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The chicken sandwich is familiar fast food, not only in Bangladesh but also all over the world. The purpose of this paper is to make a comparative analysis of nutrient composition of this bakery product.

For the study, four well reputed food industries of Chittagong city are selected: Well food (sample 1), Sizzle (sample 2), Food fair (sample 3), and Bonoful (sample 4). Among the parameters, the following were analyzed: ash, total protein, total lipid, water soluble protein, total sugar, reducing sugar, non‐reducing sugar and some mineral content. The nutrient composition was measured by using standard procedure and minerals were measured by using atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Proximate analysis indicated total protein content in the range of 11.73 to 16.18 gm/100 gm, while water soluble protein content varied from 0.006 to 0.029 gm/100 gm in the samples. Total sugar ranged between 3.5 and 6.46 gm/100 gm and lipid was high in sample no 4 (34.83 gm/100 gm). The sample no 2 is considered to be superior as it contained the highest amount of minerals such as potassium (76.58 mg/100 gm), calcium (234.83 mg/100 gm), manganese (70.50 ppm) and zinc (106.33 ppm).

The results of this research can be utilized to improve the nutritive value of foods and might be helpful in creating public awareness.

Sustainability has globally become a mantra to address complex and unprecedented survival, social, political and peace issues. Higher education institutions bear responsibility to address them. This paper aims to explore barriers that Pakistani public universities (PPUs) face in embedding sustainability at their campuses. This paper also offers potential opportunities to take initiatives to minimize barriers and move towards a sustainable future.

This paper is based on case study approach, and data were gathered through interviews and documents. Interviews with 11 academic administrators were conducted to gain deeper understanding on issues of governance and its influence on sustainability. Data were analysed using thematic analysis that created thematic map/model.

Key findings include, firstly, that majority of participants think poor governance is the biggest issue in demoting sustainability. This barrier causes an array of interconnected barriers. Secondly, participants strongly associate unsustainability with lack of institutional change and training. Finally, lack of resources was the most frequently articulated barrier. Findings provided a rationale to propose suggestions to promote sustainability.

Developed countries are leaders in promoting sustainability, whereas developing countries are laggards. Pakistan, a developing country, does not have substantial research to reveal the barriers PPUs are facing to promote sustainability. This paper is an attempt to address research gap in identifying barriers to sustainability.

The author aims to find value relevance of board characteristics and ownership structures in the banking industry of Bangladesh, an emerging economy with absence of good governance.

Pooled Ordinary Least Square (OLS), fixed effect and generalized method of moments (GMM) methods have been utilized to analyse 5-year data of 28 listed banks.

All governance indicators except institutional ownership have insignificant impact on return on asset (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). Institutional ownership has significant negative impact indicating that institutional investors can worsen bank performance in unregulated environments. Additional analysis shows significant positive impact of higher institutional ownership ratios.

Small sample from a single industry of one country may limit the applicability of the findings to all developing economies.

During the fast growth periods of developing economies, institutional investors with small stakes may become value destructive due to speculative behaviour.

This is one of the pioneering studies to suggest that governance mechanisms have insignificant, in some instances adverse, impact on firm value in emerging economies.

This research paper attempts to empirically examine the relationship between the performance of the banking industry and foreign direct investment (FDI), thereby helping the readers contemplate one of the least explored areas of the existing literature associated with the idiosyncratic characteristics of FDI resulting from its interaction with the efficient banking performance of the host country. The study has focused on the economy of Bangladesh because of its significant amount of FDI inflows from the rest of the world and its adoption of many liberalization policies, especially in the banking sector and in the areas of international business and trade.

The study, to produce unbiased estimates, employed the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for analyzing the time series data collected from reliable sources.

The key outcomes of the study reveal that the sound performance of the banking industry appears to be counterproductive for FDI inflows, which is a bit unconventional insight. In the context of Bangladesh, trade openness, inflation rate and infrastructural development seem to be the dominant factors behind the rising inflows of FDI. Market size appears to be an insignificant determinant of FDI inflows.

This is a unique study because of its focus on the unexplored area in the literature.

This study investigates the relationship between CEO leadership, gender homophily and corporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance. We also investigate whether it is essential to have a critical mass of women directors on the board to create a significant power of gender diversity in leadership positions.

Our study is based on firms listed on the London Stock Exchange (FTSE-All-Share) from 2011 to 2019. CEO characteristics and other board variables were collected from BoardEx, and ESG data, and other related variables were collected from Eikon database.

We find a critical mass of female directors contributes to ESG performance suggesting that token representation of female directors on boards limits their effectiveness. We do not find support for the gender homophily perspective, our findings suggest that the effectiveness of female CEOs does not depend on the existence of a critical mass of female directors. Female directors and female CEOs are less likely to be associated with ESG activities when firms experience poor financial performance. We also find that younger female CEOs have a positive impact on ESG performance. Furthermore, we find female CEOs with shorter tenure are more likely to improve ESG performance. Overall, our findings suggest a substitutional effect between having female CEOs and gender diverse boards.

This study contributes to the debate on gender homophily in the boardroom and how that may affect ESG practices. It also complements existing academic research on female leadership and ESG performance and has important implications for senior management and policymakers.

The objective of this study is to examine the various factors that exert an influence on the green economy. This study also investigates the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the Malaysian economy, specifically focusing on its position as a mediator. This research also examines the correlation between FDI and its influence on the contemporary green economy.

The authors employed quantitative methodologies and a self-administered survey to evaluate data and derive a definitive conclusion. The result was constructed using SPSS and SEM-PLS as the analytical software.

The study reveals that technological advancement, investment country and government policy significantly and positively affect the green economy, catalyse SDG goals and restructure the economy in better shape.

The current empirical research bridges the research gap in the context of technology advancement in government policy from emerging economies by exploring important factors, proposing their impact on the performance of the green economy, and empirically testing those hypothesized relationships. This study deciphers that FDI influences the green economy, where the investment country plays a significant role. Also, for a graphical presentation of this abstract, see the online appendix.

Despite global advancements, the Indian construction industry lags in adopting technologies like robots, artificial intelligence, drones, unmanned ground vehicles and Internet of Things sensors due to various barriers. This reliance on traditional practices leads to persistent issues such as labour shortages, low productivity, safety risks, cost overruns and delays. Identifying and addressing these barriers is crucial for adopting advanced technologies. Hence, this study aims to identify and assess the influential barriers to construction automation and robotics (AaR) in India using a systematic approach.

An extensive literature review identified key barriers, including technological, financial, regulatory, environmental and organisational. A questionnaire survey was conducted among industry professionals, and the Fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory technique was used to evaluate the interrelationships and relative significance of these barriers.

The results of the study reveal the most critical cause barriers as “high initial cost”, “rigidity in organisational processes and procedures”, “interoperability”, “lack of competency” and “lack of standardisation”. These barriers subsequently influence the top two effect barriers such as “market uncertainty” and “ethical concerns”.

This research offers a systematic and quantitative assessment, enabling stakeholders to make informed decisions and develop strategies to overcome barriers to AaR adoption, unlocking the transformative potential of AaR in India’s construction sector.

Despite potential benefits, the adoption of AaR in Indian construction remains limited due to various barriers. This study provides novel insights with the first comprehensive assessment of these barriers and their interrelationships.

Critical examination of Bangladeshi laws related to workers’ rights in the garment industry. This paper aims to examine the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the protection of garment workers’ rights in Bangladesh, analyzing how international investment practices influence labor standards and the overall well-being of workers in the garment industry.

In this study, qualitative and analytical methods has been used to analyze legal frameworks related to labor rights in Bangladesh and BITs.

The findings indicate a need to strengthen the current legal framework to better protect workers' rights in Bangladesh. The study also provides recommendations for the relevant authorities to improve the existing laws.

Novel idea critically evaluating the Bangladeshi legal framework in the context of foreign direct investment and implications for worker's rights.

The purpose of this paper is to find out a new potential site for energy generation to maximize the energy generation via installing utility wind turbines.

In this paper, Weibull two-parameter methodologies are used to determine the effectiveness of the wind speed at three different heights including 80, 60 and 30 m. Standard deviation and wind power density (WPD) are also calculated for the site. After analyzing the wind resource, the wind turbine selection is materialized to maximize the energy production, considering the best configuration of the wind turbines that is suitable for the site. In the end, economic aspect is also calculated.

The mean Weibull dimensionless parameter k is found to be 2.91, 2.845 and 2.617, respectively. The mean Weibull scale parameter c is found to be 6.736, 6.524 and 6.087 at the heights of 80, 60 and 30 m, respectively. The mean standard deviation is found to be 2.297, 2.249 and 2.157 at the heights of 80, 60 and 30 m at the heights of 80, 60 and 30 m, respectively. Wind power densities are calculated to be 265, 204 and 157.9 W/m² at the heights of 80, 60 and 30 m, respectively (highest in the month of July when the mean wind speed is 7.707 m/s and WPD is 519 W/m²). Finally, site-specific economic analysis of wind turbines is carried out, which shows $0.0230 per kWh at the height of 80 m.

The results show that the site is beneficial for the installation of small and large wind turbines.

This study aims to explore the key factors influencing customer loyalty in Islamic banking within the Iraqi market, as well as the consequences of loyalty. Despite the increasing global significance of Islamic finance, there is a notable lack of empirical research addressing how both causal and contextual factors shape customer loyalty in Iraq. This research seeks to fill this gap by examining the dynamics of customer loyalty and its perceived value to customers, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of customer relationships in Islamic banking.

The research is conducted using a grounded theory approach, allowing for an exploration of the objective through in-depth qualitative analysis. In-depth interviews are conducted with various stakeholders, including customers, managers and bank employees. The inclusion of heterogeneous groups offers a richer and deeper understanding, increasing the validity and transferability of the findings.

A model of customer loyalty in Islamic banking in Iraq is developed, highlighting social, individual and banking characteristics as indicators of causal factors. Macroeconomic trends, government policy and media and advertising are identified as contextual factors, while competitor actions, life events and demographic profiles are recognized as intervening factors. The findings also suggest that loyalty brings positive values not only to the customers, such as positive experiences, lifetime value and better financial stability, but also to the banking institutions, including word-of-mouth referrals, competitive advantage and increased customer advocacy.

This study contributes to the advanced development of a theoretical framework on customer loyalty. In addition, the findings offer valuable insights into the relationship between Sharia compliance and customer loyalty, calling for banking institutions to prioritize adherence to Sharia principles.

This study explores areas of research within the context of Iraqi Islamic banking, allowing for the discovery of new and original insights into causal, contextual and intervening conditions of customer loyalty, which signify the Iraqi social phenomena. While the scope focuses on customers, the grounded theory approach opens up to emergent patterns and relationships.