Argues in this wideranging paper that the legitimacy of international law depends on the principle that pacts should be respected, reviewing the issues of self‐preservation…
Abstract
Argues in this wideranging paper that the legitimacy of international law depends on the principle that pacts should be respected, reviewing the issues of self‐preservation, proportionality and human rights in relation to this. Focuses on the economic war against terrorism by the USA preeminently, as expressed in the PATRIOT Act and the International Emergency Economic Powers Act and the Anti‐Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act. Concludes that the Patriot Act and the Homeland Security Act give the Executive branch of government extraordinary and warlike powers: but wars have an end whereas terrorism does not. Looks at the role of the US Federal courts in the context of national security, proportionality and human rights concerns, and finds them deficient; reports specific cases concerning Iranian resistance movements and their status as regards terrorism, and the Bajkajian, Austin and Alexander cases as regards proportionality.
Details
Keywords
Begins with the Staff Report to the National Commission on Terrorist Attack on the United States, which indicates the methods used to trace, seize and freeze terrorist assets, and…
Abstract
Begins with the Staff Report to the National Commission on Terrorist Attack on the United States, which indicates the methods used to trace, seize and freeze terrorist assets, and the informal methods used by al‐Qaeda to transfer money. Questions the amount of progress made since September 11 to freeze funds. Focuses on encryption technology and how it allows illegal use of the Internet in the form of cyber laundering and e‐cash, and on the move by terrorists into narcotics production and trafficking ‐ which is defined as nacre‐terrorism. Describes efforts to proscribe cyber crime, including cyber laundering and cyber terrorism, including controls on privacy and encryption. Shows how business corporations can become involved with terrorism, including a case study on tanzanite.
Details
Keywords
Examines the use of taxation as an alternative means of bringing otherwise untouchable criminals to justice and putting their businesses out of action, focusing on Australia and…
Abstract
Examines the use of taxation as an alternative means of bringing otherwise untouchable criminals to justice and putting their businesses out of action, focusing on Australia and the USA as countries which have achieved success through innovative use of taxation laws. Looks at the blind eye that the UK Inland Revenue has historically turned towards taxing illicit income, and recent reforms in the shape of the Proceeds of Crime Bill Part VI. Details the pioneering work of the US Internal Revenue Service’s Criminal Investigation Division, beginning in 1920 and continued by Senator Kefauver and Attorney‐General Robert Kennedy, with the war on drugs ongoing today; criminal tax weapons include proven tax deficiency and wilfulness, while civil tax weapons include income reconstruction, deficiency determinations, and jeopardy and termination assessments. Moves on to Australia’s Woodward, Williams and Costigan Royal Commissions, Special Prosecutor Robert Redlich, the National Crime Authority, and the Swordfish task force; criminal tax weapons of the Australian Tax Office include public fraud offences, while civil tax weapons include information‐gathering powers, default assessment, tax collection powers and procedures.
Details
Keywords
Zhenguo Tao, Xu Li, Haibo Feng, Songyuan Zhang and Yili Fu
This study aims to design a novel 3 degree-of-freedom parallel-driven hydraulic wrist (PHW) joint, characterized by a compact structure, heavy payload capacity and spherical…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to design a novel 3 degree-of-freedom parallel-driven hydraulic wrist (PHW) joint, characterized by a compact structure, heavy payload capacity and spherical workspace.
Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, the kinematics and dynamics mathematical model of PHW is analyzed based on the closed-loop vector method, screw theory and virtual work principle. And the key parameters of PHW are determined based on the singularity analysis. The integrated design method of hydraulic and mechanical systems is used, thereby enabling a hose-less configuration that fosters a low-leakage hydraulic system structure with reduced self-weight. Additionally, this research proposed a dynamic nonlinear compensation control methodology predicated on a payload model to enhance the stability and precision of trajectory tracking for PHW. Finally, several experiments have been conducted to evaluate and validate the performance of the proposed approach and the payload capacity of PHW.
Findings
Experiment results show that PHW has a payload-to-self-weight ratio of 4(payload 14 kg with self-weight 3.5 kg) under supply pressure 7 MPa. The experimental assessment of payload capacity substantiates the efficacy of the dynamic nonlinear compensation control method for PHW. Remarkably, the trajectory tracking errors for PHW remain under 0.03 rad, even when subjected to payloads of 10.5 and 14 kg.
Originality/value
This study presents an effective parallel hydraulic-driven wrist structure. This parallel structure provides a spherical workspace with flexible motion, and larger payload capacity compared with the existing robot wrist.
Details
Keywords
Umabharati Rawat and Ramesh Anbanandam
The cyber-physical system (CPS) is a well proven technology for improving system performance, resilience, and interconnectivity. In emerging nations like India, the logistics…
Abstract
Purpose
The cyber-physical system (CPS) is a well proven technology for improving system performance, resilience, and interconnectivity. In emerging nations like India, the logistics industry lacks practices connecting logistical equipment with cyberspace. This paper aims to bridge this gap by identifying and evaluating the performance metrics of connectivity solutions. Its goal is to establish an appropriate infrastructure that enables seamless connectivity within the CPS-enabled logistics ecosystem.
Design/methodology/approach
A novel integrated decision method is employed to classify the optimal connectivity solution for CPS. It integrates Regret Theory (RT) and Preference Ranking for Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE-1) method in a Hesitant Fuzzy (HF) environment. This method considers the psychological traits of decision-makers and effectively incorporates their hesitancy for the classification.
Findings
The findings highlight security (
Practical implications
This study provides a roadmap to logistics managers for selecting a suitable connectivity infrastructure to enhance seamless connectivity in logistics operations and processes. Technology providers can utilize the findings to develop the CPS infrastructure for effective freight logistics management.
Originality/value
This research introduces a novel decision-making tool for making choices related to advanced technology assessment. It holds significant value in facilitating well-informed decisions in the digital transformation era.
Details
Keywords
This chapter develops a set of two-step identification methods for social interactions models with unknown networks, and discusses how the proposed methods are connected to the…
Abstract
This chapter develops a set of two-step identification methods for social interactions models with unknown networks, and discusses how the proposed methods are connected to the identification methods for models with known networks. The first step uses linear regression to identify the reduced forms. The second step decomposes the reduced forms to identify the primitive parameters. The proposed methods use panel data to identify networks. Two cases are considered: the sample exogenous vectors span Rn (long panels), and the sample exogenous vectors span a proper subspace of Rn (short panels). For the short panel case, in order to solve the sample covariance matrices’ non-invertibility problem, this chapter proposes to represent the sample vectors with respect to a basis of a lower-dimensional space so that we have fewer regression coefficients in the first step. This allows us to identify some reduced form submatrices, which provide equations for identifying the primitive parameters.