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This concluding chapter examines the footprint of coopetition within the tourism domain, drawing upon existing literature to present a comprehensive overview of its evolution to date. To achieve this, the authors conducted a literature review of 94 articles published on coopetition in tourism and hospitality, sourced from esteemed databases such as Scopus and Web of Science. Each article was meticulously categorised based on its thematic focus, geographical scope and the sample of respondents employed to elucidate the dynamics of coopetition. The findings underscore the concerted efforts of researchers to delineate the contours of coopetition within the tourism and hospitality sectors. Through diverse lenses and methodologies, these studies collectively contribute to the burgeoning discourse surrounding coopetition, illuminating its multifaceted implications and applications in different contexts. This chapter presents a systematic analysis that serves as a testament to the growing momentum behind the coopetition paradigm in tourism. It shows how researchers on coopetition are paving the road towards the coopetition paradigm in tourism and hospitality.

This chapter aims to present an aggregate index to measure the coopetition level of tourism destinations, a tool named the Local Coopetition Index (i-COOL). The index comprises 30 variables based on soft and hard data distributed in 7 factors: Co-location, Competition, Associationism, Cooperation, Strategic Management, Co-Entrepreneurship and Tourism Co-Production. The i-COOL has a math formulation that allows comparison of the coopetition levels among different destinations, cities, or countries. In this chapter, we present the results of an empirical application of the i-COOL in the context of two Brazilian cities, namely, Curitiba and Foz do Iguaçu. Findings showed the level of coopetition in the destinations and indicated the variables that destination managers should prioritise to improve tourism development. The i-COOL framework can be used as a monitor of tourism coopetition to support destination managers in improving competitiveness from the coopetition strategy.

The chapter constitutes a conceptual paper aimed at furnishing a roadmap for the implementation of a coopetition strategy within tourism destinations. This endeavour was prompted by numerous inquiries from industry practitioners seeking guidance on integrating coopetition into their operations. The roadmap delineates six sequential steps for establishing a robust coopetition network, complemented by a toolkit designed to oversee the implementation process and its ensuing outcomes. Key components of this toolkit include the Coopetition Value Proposition, Coopetition Players Mapping and the Coopetition Toolbox, each serving as indispensable resources for navigating the intricacies of coopetition strategy in the tourism sector. In amalgamating theoretical insights with practical applications, our approach not only deepens comprehension of coopetition within the context of strategic management but also equips stakeholders with the requisite tools to harness coopetition's potential for generating social, economic and environmental value. Furthermore, our methodology transcends the boundaries of the tourism industry, offering a versatile framework adaptable to diverse sectors. Through this concerted effort, we endeavour to facilitate the transition of tourism destinations towards the coopetitiveness paradigm, wherein collaboration and competition intertwine to propel sustainable growth and innovation. Ultimately, our chapter serves as a guiding beacon for tourism stakeholders, offering a structured pathway towards embracing coopetition as a cornerstone of strategic management, thus fostering prosperity and resilience amidst evolving market dynamics.

This chapter is the introduction to this book. Thus, it leads the reader to the coopetition theme as a value proposition for developing the tourism sector. We synthesise the coopetition mindset to tourism and show why this behaviour became a paradigm. The chapter provides an overview of this book's content, highlighting each chapter's singularity and supporting the statement: we live in the coopetition era.

This study aims to examine the effects of natural, cultural and urban resources on the city's tourism competitiveness from the residents' perspective and identifies the factors that city managers should prioritize.

The authors used multiple methods. The partial least squares structural equation modeling tested our theoretical assumption and the importance–performance map analysis provided an extra interpretation of the results to make them tangible to city managers. Data collection was done with residents of Viseu, Portugal.

The findings indicated that tourism competitiveness from the residents' perspective depends on the leisure activities they can enjoy as much as tourists, as the limits between tourism activities and everyday life are tenuous. The quality of leisure is part of residents' well-being; however, the results suggested that tourism development fails to engage residents in the destination's leisure offer. The cultural heritage is not attractive to them because it is part of their day-by-day living area or they need to enjoy the cultural offer. To accommodate residents' demands, destination managers need to improve the offer of outdoor activities and urban leisure opportunities.

The main limitations were the sample size and the data collection after a pandemic context, that is, in a period of economic crisis that reduced leisure consumption. The implications point out variables to managers prioritize to improve place management and rethink tourism competitiveness based on a citizen-centered view. It is also a way to understand residents as staycationers.

Our research contributed to urban and city research literature with meaningful findings that can help city managers improve the positive impacts of tourism on residents and enhance the integration of tourism and urban daily life.

The authors suggested strategies for integrating residents into cultural activities.

Theoretically, this study is set up in the frontier of rethinking and promoting society-centric tourism development. The research contributed to urban and city research literature with meaningful findings that can help city managers improve the positive impacts of tourism on residents and enhance the integration of tourism and urban daily life. In this direction, the authors suggest strategies for integrating residents into cultural activities.

Social entrepreneurship literature emphasizes the creation of social value for society from three main concepts – generation, appropriation and devolution - that form a value cycle. This paper aims to analyse how social enterprises operationalize this cycle to create positive social impact.

This study uses a multi-case approach, conducting semi-structured interviews with founders of Brazilian social enterprises.

This study empirically supports the existence of the value cycle and identifies an additional stage –value transformation – emerging from the data. While the initial three stages occur within social enterprises, value transformation unfolds within served communities. This stage not only facilitates the conversion of value types (e.g. social to economic or environmental) but also stimulates the formation of new social enterprises. Consequently, this paper proposes a comprehensive social entrepreneurship value cycle encompassing generation, appropriation, devolution and transformation of value.

This paper contributes to clarifying concepts and mitigating theoretical ambiguities surrounding social value creation in the context of social entrepreneurship. It provides a framework for understanding the underlying principles of each stage in the value cycle, thereby empowering scholars and practitioners to enhance the innovative mission of social enterprises and drive social change within underserved communities.

Coopetition refers to the collaboration or cooperation of competitors with each other with the objective to create value for individuals, firms and society. This chapter provides an overview and taxonomy of different types of value generated by coopetition by considering seven types of capital: financial, manufactured, intellectual, human, social, natural and cultural. It goes beyond the current literature on value creation and appropriation in the tourism industry. It offers a framework for future research on value creation from coopetition and how the interplay of capital in the tourism destination generates a blend of values. These values can be appropriated at common, private, privately captured common or public levels. The results showed that tourism coopetition is an essential strategy for the host society, as it can generate socio-economic, socio-environmental and socio-cultural value.

The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution of tourism competitiveness over the years, ascertaining the state of the art and the degree of consensus among scholars on its constituent elements to propose an integrative and updated concept.

A set of 130 definitions on tourism competitiveness formulated between 1999–2018 was analyzed and segmented into three periods, allowing its historical evolution to be ascertained. It is a qualitative and quantitative exploratory research that uses a combination of techniques, namely, content analysis, analysis of co-words and consensus analysis.

The results indicated a low use of elements such as the quality of life and the environment in the authors' definitions during 1999–2018, although these elements were present in the first concept of tourism competitiveness by Crouch and Ritchie (1999, 2003). Another finding of this study shows a reduction in the analysis of tourism competitiveness based on the supply and demand side. Nowadays, the research tends to turn on the basis of the population directly affected. It also reveals the enrichment of the theoretical corpus with new lines of research arising and new groups of scholars of the subject, consequently a new frontier in tourism competitiveness.

The authors recommend deepening the analysis in each category of conceptual elements of tourism competitiveness to identify the origins of the low consensus. The authors also suggest conducting further research on the largest invisible schools of thought on this subject to understand their relations and perspectives, and thus to advance in the theoretical streams of the field. Finally, it is imperative to develop research on new models and monitors of tourism competitiveness that meet its renewed concept and integrate dimensions to consider the perspective of supply, demand, tourists and residents, as well as not excluding the economic bias but including the social side.

Owing to the fact that monitors of tourism competitiveness have practically no variables related to the social, most of the surveys are carried out from the supply or demand perspective, leaving the resident distant from the process. In this way, the results allow authors to indicate that new models of competitiveness measurement should be formulated based on the vision of the community impacted by tourism, i.e. a new version of tourism competitiveness not based on productivity but rather on the social aspect.

The findings of this study contribute to the field literature by offering an integrative concept of tourism competitiveness based on the elements with a higher level of consensus among researchers. Furthermore, the results accentuate a worrying fact regarding the operationalization of this concept, as the theoretical basis is not expressed in the monitors of competitiveness. Thus, nor it is possible in the management of the tourism industry.

This paper aims to analyse the effects of events image from host communities’ perspective on the city’s overall image and the intention to recommend the events and the city as a tourism destination.

The research used a bivariate data analysis based on Spearman’s correlation and regression analysis to determine useful variables to predict the intention to recommend the city as a tourism destination. Data collection was face-to-face and online with a non-probabilistic sample of Viseu city residents, the second largest city in the central region of Portugal.

The findings had implications for researchers, governments and stakeholders. From the resident’s point of view, there is a high correlation between the overall city image and the intention to recommend it as a tourism destination. Event image and the intention to recommend the event participation affect the overall city image. Results point out the resident as natural promoters of events and their city if the local events have an appeal that generates their participation. Conclusions indicated that cities need to re-thinking tourism from the citizen’s perspective as staycation is a grown option.

Event image by host-city residents’ perceptions is an underdevelopment theme in the literature, although residents’ participation is essential to the success of most events. Local events can promote tourist citizenship and reinforce the positioning of tourism destinations, associating them with an image of desirable places to visit and live.