Search results

Across all kinds of organizations, including schools, a prevailing discourse values leadership that pursues new ideas, new knowledge, and new practices that promise to improve performance and service. Educational leadership is, accordingly, being pressed to reshape itself to become more entrepreneurial and to promote the idea of the “enterprising self.” Profound challenges to the purpose of educational leadership are bound up with this, however. They include questions of both meaning and values around the ideas and practice of entrepreneurial leadership. This chapter examines the discourse of enterprise and entrepreneurialism, and then considers the scope for responding to and shaping this discourse and the nature of entrepreneurial leadership through the ideas underpinning democratic entrepreneurialism and adaptive strategies. Implications for principal preparation and development are suggested, including the importance of problematizing entrepreneurial leadership and engaging leaders and aspiring leaders in dialogue around the diverse varieties and progressive possibilities of entrepreneurialism.

Using unpublished time‐series data for three specific age/gender groups, we first determine the percentage of female employment to total employment for nine sectors of the U.S. economy. Second, we estimate the cyclical change in hours of employment for each age/gender group within each sector. Third, we estimate the cyclical behavior of the nominal wage for each sectoral gender group. The paper’s evidence does not support, in general, a more cyclical response of female hours worked in the service‐producing sectors that are dominated by women. We find partial evidence that hours worked by men are more cyclical compared with hours worked by women in the male‐dominated goods‐producing sectors. Given the evidence of no pronounced difference in the cyclical behavior of hours and wages for men and women, the business cycle is gender‐neutral.That is, the elastic female labor supply is washed out over the business cycle across major sectors of the U.S. Economy. Observational evidence suggests supply‐side and structural factors in the economy have attenuated the business cycle, especially in the service‐producing sectors.

The competition in the supply of concrete to the construction industry is very intense indeed, particularly in these present times of economic slump. It is therefore a distinct advantage to a supplier to improve efficiency and thereby competitability. A key factor in successfully achieving this objective is to operate the most suitable combination of trucks in the fleet and thus to minimise operating costs and reduce waste space from part loads. Many suppliers naturally try to do this and many techniques have been developed to try to solve the problem, including: (a) trial and error, where various size trucks are introduced and their performance monitored, the most suitable trucks are then selected over a period of time; (b) the truck size is established by reason of the plant locality, e.g. large trucks in city areas; (c) the forecast of annual demand for concrete is used in assessing truck sizes by considering general market trends.

THE design and operation of a vibration simulator is described, and measurements of the body resonances of a number of people over the frequency range 1 to 10 c.p.s. for vertical and lateral vibrations are presented. Comfort ratings have been obtained for these vibrations at various levels of acceleration. The response of an aircraft to atmospheric turbulence has been simulated assuming that the aircraft fuselage will vibrate predominantly in one flexible mode. Comfort ratings have been obtained for lateral turbulence, and a comparison has been made between these results and those for sinusoidal vibrations. The effect of random, vertical and lateral vibrations separately on task performance has been measured, also the effect of length of exposure to vibration on task performance for random vertical vibrations at various magnitudes.

This study aims to extend the previous research on contagion and proposes an integrative paradigm in which consumer goals and contagion recipient factors are identified as the key variables leading to the emergence of the contagion phenomenon. When a consumer has an active goal, a product touched by goal-congruent sources leads to positive product evaluation and enhances consumer performance when the product is used.

This research conducted five experimental studies in online and offline retail settings to examine the effect of contagion on evaluations of contagion objects and performance in goal-related tasks.

Across five studies, the authors demonstrated that the activation of a goal leads to contagion-based product evaluation and performance enhancement effects. The authors theorized and showed that the contagion-based process triggered during goal pursuit led to a more favorable evaluation of contagion products (Studies 1, 2 and 3). The authors also showed that enhanced consumers’ commitment toward a goal, which in turn led to enhanced performance in a real task that contributed to achieving one’s goal (Study 4). These effects emerged only when the object was physically touched by a goal-congruent contagion source and were more pronounced for the consumers who experience a high (vs low) degree of goal discrepancy (Study 5).

The current research examined the contagion phenomenon in a few predetermined goal domains (e.g. health improvement goals, career success goals, marriage success goals). Although the authors found consistent effects across different types of goals, future research can examine a more comprehensive set of consumer goals and improve the limitation of the current research to generalize the goal-based contagion phenomenon to various consumer goals.

This study suggests that it is important for retailers, in particular sellers and buyers in the secondhand markets, to understand consumer goals and prepare an appropriate contagion environment for favorable evaluation of their offerings. One possible implication is that sellers may be best served as priming certain goals. The findings also indicate that secondhand sellers may be well served to emphasize seller characteristics in certain instances and de-emphasize them in others to maximize sales.

This research proposes a new variable, namely, goal activation, and presents an integrative contagion paradigm that not only helps explain previous research findings but also offers a new perspective on the contagion phenomenon.

Since the publication of the report of our work in Program No. 1, several librarians have asked to be kept informed of the progress we are making. This second report covers the period between March and September 1966, and deals with changes and developments in the issue system.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between school leadership practices and teacher empowerment in the Finnish policy culture. Specifically, moral leadership and distributed leadership enacted by school principals are tested in a simultaneous design as predictor to two distinct yet related aspects of teachers’ sense of empowerment, respectively, in their work domain and their classroom domain.

The study investigated a field sample of 246 individual teachers from ten Finnish primary schools. Hypotheses were developed and tested by structural equation modeling.

The results indicate that moral leadership exerted by school principals support teachers’ sense of empowerment both in work domain and classroom domain. Distributed leadership, in the meaning of sharing instructional leadership tasks with teachers, supported work domain empowerment but did not predict classroom domain teacher empowerment. Taken together, the model show the value of school principals facilitating teachers in decision-making processes paired with showing a strong moral basis in their relationship with teachers.

The study reinforces the importance of moral leadership and distributed leadership as conjoint drivers for teachers’ sense of empowerment. It would be highly valuable to replicate this study in various multi-level settings.

The findings recommend school leaders to put emphasis on facilitative, ethical, and authentic practices in immediate relationships with their teachers.

The study provides empirical evidence regarding the partial relationships between principal leadership practices and teacher empowerment.

Southampton University Library has been considering using either data processing equipment, or the services of a computer, to speed up Library routines for some time. In 1964/5, a sub‐committee of the Library Committee produced a programme for Library development up to 1980, for which I prepared a report on Library uses of both data processing equipment and computers. When we learnt that the University was to have an I.C.T. 1907 computer, the data processing section was omitted from the report.

It has long been known in Cambridge that nearly all the thousands of scientists—lecturers, researchers, and undergraduates—never make any use of the University Library, but rely instead on their specialized Departmental Libraries. As working libraries attached to laboratories these give excellent service, but are of course too small to support services which readers can legitimately demand from the staff of a big Copyright Library, and they do not, even collectively, carry so large a stock. The position is clearly unsatisfactory.