Tourism and airtransport, although mass tourism was possible by other transports facilities, the great step forward was put with developments in airtransport.
In systems theory, authors such as Klir, Miller, Yang, Lin and Ma, Backlund, etc. have developed different definitions of the system concept in function of both the type of…
Abstract
In systems theory, authors such as Klir, Miller, Yang, Lin and Ma, Backlund, etc. have developed different definitions of the system concept in function of both the type of variables used and the type of connection between variables. The concept of the subsystem, however, tends not to vary substantially from author to author, and this leads to a new system definition based on the subsystem concept, analysing the possible cases of interaction between subsystems and obtaining results for the overall system from an analysis of its subsystems.
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In the framework of his theory of relative information, derives formulae to convert probability into possibility and conversely, and shows how they can be utilized to reconsider…
Abstract
In the framework of his theory of relative information, derives formulae to convert probability into possibility and conversely, and shows how they can be utilized to reconsider many questions related to fuzzy sets and approximate reasoning on a meaningful information theoretic standpoint. The key of this approach is that the membership of a fuzzy set is now thought of as equivalent to the pair (probability, fuzziness coefficient). Therefore a sound new concept of informational membership entropy, which is fully consistent with Shannon theory, is evolved. In this new paradigm, the fuzzy object is simultaneously defined by the set itself and its complement. Thus obtains a new modelling for the union and the intersection of fuzzy sets, and new approaches to quantitatively modelling “If A then B”.
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Vivek Mande, Mark E. Wohar and Richard F. Ortman
A number of U.S. studies have documented an optimistic bias in analysts’ forecasts of earnings. This study investigates whether the optimistic bias and asymmetric behavior of…
Abstract
A number of U.S. studies have documented an optimistic bias in analysts’ forecasts of earnings. This study investigates whether the optimistic bias and asymmetric behavior of forecast errors found in most U.S. studies exists in Japan. We find that for firms reporting profits, Japanese analysts’ forecasts have much greater accuracy and exhibit a small pessimistic bias in comparison to firms reporting losses, where analysts’ forecasts exhibit extremely poor accuracy and an extremely significant optimistic bias. The lack of ability to forecast losses is due to their transitory nature and not due to earnings management. Forecast accuracy and bias are not related to firm size, but are related to the magnitude of reported lossess and profits.
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This article attempts to examine the impact that traditional island cultural events have on tourism development in some of the West Indian (Commonwealth Caribbean) islands, how…
Abstract
This article attempts to examine the impact that traditional island cultural events have on tourism development in some of the West Indian (Commonwealth Caribbean) islands, how national tourist boards and hotels use these mega‐events for promotional purposes, how these cultural events are looked upon by the tourists themselves, and the possible dilution of the basic traditions and cultures of the territories if they are abused for tourist gain only.
I‐V characteristics of GaAs n‐i‐n structures are calculated by considering impact ionization of carriers. Impact ionization at reverse‐biased n‐i junction becomes a cause of steep…
Abstract
I‐V characteristics of GaAs n‐i‐n structures are calculated by considering impact ionization of carriers. Impact ionization at reverse‐biased n‐i junction becomes a cause of steep current rise when an acceptor density in the i‐layer is high. It is shown that an optimum acceptor density exists to keep a good isolation. Photoconduction transients of GaAs n‐i‐n structures are also simulated, and are shown to be strongly affected by existence of n‐i junctions.
In the course of development of human communities towards industrially advanced societies of today, there have been changes not only in economic conditions in the majority of…
Abstract
In the course of development of human communities towards industrially advanced societies of today, there have been changes not only in economic conditions in the majority of fields of human activity but also in the ways of providing for food, which went hand in hand with changes in living conditions. Large‐scale industrial production has brought about major changes in the way of life of the population. The development of industrial agglomerations results in a growing number of city dwellers, most of whom have no chance of producing foodstuffs of their own in kind. The distance between residential and industrial areas has been growing, the number of employed women has risen considerably. These are but a few factors affecting the way of boarding, particularly in households.
Jian‐Gang Tang, Mao‐Kang Luo and Miao Liu
The purpose of this paper is to study free L‐fuzzy left R‐module, using the language of categories and functors for the general description of L‐fuzzy left R‐modules generated by L…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study free L‐fuzzy left R‐module, using the language of categories and functors for the general description of L‐fuzzy left R‐modules generated by L‐fuzzy set. In the language of categories and functors, an L‐fuzzy left R‐modules generated by L‐fuzzy set is called a free object in the category of L‐fuzzy left R‐modules determined by L‐fuzzy set.
Design/methodology/approach
Category theory is used to study the existent quality, unique quality and material structure of L‐fuzzy left R‐modules generated by L‐fuzzy set.
Findings
The paper gives the uniqueness, structure and existence theorems of free object in the category of L‐fuzzy left R‐modules determined by L‐fuzzy set, and the authors prove that the fuzzy free functor is left adjoint to the fuzzy underlying functor.
Research limitations/implications
Some property of free L‐fuzzy left R‐modules will need to be further researched.
Originality/value
The paper defines a new class of L‐fuzzy left R‐modules, i.e. free L‐fuzzy left R‐modules, research and explore free L‐fuzzy left R‐modules in theory.
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Begins with the Staff Report to the National Commission on Terrorist Attack on the United States, which indicates the methods used to trace, seize and freeze terrorist assets, and…
Abstract
Begins with the Staff Report to the National Commission on Terrorist Attack on the United States, which indicates the methods used to trace, seize and freeze terrorist assets, and the informal methods used by al‐Qaeda to transfer money. Questions the amount of progress made since September 11 to freeze funds. Focuses on encryption technology and how it allows illegal use of the Internet in the form of cyber laundering and e‐cash, and on the move by terrorists into narcotics production and trafficking ‐ which is defined as nacre‐terrorism. Describes efforts to proscribe cyber crime, including cyber laundering and cyber terrorism, including controls on privacy and encryption. Shows how business corporations can become involved with terrorism, including a case study on tanzanite.
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J.L. Usó‐Domènech, F. Vives‐Maciá and J. Mateu
All models have in common that they encode experience and always involve signs, signals, syntax, semantics and an ability to decode and derive meaning from what is encoded…
Abstract
Purpose
All models have in common that they encode experience and always involve signs, signals, syntax, semantics and an ability to decode and derive meaning from what is encoded. Therefore, an ecological model can be considered a text T, written in a formal (mathematical) language defined by the authors as L(MT).
Design/methodology/approach
The language chosen is a regular language generated by regular grammars which in turn are generated by finite automaton.
Findings
A text results from a union of some finite automata defining a textual grammar. Recognoscitive and generative grammars of words, defining the basis of the L(MT) language are developed.
Practical implications
A mathematical modelling of ecological systems is developed in parts I and II of this research project.
Originality/value
A language for ecological systems modelling has been defined and its implementation discussed.