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This study analyzes the impacts of income inequality after direct taxation on the gross domestic product as a fiscal policy tool in the development process.

The model of the study is based on Munielo-Gallo and Roca-Sagales (2013), which examined the fiscal policy, income inequality and economic growth simultaneously. The study uses two models to analyze the relationship between income inequality and gross domestic production under direct taxation by employing autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for selected emerging market economies.

Empirical results reveal a negative long-run relationship between variables in some countries in line with the literature, despite a positive relationship in others. Moreover, the results exhibit the negative impact of income inequality after direct taxation on the gross domestic product decreases.

Results of the study highlight the importance of direct taxation on income inequality concerning the reflects on economic growth. It suggests that when the income distribution is fairer, it may positively affect the gross domestic product. The study provides a new perspective to the related literature by investigating the role of income inequality under direct taxation for gross domestic product.

This study aims to understand the impacts of Covid-19 on the progression of digitalization of banks in an emerging market. For this purpose, business model canvas (BMC) is used as a theoretical framework to explore these effects on each business elements of Turkish Banks’ business strategies.

Data are collected through structured interviews with the top managers of seven diversified banks. Interview questions are designed based on BMC.

The results show that the onset of the Covid-19 is a shock that has made digitalization a strategic issue that necessitates an urgent change in many business elements of banks such as customer relationships, communication channels, resource allocation, partnerships and financing. Further, it has stimulated redefining value proposition and collaboration/interaction among all financial institutions through digital platforms.

BMC can be used to explain decision-making and business processes of banks for exploring the effect of recent and/or unexpected developments in the business environment of an emerging economy. The results provide insights and recommendations to managers of financial institutions into the impacts of Covid-19 on banks’ operational and strategic processes. That allows financial institutions, including Fintechs, to use this information for taking precautions and proactive actions against shocks.

This study is an initial attempt to explore the impacts of the Covid-19 on banks in an emerging economy by using BMC. With that, this study contributes to the literature by explaining the effect of progression of digitalization in banking from a strategic business model perspective using a qualitative research method.

This paper aims to directly extend the homotopy perturbation method to study the coupled Burgers equations with time‐ and space‐fractional derivatives.

The realistic numerical solutions were obtained in a form of rapidly convergent series with easily computable components.

The figures show the effectiveness and good accuracy of the proposed method.

The paper obtains realistic numerical solutions in a form of rapidly convergent series with easily computable components. It shows the effectiveness and good accuracy of the proposed method.

The purpose of this paper is to implement the variational iteration method and the homotopy perturbation method to give a rational approximation solution of the foam drainage equation with time‐ and space‐fractional derivatives.

The fractional derivatives are described in the Caputo sense. In these schemes, the solution takes the form of a convergent series with easily computable components.

Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the present methods.

Results show that the proposed schemes are very effective and convenient for solving linear and nonlinear fractional differential equations with high accuracy.

This chapter investigates the core principles of behavioral economics in the context of healthcare decision-making. By examining System 1 (automatic thinking) and System 2 (deliberative thinking), it highlights how cognitive biases and heuristics shape medical decisions for both professionals and patients. Key concepts include prospect theory, which explains risk aversion in gains and risk-seeking in losses, and the impact of framing on perception and choices. It also covers loss aversion and risk management problems, and how convenience and default options drive behavior. The powerful effects of expectations and placebos on health outcomes are also discussed, along with the influence of social proof, emotional states, human adaptability, and the endowment effect on healthcare behaviors. This chapter highlights how human thinking actually operates with regard to various frameworks.

This chapter explores the positive impacts of heuristics and biases by highlighting their essential roles in human survival and adaptation. While previous chapters focused on the negative aspects of these cognitive mechanisms, this chapter emphasizes their benefits in efficient and effective decision-making. It discusses how System 1 provides quick, cost-effective, and near-optimal solutions for daily challenges. Examples illustrate how heuristics like availability, myopia, and loss aversion aid in practical decision-making. This chapter also examines the role of emotions and optimism in enhancing our cognitive processes and resilience.

This chapter explores the concept of nudges in health by focusing on how subtle prompts and incentives can influence behavior positively. Nudges leverage our innate decision-making processes to encourage actions that align with personal and public health interests. Key strategies include enhancing the appeal of healthy choices, utilizing social proof, simplifying decision-making through defaults and convenience, and employing emotional triggers. This chapter also underlines the importance of addressing potential unintended consequences and the adaptability of people to nudging tactics, thereby emphasizing the need for continuous evaluation and adjustment of strategies to maintain their effectiveness.

This final chapter of the book explores the impact of incentives on medical research. It focuses on the role of various stakeholders – academicians, journals, media, doctors, governments – in affecting scientific outcomes. It discusses common research methodologies and underlines that polluting factors such as incidental wrong findings, methodological problems, and proxy measurements are among the factors which can distort results. Stakeholder incentives, including publication bias, media sensationalism, researcher objectives, and conflicts of interest, within the pharmaceutical industry can complicate research integrity. This chapter concludes with some suggestions to improve the quality and reliability of medical research.

This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of economics and its emerging branch, behavioral economics, emphasizing their relevance in understanding human behavior in various fields, including healthcare. It explores the shift from traditional economic theories that assume rational decision-making to models that account for cognitive biases. Historical roots, from Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations to the development of game theory and bounded rationality, are discussed. Key questions guiding the exploration of behavioral economics in healthcare include the nature of rationality, the impact of cognitive biases, and the role of incentives in shaping behavior. This chapter provides an introduction to such issues, highlights the interdisciplinary nature of behavioral economics, and discusses its role in understanding decision-making.