more efficient than the farmers without using this risk management tool.

Empirical investigation of the influencing factors of agricultural insurance demand in Hungary and the examination of the relationship between insurance and technical efficiency may contribute to the development of Hungarian risk management system.

The Hungarian wine industry is in a state of transition. Old methods and practices are being abandoned and new techniques are arriving from the West. Tokaj, one of the world's oldest and most famous sweet wine‐producing regions, is at the cutting edge of such developments. Examines the obstacles to be overcome in making a successful transition to the new marketing realities, surveying the approaches and progress made in Tokaj. Argues that there are three integral steps required in the formation of a competitive industry: reorganization of ownership; viticultural and oenological modernization; and Western methods of marketing. The impetus for such changes must come not only from within Tokaj, but also from collaboration with Western foreign investors.

In this chapter, Andrea Óhidy provides an overview of some central issues of the book. First, she shows the similarities in the challenges to increase the participation and success of Roma people in education and lifelong learning in the selected European countries; then, she discusses their policies and support programmes, which, on the one hand, try to improve the social situation of the Roma while promoting minority language and culture, on the other hand. She finds the reason for their similarities regarding the wording, defining and communicating and also concerning the main ideas and concrete projects for possible solutions, in the Roma inclusion policy of the European Union in the frame of the Open Method of Coordination, which has been introduced within the Lisbon Strategy, linked to the idea of lifelong learning. She considers the realisation of these policy measures at national, regional and local levels to have shown only unsatisfactory results until now.

This paper aims to investigate the mechanisms behind the development of e-democracy. The contrasting cases of Italy and Hungary are selected as the case studies. With the development of new information and communication technology, more and more elements of domestic politics have been transferred to the internet-based platforms. As a response to the deep financial, economic and political crisis that Europe endured over the period 2010-2015 and as a result of the disappointment with traditional parties, new political movements and parties were created. In this paper, the Italian Five Star Movement (M5S) and the Hungarian Lehet Más a Politika (“Politics Can Be Different”) and Momentum are examined to trace the specific mechanisms that led to their establishment.

The research is based on mixed method approach, using primary and secondary data to identify and examine mechanisms conducive to the emergence of e-democracy. It uses quantitative analysis along with discourse analysis and social media analysis. The research is based on the analysis of respective parties’ social media communication. The social media analysis has been carried out by the SentiOne social listening software within the time frame of February 2018 and the end of 2019. Along different types of democracy measurements, Italy and Hungary have been analysed between 2017 and 2019.

The paper identifies the key preconditions for the emergence of e-democracy. These are freedom, gender gap, inequality and corruption. It also then elaborates on mechanisms, such as social media activity and citizen engagement, which lead to the emergence of e-democracy. The thesis of this article is that in Hungary (compared to Italy), elements of high-quality standards for a democracy are still missing to establish a successful political party which uses the sustainable concept for e-democracy. In Hungary, the examined parties use social media only as media representation without exploiting the possibilities lying in social media platforms. They mostly rely on these networking sites during elections and no strong sentiments can be identified in their communication. Italy is a more developed democracy where online platforms are used to engage citizens regularly. M5S actively communicates through these platforms, which is reflected in the amount of comments and strong social media activity even out of election period.

The originality of the paper is the social media analysis to test the use of social media in the parties’ political communication. The paper defines key factors and mechanisms concerning the establishment of e-democracy through inductive analysis of two contrasting cases. Italy and Hungary are two member states of the European Union (EU) with different development, their current preparation and situation regarding e-democracy give insights on how the quality of democracy determines their attitude towards cyber parties. While Italy being a founding member of the EU has become an established democracy, Hungary, after the transition, has developed into a new democracy.

The present study is about generating metadata to enhance thematic transparency and facilitate research on interview collections at the Research Documentation Centre, Centre for Social Sciences (TK KDK) in Budapest. It explores the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in producing, managing and processing social science data and its potential to generate useful metadata to describe the contents of such archives on a large scale.

The authors combined manual and automated/semi-automated methods of metadata development and curation. The authors developed a suitable domain-oriented taxonomy to classify a large text corpus of semi-structured interviews. To this end, the authors adapted the European Language Social Science Thesaurus (ELSST) to produce a concise, hierarchical structure of topics relevant in social sciences. The authors identified and tested the most promising natural language processing (NLP) tools supporting the Hungarian language. The results of manual and machine coding will be presented in a user interface.

The study describes how an international social scientific taxonomy can be adapted to a specific local setting and tailored to be used by automated NLP tools. The authors show the potential and limitations of existing and new NLP methods for thematic assignment. The current possibilities of multi-label classification in social scientific metadata assignment are discussed, i.e. the problem of automated selection of relevant labels from a large pool.

Interview materials have not yet been used for building manually annotated training datasets for automated indexing of scientifically relevant topics in a data repository. Comparing various automated-indexing methods, this study shows a possible implementation of a researcher tool supporting custom visualizations and the faceted search of interview collections.