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The impending demographic shift in the United States (Vespa et al., 2020) will require leadership educators to reexamine the relationship between diversity and inclusive leadership. Our literature review revealed inclusive leadership has historically not been viewed with a diversity perspective. To better understand the link between diversity and inclusive leadership, we reviewed how leadership scholars, researchers, and authors have described the attributes and impacts of inclusive leaders. Through inductive coding, we identified seven attributes (i.e., characteristics and actions) of inclusive leaders. When these attributes are acted upon, inclusive leaders create various impacts on followers. These impacts are applied to Shore et al.’s (2011) inclusion framework. Both the attributes and impacts are presented to provide information and tools to better equip leadership educators with the knowledge to foster classroom inclusion in diverse classroom environments.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of an improved dummy variables control grey model (DVCGM) considering the hysteresis effect of government policies in China's energy intensity (EI) forecasting.

Energy consumption is considered as an important driver of economic development. China has introduced policies those aim at the optimization of energy structure and EI. In this study, EI is forecasted by an improved DVCGM, considering the hysteresis effect of energy-saving policies of the government. A nonlinear optimization method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is constructed to calculate the hysteresis parameter. A one-step rolling mechanism is applied to provide input data of the prediction model. Grey model (GM) (1, N), DVCGM (1, N) and ARIMA model are applied to test the accuracy of the improved DVCGM (1, N) model prediction.

The results show that the improved DVCGM provides reliable results and works well in simulation and predictions using multivariable data in small sample size and time-lag virtual variable. Accordingly, the improved DVCGM notes the hysteresis effect of government policies and significantly improves the prediction accuracy of China's EI than the other three models.

This study estimates the EI considering the hysteresis effect of energy-saving policies in China by using an improved DVCGM. The main contribution of this paper is to propose a model to estimate EI, considering the hysteresis effect of energy-saving policies and improve forecasting accuracy.

The paper deals with the existence of positive solutions for a coupled system of nonlinear fractional differential equations with p-Laplacian operator and involving both right Riemann–Liouville and left Caputo-type fractional derivatives. The existence results are obtained by the help of Guo–Krasnosel'skii fixed-point theorem on a cone in the sublinear case. In addition, an example is included to illustrate the main results.

Fixed-point theorems.

No finding.

The obtained results are original.

Economic theories on structural change focus on factors such as fluctuations in relative prices and income growth. In addition, China’s reform and opening up has also been accompanied by increasing openness, significant fluctuations in investment rates, and frictions in the labor market. Existing literature lacks a unified theoretical framework to assess the relative importance of all these determinants. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

To incorporate all of the potential determinants of China’s structural change, the authors build a two-country four-sector neoclassical growth model that embeds the multi-sector Eaton and Kortum (2002) model of international trade, complete input-output structure, non-homothetic preference and labor market frictions. The authors decompose the sectoral employment shares into six effects: the Baumol, Engel, investment, international trade, factor intensity and labor market friction effects. Using the data of Chinese economy from 1978 to 2011, the authors perform a quantitative investigation of the six determinants’ effects through the decomposition approach and counterfactual exercises.

Low-income elasticity of demand, high labor intensity, and the existence of the switching costs are the reasons for the high employment share in the agricultural sector. Technological progress, investment and international trade have comparatively less influence on the proportion difference of employment in the three sectors.

Therefore, to examine the impact on China’s structural change, in addition to Baumol effect and the Engel effect, it is also necessary to consider the impact of three more factors: international trade, investment and switching costs. Therefore, the authors decompose the factors that may influence China’s structural change into the Baumol, Engel, investment, international trade, factor intensity effect and switching cost effects. The authors evaluate these six effects using the decomposition approach and counterfactual exercises.

The principle of infinite life design currently directs fatigue resistance strategies for metro car bodies. However, this principle might not fully account for the dynamic influence of operational loads and the inevitable presence of defects. This study aims to integrate methods of service life estimation and residual life assessment, which are based on operational loads, into the existing infinite life verification framework to further ensure the operational safety of subway trains.

Operational loads and fatigue loading spectra were determined through the field test. The material test was conducted to investigate characteristics of the fracture toughness and the crack growth rate. The fatigue strength of the metro car body was first verified using the finite element method and Moore–Kommers–Japer diagrams. The service life was then estimated by applying the Miner rule and high-cycle fatigue curves in a modified form of the Basquin equation. Finally, the residual life was assessed utilizing a fracture assessment diagram and a fitted curve of crack growth rate adhered to the Paris formula.

Neither the maximum utilization factor nor the cumulative damage exceeds the threshold value of 1.0, the metro car body could meet the design life requirement of 30 years or 6.6 million km. However, three out of five fatigue key points were significantly influenced by the operational loads, which indicates that a single fatigue strength verification cannot achieve the infinite life design objective of the metro car body. For a projected design life of 30 years, the tolerance depth is 12.2 mm, which can underscore a relatively robust damage tolerance capability.

The influence of operational loads on fatigue life was presented by the discrepancy analysis between fatigue strength verification results and service life estimation results. The fracture properties of butt-welded joints were tested and used for the damage tolerance assessment. The damage tolerance life can be effectively related by a newly developed equation in this study. It can be a valuable tool to provide the theoretical guidance and technical support for the structural improvements and maintenance decisions of the metro car body.

Intellectual capital (IC) and venture capital (VC) play an important role in enterprise development. While the literature has investigated the relationship between IC and the profitability of companies, the relationship among IC, VC and enterprise value (EV) is still not well understood.

Drawing insights from the literature, we develop a few testable hypotheses about the relationships among IC, VC and EV. Using the panel data of companies listed in the Chinese stock market from 2009 to 2019, we employ fixed-effects regression models to test these hypotheses.

We find that IC has a significant positive effect on long-term EV. VC is found to have a positive direct effect on long-term EV but has a negative direct effect when its moderating effect with IC is considered. To explain this finding, we develop a simple economic model and provide an over-investment perspective.

We believe this paper can shed light on pro-venture investment policies in China, as well as provide indications for similar policies around the world.