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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of pick density, pile height and pile yarn count (both single- and double-ply yarn) on the colour fastness to crocking, colour fastness to washing, colour fastness to water of woven velour printed terry fabrics. These variables have also been optimized for developing high-quality fabrics.

Variables were selected on the basis of past research experience and samples were prepared according to the Box–Behnken design of experiments. The samples were tested for colour fastness to crocking, colour fastness to washing and colour fastness to water by following AATCC 8, AATCC 61, 2A and AATCC 107, respectively.

The colour fastness to crocking, washing and water of woven velour printed terry fabrics increases with the decrease in pile height and pick density. The colour fastness properties of the fabric increase with increase in fineness of the pile yarn count. Woven velour printed terry fabric with 16.25 picks per cm, 3.5 mm pile height and 16 Ne pile yarn will show best colour fastness. Woven velour printed terry fabric (plied pile yarn) with 16.25 picks per cm, 3.5 mm pile height and 2/24 Ne pile yarn will show best colour fastness

Proved a practical approach to control fastness properties of the fabric by changing fabric variables.

Colour fastness properties of woven velour printed terry fabrics have never been reported. The research work gives the better understanding to develop high quality of fabrics by reducing pile height and pick density. This will also reduce the cost of the fabric.

This paper aims to provide a flexible polyurethane (PU) film with visible light trapping ability, photothermal conversion and energy storage performance by covalently bonded a visible light absorbing dye into the polymer through copolymerization.

For this target solution copolymerization of diphenyl-methane-diisocyanate (MDI), poly(1,4-butylene adipate) (PBA2000), polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different molecular weight, self-made dye, 1,4-butanediol (BuOH) was carried out in a flame-dried flask under an inert nitrogen (N₂) atmosphere. First, an isocyanate-terminated prepolymer of dried PEG, MDI and PBA2000 was prepared in dimethylformamide and stirred for 1 h at 35°C. Then, self-made dye and 1, 4-butanediol (BuOH) were added and heated at 85°C for 3 h to get photothermal conversion polyurethane (PTPU) solution. Allowed the solution to dry at room temperature for seven days and then at 65°C for 12 h to get PTPU films.

The flexible PU films with photothermal conversion and energy storage performances were successfully synthesized and the functional films presented both excellent energy storage and mechanical property when the molecular weight of PEG was in the range of 6,000∼10,000.

The materials that were used in this research paper had a reasonably low cost. Also, the procedures for the synthesis of dye and polymers were extremely easy because there was no need for high pressure or temperature and no dangerous solvents were used.

The photothermal conversion property and mechanical performance of the synthesized flexible PU films were characterized. The results have proved that these films were soft and elastic, and have certain photothermal conversion and energy storage ability, thus can be used in the surface finishing of special fabric and leather.

Visible light trapping photothermal conversion PU flexible film with energy storage capability was prepared for the first time.

The textile industry has been seeking sustainable dyeing methods to minimize environmental impact. This study addresses this need by assessing the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) dyeing for applying lac dye to cotton fabrics. A comparison with the water dyeing method was made with the primary objective of evaluating the dyeing performance.

Dyeing of cotton with lac dye was carried out by water dyeing and the supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) dyeing methods incorporating pretreatments and mordanting such as polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG), aluminum acetate (A.A), tannic acid (T.A) and benzamide. The dyeing performance of lac dye on cotton fabrics for both methods as well as mechanical properties were evaluated.

This study showed differences in color yield, fastness properties and dyeing efficiency between both methods. Supercritical CO₂ showed significantly higher color strength (K/S), uniformity and fastness properties to water dyeing. The K/S values of the water-dyed samples were between 1.10 and 1.76. However, the K/S of scCO₂ dyed samples increased from 0.85 to 4.26 when pre-treated with PEG. Also, the use of Aluminum Acetate (A.A) as a mordant gave the highest K/S of 6.35.

The dyeing of natural fibers, especially cotton, has faced difficulties, especially with the use of natural dyes. In this study, the use of mordants in the dyeing process aids in improving the dyeability of cotton, especially in scCO₂ dyeing. This study compares traditional aqueous and scCO₂ dyeing methods for lac dye on cotton, focusing on sustainability and dyeability.

This research focuses on the effects of paste pre-treatment, concentration of sodium alginate, steaming conditions for colour yield and outline sharpness of ink-jet printing. The results show that (a) coating is a better method than padding for paste pre-treatment of cotton fabrics; (b) 102°C × 12min is the best condition for steaming; (c) pattern sharpness is better when the concentration of sodium alginate increases; and (d) color yield diminishes when the concentration exceeds 20g/L. In other words, when the optimum concentration of sodium alginate is 20g/L, the amount of ejected ink can reach as much as 260%. In this study, four reactive dyes (i.e. cyan, magenta, yellow and black) of different chemical constitutions were used, and the colour fastness results against washing and light reveal an acceptable rating above grade 4.

Low pilling and wrinkle-free appearance of cellulosic fabrics are always demanded. Resin finishes are applied to improve these properties, but there is an adverse effect of the resin finish as it tends to reduce the strength of the fabrics. Therefore, the effect of the two most important finishes; anti-pilling and resin finish, on the strength characteristics of 100% viscose and 50:50 Viscose/cotton plain and satin fabrics were investigated in this paper. The purpose of this study is to identify significant factors affecting the strength of fabrics finished with crosslinking agents [non-ionic acrylate copolymer and (dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea)].

A statistical model of 2³ 3² mixed level factorial design was used for the study. Appratan N9211 (A) and Arkofix NF (B) were tested at three concentrations, whereas three factors fabric; weave (C), blend ratio (D) and curing method (E) were tested at two levels. The performance of the finish was evaluated by two response variables, which were tensile and tear strength.

The various conditions of high strength values of the fabrics were presented in this paper. It was found that the tear strength of the fabrics increased after finishing except for 50:50 viscose/cotton plain fabric, whereas the tensile strength of plain fabrics is better at shock cure and for a satin normal cure is better. The model adequacy plots exhibit that the assumptions of normality and independence are not desecrated. Moreover, the values of “predicted R²” are in reasonable agreement with the “adjusted R²,” which confirms that models have been accounted for most of the inconsistency.

This paper is a part of my PhD dissertation. Unlike the previous studies, this paper investigated the effect of two crosslinking agents, Appretan N9211 as anti-pilling and Arkofix NF as wrinkle resistant agents on 100% viscose and 50:50 viscose/cotton plain and satin. Three different concentrations of both the crosslinking agents were used. Also, fixation of the finishes was carried out at a normal cure and shock cure.

The purpose of this paper is to synthesise a disperse dye based on benzisothiazole and to characterise its crystal morphology, dispersing stability, to study the relationship between the chemical structure and the dyeing property of the dye.

The disperse dye based on benzisothiazole, 3-(3-methyl-4-N-ethyl-N-benzyl-phenyldiazenyl)-5-nitro-2,1-benzisothiazoles, was synthesized. The disperse dye based on benzisothiazole, 3-(3-methyl-4-N-ethyl-N-benzyl-phenyldiazenyl)-5-nitro-2,1-benzisothiazoles, was synthesised. The chemical structure of the dye obtained was characterised by infrared spectrum Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), and the crystal morphology was observed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy. Sodium salt of polycondensated naphthalenesulphonic acid (dispersing agent sodium salt of polycondensated naphthalenesulphonic acid [MF]) and a sulphonated amino polyether (anionic surfactant B600) were employed to grind and disperse the dye crystals. The dispersion property of the dye particles was characterised. Dyeing property of the dispersion system was also studied.

The dye formed spherical crystals that were made up of a large number of acicular crystals similar to spherical chrysanthemum. The crystals had warping crystal centres inside the spheres. The particle sizes of the dispersion with the mixture of B600 and MF had an uniform distribution and were smaller than that of the dispersion with only single dispersing agent MF. Dyeing with the dispersion system had an excellent reproducibility under alkalinic condition.

An alkalinic dyeing method for poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with disperse dyes as a cleaner wet process had been developed. Such a process combined pretreatment and dyeing process using the alkali-stable disperse dyes and reduced the consumption of water and energy and improved production efficiency.

The crystal morphology, dispersion and dyeing properties of the synthesised disperse dye for dyeing PET fabric under alkalinic condition were discussed. This disperse dye has an important potential application in alkalinic dyeing method.

The purpose of this paper is to modify the photostability of organic fluorescent dyes and to develop and evaluate a route of their derived polymeric fluorescent dyes.

A series of novel polymeric fluorescent dyes were prepared using 3-(2-benzimidazolyl)-7-(diethylamino)-coumarin (disperse yellow 8GFF, abbreviated as 8GFF) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as raw materials. First, an intermediate of carboxyl functioned 8GFF was prepared by condensation reaction of 8GFF and pyromellitic dianhydride; and then the polymeric fluorescent dyes were synthesized by reacting PEG with the condensate intermediate.

FTIR, UV-vis, and PL showed that the polymeric fluorescent dyes had been successfully synthesised, and the photostability of organic fluorescent dyes was improved significantly.

In the present work, the polymeric fluorescent dyes had been successfully synthesized, and the photostability of organic fluorescent dyes was improved significantly. This methodology can be employed to prepare novel polymeric fluorescent materials and to improve the photostability of organic dyes for various applications.

Polycondensable dyes offer a new area of material science which can be widely used in coloured polymer materials production.

The method developed in the study reported in this paper provided a new strategy to develop new types of polycondensable dyes materials with fluorescent property.

Dyeing of silk fabric was studied to increase dye uptake using eco-friendly glycerine based eutectic solvent (GES), which acts as a swelling agent.

The swelling behaviour of silk fabric in GES was analyzed using three-dimensional laser scanning microscope. Dyeing parameters such as time, temperature and GES concentration were optimized using design of experiments.

In total, 5.34 F-value and 0.0014 p-value of ANOVA represent that the model is significant. An optimized GES assisted dyeing was carried out with two different classes of dyes such as Acid Blue 281 and Acid Red 151 and further compared with that of conventional aqueous dyeing method.

At 70°C, silk fabric achieves desired colour strength after 35 min of dyeing (10 min lesser than conventional) using GES assisted dyeing method. % Dye exhaustion of GES assisted dye bath was carried out and found to be very good. Fastness properties such as washing, light and rubbing fastness of conventional and GES assisted dyed silk fabric showed comparable results.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the batch adsorption system of a cationic dye (methylene blue, widely used in various sectors) on two adsorbents; ZSM-5 zeolite which was prepared with the molar composition: 0.2057 Na₂O-0.00266 Al₂O₃-SiO₂-0.68 (pyrrolidine)-40 H₂O-0.12 H₂SO₄.

By the hydrothermal synthesis method, and the purified clay and is analyzed by IR and DRX method.

For this, the authors conducted a parametric study of adsorption and effect of several important parameters on the adsorption of BM on the material used, in particular, the contact time (equilibrium is established after 120 min), different concentrations of adsorbents, different masses, the pH and temperature. The experiments demonstrated the crucial role of these parameters. A kinetic study was done and kinetic models were applied to the experimental results such as the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order.

This work is original.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the electrochemical treatment of textile dye wastewater in the presence of NaCl electrolyte by using aluminium electrodes.

The electrochemical treatment of textile dye wastewater was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). RSM‐based D‐optimal design was employed to construct statistical models relating turbidity and designed effective parameters known as current density, electrolyte concentration and electrolysis time. The experimental plan consists of a three‐factor (three numerical) matrix.

The results show that the current density has significant effect on the reduction of turbidity. Besides, electrolysis time is the most influential factor on the turbidity. In order to enhance the electrochemical treatment performance, no coagulant addition or further physicochemical processes were employed.

Industrial certain textile dye wastewater in Turkey is used to determine optimal values.

In addition to agriculture, energy production, and industries, potable water plays a significant role in many fields, further increasing the demand for potable water. Purification and desalination play a major role in meeting the need for clean drinking water. Clean water is necessary in different areas, such as agriculture, industry, food industries, energy generation and in everyday chores.

The authors have used the different search engines like Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed to find the relevant articles and prepared this mini review.

The various stages of water purification include coagulation and flocculation, coagulation, sedimentation and disinfection, which have been discussed in this mini review. Using nanotechnology in wastewater purification plants can minimize the cost of wastewater treatment plants by combining several conventional procedures into a single package.

In society, we need to avail clean water to meet our everyday, industrial and agricultural needs. Purification of grey water can meet the clean water scarcity and make the environment sustainable.

This mini review will encourage the researchers to find out ways in water remediation to meet the need of pure water in our planet and maintain sustainability.

To evaluate the efficiency of modifying flax fibre using copper ammonia solution for improved dyeability and to optimise the conditions of such a modification.

Treatments of flax fibre using copper ammonia solution were carried out under various conditions, i.e. the compositions of the solution and the length of time for treatment. The dyeability, the dyeing colour depth, the tensile strength and the structure of the untreated and treated flax fibres were characterised.

The modification of flax fabric using copper ammonia solution could improve the dyeability and the dyeing colour depth of the flax fabric. The treatment appeared to reduce the crystallinity and the orientation index of the flax fibre, which was the main cause to the improved dyeability and dyeing colour depth of the flax fabric. The optimum conditions for the treatment were as follows: concentration of Cu²⁺ at 20 g/L, Cu²⁺/NH₃ ratio at 12 : 1 and time of treatment at 6 min.

Whilst effective in improving the dyeability of the flax fibre, the treatment led to a reduction in the tensile strength of the treated flax fabric.

The method developed provided a simple and practical solution to improve the dyeability of flax fibre.

The method for treatment of flax fibre was novel and could be used for industrial production process.

This paper aims to focus on the aqueous extraction of natural dye from haematoxylum campechianum L. bark for finishing the bio-mordant cotton fabrics producing value-added, environment-friendly textile products, for biomedical applications.

The study focuses on the creation of eco-friendly bio-mordant cotton fabric using gallic acid and gelatin, Al³⁺ and Fe²⁺ salts and metal mordant. The optimal pH for extraction, structural characterization and phytochemical analysis of the extracted dye were estimated using UV-visible spectrophotometer, FTIR and qualitative analysis. Variations in electrolyte concentration and pH medium were also considered. The study also examines build-up properties, colorimetric values and fastness characteristics of the colored fabrics.

All the dyed fabrics exhibit very good to excellent in terms of antimicrobial resistance against S. aureus and C. allbicans.

Pre-mordant cotton fabrics with Fe²⁺ and a combination of metal and bio-mordant show higher antibacterial resistance against P. aerugionsa. Further, bio-mordant and a combination of both mordant exhibit excellent UV protection and antioxidant activity performance compared to that of undyed fabrics.

This work opens up a huge potential for producing healthy bioactive-colored fabrics used in medical textiles and other usages.

Colorfastness properties of dyed degummed and dyed stannic chloride weighted silk fiber were studied as a function of exposure to sunlight in air, washing with soap solution and spotting with alkalis.

Improved multi-voltine variety of degummed silk fibers was weighted with the treatment of stannic chloride at the varying pH level. Maximum weighting of silk fiber was achieved at the optimum SnCl₄ concentration, pH of the solution, time and temperature. The degummed (un-weighted) and weighted silk fibers were then dyed with Direct Blue 1 and Direct Red 28 dyes at the optimized dying conditions.

The role of base (Na₂CO₃) on dyeing of weighted silk fiber with Direct Red 28 was found very influential. The loss in tenacity of degummed silk fiber was higher than that of SnCl₄ weighted silk fiber when they were exposed to sunlight in air.

The colorfastness of weighted dyed silk was comparatively higher than that of un-weighted dyed silk.

Indirect electrochemical oxidation and electro-flocculation were combined to degrade indigo wastewater.

The degradation efficiency of indigo wastewater in single-cell and double-cell were investigated. Based on the previous single factor experiments, the oxidative degradation conditions of indigo wastewater in single cell were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The decolorization rate, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate, the contents of flocculation precipitation and indigo were measured and analyzed.

The degradation efficiency in single cell was higher than in double cell. The electrolysis conditions were optimized by RSM and the decolorization rate was 99.01% with COD removal rate of 60.34% and conductivity of 89.75 mS/cm. The amount of flocculated precipitation decreased by 53.33% and the indigo increased by 86.34%. The content of Na and S decreased by 12.13 and 6.49%, respectively. The ratio of Fe3+ to Fe2+ in the solution was 4.62:1, indicating that most of the iron dropped on the electrode sheet was converted to Fe3+.

The one-step electrochemical oxidation and flocculation method with the advantages of simple operation and environmental protection, provided a reference for the actual treatment of dyeing wastewater.

Combining the electrochemical flocculation and oxidation provided an efficient and practical solution for degradation of indigo wastewater.

Combining the advantages of electrochemical oxidation and electroflocculation, the application of electrochemistry in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment technology has been expanded.

Wearing clothes requires specifications for feeling comfortable, derived from the fibres, fabrics and finishing properties. This study aims to deal with the effect of economic blends containing hollow fibres, bamboo and cotton/polyester waste on the mechanical properties of the produced fabrics and the appropriate end use.

This research included two blends: one consisted of cotton/polyester wastes blended with bamboo and the other to which Chorisia fibres were added. Two weft counts 10,6/1 Ne were made from each blend, which were used to produce four fabric samples (S1 Chorisia-free and S2 with Chorisia); additionally, another two samples were dyed that contain Chorisia (S3) from each count. The six samples were tested by Kawabata Evaluation System (KES).

The samples gave a good total hand value (THV) for use as men's winter suits, where the thicker count 6/1, with and without Chorisia had better properties, also both counts 6, 10/1 with dye. The hollow fibres affected the fabrics’ properties, including thickness, shear, bending, thermal conductivity and weight. Both blends had a positive effect on THV.

Cotton/polyester waste, Chorisia and bamboo fibres were tested, and 2% Remazol Yellow GNL dye was used.

The ratio of blending, weft counts and dye affected the fabric’s properties, with consequences for the use of the Kawabata system and its applications.

The fabrics used in this research may be considered to be economical and have good THV.

The study proved the usefulness of fabrics made of two blends. The Chorisia component may be seen as a good alternative to cotton fibres to reduce the cost of producing high-consumption winter suit fabrics.

Examines the thirteenth published year of the ITCRR. Runs the whole gamut of textile innovation, research and testing, some of which investigates hitherto untouched aspects. Subjects discussed include cotton fabric processing, asbestos substitutes, textile adjuncts to cardiovascular surgery, wet textile processes, hand evaluation, nanotechnology, thermoplastic composites, robotic ironing, protective clothing (agricultural and industrial), ecological aspects of fibre properties – to name but a few! There would appear to be no limit to the future potential for textile applications.

In the denim industry, enzyme washing and its combination with stone washing are generally used to get the desired worn-out look. However, these conventional methods include high water, energy and time consumption. Nowadays, laser fading, which is a computer-controlled, dry, ecological finishing method, is preferred in the denim fading process. The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of chemical pretreatment applications on laser-faded denim fabric in terms of color and mechanical properties. To eliminate the enzyme washing process in denim fading and to minimize the disadvantages of laser fading, such as decreased mechanical properties and increased fabric yellowness, various chemical pretreatment applications were applied to the denim fabric before laser fading, followed by simple rinsing instead of enzyme washing.

Two different indigo-dyed, organic cotton denim fabrics with different unit weights were exposed to pretreatment processes and then laser treatment, followed by simple rinsing. Polysilicic acid, boric acid, borax and bicarbonate were used for pretreatment processes, and laser treatment was carried out under optimized laser parameters (40 dpi resolution and 300 µs pixel time). Tensile strength was tested, and color values (CIE L*, a*, b*, ΔE*, C* and h), color yield (K/S), yellowness and whiteness indexes were measured to identify the color differences.

Before laser fading, 30 g/L and 40 g/L polysilicic acid pretreatments for sulfur-indigo-dyed fabric and a mixture of 10 g/L boric acid and 10 g/L borax pretreatments for the fabric only indigo-dyed were recommended for the laser fading with sufficient mechanical properties and good color values.

With the chemical pretreatments defined in this study, it was possible to reduce yellowness and maintain the mechanical properties after laser fading, thus minimizing the disadvantages of laser treatment and also eliminating enzyme washing.

Environmental legislation and its enforcement has undoubtedly forced the textile industry to be rather cautious in selecting the appropriate processes and equipment. The most efficient, economic and minimal environmental pollution processing methods will be increasingly demanded throughout the 1990s. However, the majority of the textile industry consists of small and medium enterprises, where the lack of expertise on the use of best available techniques leads to levels of operation far away from the optimal. An expert system for a priori economic evaluation of potential interventions in the textile manufacturing processes and equipment is necessary to support decision making in the management level. This paper presents such an expert system, designed and implemented in four stages: formal description of the key factors that affect the dyeing process in the textile industry, development of models for the representation of relevant information, development of models for the representation of knowledge and integration of the above‐mentioned models in a unified information system that supports the decision‐making process in the management of textile enterprises.

Discusses the 6th ITCRR, its breadth of textile and clothing research activity, plus the encouragement given to workers in this field and its related areas. States that, within the newer research areas under the microscope of the community involved, technical textiles focuses on new, ‘smart’ garments and the initiatives in this field in both the UK and the international community at large. Covers this subject at length.

Major trends in the PWB industry and the requirements from the manufacturers to reduce reject rates at the imaging and chemical process stages have demanded a new generation of dry film photoresists. Details are given of the requirements laid down by the industry, how the dry film resist manufacturers have responded, and how the improved resist technology meets these demands. These latest products are extensively available in Europe and resist improvements have been welcomed by the board manufacturers.

This study aims to dye Silk and polyamide fabrics using synthetic dyes to give the fabrics fastness qualities, including washing, perspiration, light, rubbing and sublimation fastness, also to be effective against bacteria.

We used the coupling of diazonium salts of aniline derivatives with 2,6-dihydroxyisonicotintic acid to prepare substituted azo citrazinic acid. By using synthetic thickeners as a thickening agent, the screen printing process of these dyes is found to have printing characteristics.

The authors developed and produced a range of bioactive disperse dyes to be conjugated with citrazinic acid moieties and aromatic scaffold derivatives in the same construct via an azo linker to take advantage on the bioactive property of both motifs. The practicality, fastness and spectroscopic properties of the dyes were investigated. The dyes’ activity was evaluated initially in an antibacterial test using two Gram-positive bacteria and two Gram-negative bacteria.

Silk and polyamide fabrics can be printed using disperse colors that have been shown to be effective against bacteria. Analysis was also done on the dyes’ color properties and fastness qualities, including washing, perspiration, light, rubbing and sublimation fastness.

The purpose of this paper is to synthesise, characterise and find out properties of some new arylazopyridone disperse dyes, bearing different substituents on coupling component of the dyes.

The dyes are synthesised by diazotisation, coupling and cyclization reactions, starting from various aryldiazonium salts and different β‐diketoesters followed by condensation with cyanoacetamide. The structures of these dyes are characterised and confirmed by melting point, elemental analysis, infrared, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy (UV/VIS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H‐NMR) data. Their absorption properties in different solvents are also investigated.

The wavelength of maximum absorptions, molar extinction coefficients are strongly dependent on the electron donating ability of the substituents on the coupling moiety. The absorption bands of these dyes move towards longer wavelength as the polarity of the solvents and electron density of substituents on the coupling moiety increase. These dyes are chromophorically strong as evidenced by molar extinction coefficient in solvents.

In this paper, four series of arylazopyridone dyes (21 dyes) are synthesised and characterised. They have not been registered in the literature previously.

This study aims to describe the design and synthesis of two novel azo and imine chromophores-based dyes derived from two different aldehydes with intramolecular colour matching that are pH sensitive.

The visible absorption wavelength (λ_max) was extended when azo chromophore was included in imine-based systems. The dyed patterns created sophisticated colour-changing paper packaging sensors with pH-sensitive chromophores using alum as a mediator or mordant. Due to the tight adhesive bonding, the dyes on paper’s cellulose fibres could not be removed by ordinary water even at extremely high or low pH, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy analysis. The dyed patterns demonstrated an evident, sensitive and fast colour-changing mechanism with varying pH, from pale yellow to red for Dye-I and from pale yellow to brown-violet for Dye-II.

The λ_max for colour changing was recorded from 400 to 490 nm for Dye-I, whereas from 400 to 520 for Dye-II. The freshness judgement of food was checked using actual experiments with cooked crab spoilage, where the cooked crab was incubated at 37 ^oC for 6 h to see the noticeable colour change from yellow to brown-violet with Dye-II. The colour-changing mechanism was studied with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra at different pH, and thin layer chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance and FTIR spectroscopy studied the desired structure formation of the dyes. Potential uses for smart packaging sensors include quickly detecting food freshness during transportation or right before consumption.

1. Two novel azo-imine dyes have been synthesized with a pH-responsive effect. 2. The pH-responsive mechanism was studied. 3. The study was supported by computational chemistry using density functional theory. 4. The obtained dyes were used to make pH-responsive sensors for seafood packaging to judge the freshness.

The purpose of this paper is to explore a new eco-friendly green textile dyeing. Natural plant Buddleja officinalis is traditionally used as yellow pigment addition in rice. It is worth developing its application and dyeing performance in cotton fabric.

Buddleja officinalis dried flower was extracted with ethanol aqueous. The extraction conditions including ethanol concentration, material to liquor ratio, extract time and temperature were optimized. Then cotton fabrics were dyed with Buddleja officinalis extraction under conventional and ultrasonic conditions. The effects of dyeing time, bath ratio, pH value of dyeing bath, dyeing temperature and mordants on K/S values were studied and the resulting color strength obtained by conventional and ultrasonic dyeing were compared. The ultraviolet (UV) transmittance of Buddleja officinalis dyed cotton fabric was also evaluated.

The color strength of the fabric dyed with Buddleja officinalis under ultrasonic conditions was higher than that under conventional conditions. Alum, Fe and Cu as simultaneous mordants improved the K/S value of the dyed cotton fabrics. Both washing fastness and rubbing fastness were fairly good in all Buddleja officinalis dyed cotton fabrics, washing fastness = 3–4 and rubbing fastness = 4. What’s more, the dyed cotton fabrics showed lower transmittance values as compared to undyed cotton fabrics and indicated potential UV protection capability.

Buddleja officinalis can be a new natural dye source for the ultrasonic dyeing of cotton fabric.

It is for the first time that Buddleja officinalis is used as a natural dye in cotton fabric dyeing with less water and the dyeing using ultrasound has been found to have an obvious improvement in the color strength and color-fastness.

Considered as one of the most unwanted species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the Prosopis juliflora plant is a noxious and invasive weed. Recent studies suggest that the heartwood of the plant has an unusually high amounts of flavonoids with potential medicinal properties and dyeing potentials. In this work, acetonic extracts were successfully valorized into a natural dye.

After extraction and optimization of dyeing conditions, the fabric was treated by using pre-mordanting, simultaneously mordanting and post mordanting techniques. The dyed samples were then evaluated by using standard methods ISO 105-C06, ISO 105-A02, ISO 105-X12 for wash, light and rub fastness, respectively.

Dye fastness ranged from good to very good with mordants improving both wash and rub fastness. Optimum pH for dyeing was found to be at 7.2 at temperatures of 60°C and a dyeing time of 80 min. Application of mordant in dyeing white fabric showed improved dyeing properties in post mordanting than both pre-mordanting and simultaneous mordanting.

To best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper details for the first time how a noxious weed can be transformed into a natural dye, with potential applications to the textile industry.

This paper aims to present the design and synthesis of a series of novel antibacterial monoazo disperse dyes based on sulfonamide derivatives to combine the dyeing and functional finishing steps on polyester into one process.

The diazoniom salts of sulfonamides, namely, 4-amino-N-(2-pyrimidinyl) benzenesulfonamide, 4-amino-N-(4-methyl-2-pyrimidinyl) benzenesulfonamide and 4-amino-N-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl) benzenesulfonamide were prepared and then coupled to N,N-diethyl aniline, N,N-dicyanoethyl aniline and N,N-dihydroxy ethyl aniline, respectively, to produce the dyes.

The structures of the dyes were characterized using their spectral data (FTIR, 1H-NMR, UV-Vis) and elemental analysis. The results indicated that all the dyes exhibit positive solvatochromism in more polar solvents. Dispersion of the dyes was prepared in water and applied to polyester fabrics. The synthesized dye 3a which had good exhaustion on the fabric (89.98 per cent) and were tinctorially stronger (28899 l/mol.cm) showed higher visual colour yield (16.51). The antibacterial efficacy of the dyes was assessed, and they showed activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria but in different levels depending on their structures.

A simple way to combing functional finishing and dyeing in one process was successfully performed via design and synthesis of disperse dyes with an antibacterial moiety incorporated into dye molecules. The dyes were fully charaterized and evaluated on polyester.

A series of novel antibacterial monoazo disperse dyes based on sulfonamide derivatives were synthesized. The authors studied their application for dyeing of polyester fabric. The dyes offered good results in terms of preparation, yield, purity, visual colour yield, fastness properties and activity against bacteria.

This paper aims to synthesise some novel diazobenzene dyestuffs clubbed with sulphonamide moiety and their application for polyester fabrics in addition to evaluating their biological activities.

New diazobenzene disperse dyes with improved chemical construction via sulphonamides were designed. This amendment of diazobenzene dyes was completed by introducing sulphonamide derivatives through Japp–kilingman reaction. All new synthesised dyes were elucidated by elemental analyses and spectral data (IR and 1 H-NMR). Biological activities of the synthesised diazobenzene sulphonamide derivatives were evaluated.

The synthesised diazobenzene dyestuffs clubbed with sulphonamides were applied on polyester fabrics. The synthesised dyes showed that good fastness properties and their biological evaluation exhibited good efficacy towards antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer.

Sulphonamide derivatives have numerous uses, such as being used in dyestuff and providing antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Sulphonamide derivatives with diazobenzene coupler components exhibited an interesting colorant for polyester and provided better biological efficacy for other non-textile applications. This work afforded new disperse dyes beside their medical applications.

Chitin was extracted from locally collected shrimp shells. Chitosan was produced by alkali deacetylation of chitin. Poly(DEAEMA)‐chitosan‐graft‐copolymer, poly(COOH)‐chitosan‐graft‐copolymer, poly(V‐OH)‐chitosan‐graft‐copolymer, and carboxymethyl‐chitosan were prepared. The extent of the preparation reactions was expressed as nitrogen content, carboxylic content and graft yield. The ability of the prepared compounds to adsorb heavy metals ions and some dyestuffs was studied. The prepared compounds were also tested for corrosion protection when applied in some organic coatings for steel panels. Promising results to use the prepared compounds for corrosion protection and wastewater treatment from heavy metal ions and dyestuffs were obtained.

The purpose of this research is to study the effect of softener treatment on plain jersey fabrics with properties made of cotton and spandex yarn.

Samples with 100 percent cotton yarns, spandex yarns in alternating courses (half plating) and spandex yarns in every courses (full plating) were produced on a circular knitting machine where the two latter cases were produced at five different levels of spandex extension. After the dyeing process, fabrics were treated with fabric softener using two softener types (cationic and silicon) and all type two concentrations (3 percent, 6 percent) to evaluate the most appropriate softener type and concentration on fabric friction force, sewing needle penetration force and weight loss percent under different levels of spandex extension.

Results showed that silicon softener treatment results in high decreases in fabric sewing needle penetrating force, friction force and while treatment with cationic softener results in high decreases in weight loss percent for 100 percent cotton, half and full plating fabrics.

There is a growing need to study the effect of softeners when spandex yarns are used in the production of knitted fabric which results in high increase of stitch density. This research compares the effects of two different softener types at different concentrations on the properties of both plain jersey fabric produced from 100 percent cotton yarns and from cotton/spandex yarns with different stitch density.

The purpose of this paper is to focus on the removal of Congo red dye from aqueous solution using magnetically separable novel adsorbent prepared by coating activated charcoal on magnetic nanoparticles.

The synthesized magnetic nanocomposite of activated charcoal was characterized using Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The removal of Congo red from aqueous solution using magnetic nanocomposite of activated charcoal was optimized. The equilibrium and kinetics modeling of adsorption of Congo red was analyzed.

The presence of activated charcoal on magnetic nanocomposite was confirmed by FTIR analysis. The average size of the nanocomposite was found to be 12.77 nm using SEM characterization. The elemental composition by EDS analysis confirmed the increase in concentration of carbon due the adsorption of Congo red dye. The optimum conditions for batch adsorption was found to be 1 g/L of adsorbent, dye concentration 50 mg/L, pH 3 and temperature 70°C. The adsorption of Congo red dye on magnetic nanocomposite of activated charcoal was found to follow Temkin adsorption isotherm.

The experimental data were found to fit well with the pseudo second-order kinetics and the rate of adsorption was found to be controlled by intra-particle diffusion.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the role of women in rural communities of South‐Western Nigeria in entrepreneurial engagement through craft practice.

Literatures were reviewed on crafts practice and appreciation in Nigeria. This enabled the contemplation of the place of craft practice as occupational engagement before, during and post colonial periods. The process of data gathering consists of field work, interviews, observation and photographing; through this, the technical production of mat and indigo dyed fabric were explored.

Women of rural communities in Western Nigeria have been actively been involved in crafts production to make ends meet in a male dominated economy. They form professional guilds to revive craft production/patronage, to network among members, and to seek help from the government and relevant organizations. The study found out that the potentials of the rural women can be fully developed if the method of making their products is given a facelift through partial mechanization.

An average Nigerian wants to be employed in white collar job and people are no longer interested in craft practice. The apprenticeship system of learning in the traditional system whereby skill is transferred from parents to their children is almost becoming a history. Thus, craft production is in the hand of few people among which the rural women are very spectacular.

This paper considers the women of rural communities in Southwestern Nigeria as a factor in the revilitalization of traditional crafts through occupational engagement in craft practice.

This study aims to develop multifunctional, namely, superhydrophobic, flame-retardant and antibacterial, coatings over cotton fabric, using casein as green-based flame-retardant and silver nanoparticles as antibacterial agent by solution immersion method.

The cotton fabric is first coated with casein to make it flame-retardant. AgNPs synthesized using Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark extract is coated over the casein layer. Finally, stearic acid is used to coat the cotton to make it superhydrophobic. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy analysis and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy are used to investigate the produced AgNPs. The as-prepared multifunctional cotton is characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and attenuated total reflection-infrared studies. Flame test, limiting oxygen index test and thermogravimetric analyzer studies have also been performed to study the flame-retardant ability and thermal stability of treated fabric, respectively. The antibacterial effect of the coatings is evaluated by disc-diffusion technique. Water contact angle is determined to confirm the superhydrophobic nature of cotton fabric.

The outcomes of this study showed that the prepared multifunctional cotton fabric had maximum contact angle of greater than 150° with good flame retardancy, high thermal stability, greater washing durability and high antibacterial activity against the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter indicus. Additionally, the as-prepared superhydrophobic cotton showed an excellent oil–water separation efficiency.

The trilayered multifunctional cotton fabric has limiting washing durability up to 20 washing cycles. Treated functional fabric can be used as an antibacterial, therapeutic, water repellent and experimental protective clothing for medical, health care, home curtains and industrial and laboratory purposes.

The study brings out the robustness of this method in the development of multifunctional cotton fabrics.

Functionalization of organic cotton fabrics (OCFs) by in situ deposition of chitosan reduced-stabilized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). No other toxic chemicals used to warrant an ecofriendly synthesis protocol. Human toxicity of silver systematically avoided to use as textile clothing. Primary colors (nearly-red, yellow and blue) were imparted on OCFs via localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of AgNPs. Decent mechanical properties and laundering durability in terms of antibacterial/fastness test improved mechanical properties.

Silver nanoparticles can be synthesized by using silver nitrate along with commercially available chitosan. Due to the surface LSPR property of silver nanoparticles, it exhibits versatile colors depending on the synthesizing procedures. The coloration occurs due to the electrostatic interaction between the AgNPs and chitosan-treated OCF. The nanotreated fabrics provide excellent mechanical properties with improved antibacterial effects.

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis quantifies the developed materials in the substrates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization indicates the appearance and morphologies of silver nanoparticles into the fabric surface after the coloration process. It proves that the treated cotton knit fabric exhibits the LSPR optical features of AgNPs. The antibacterial and mechanical properties confirm the improved functionality of products.

Improved mechanical properties, antibacterial performances and coloration effects on organic cotton substrates in terms of chitosan-mediated nanosilver are not yet studied.

The purpose of this study is to extract and characterize a novel natural dye from the leaves of Lannea coromandelica and the extraction with finding ways of dyeing cotton fabric using three mordants.

The colouring agents were extracted from the leaves of Lannea coromandelica using an aqueous extraction method. The extract was characterized using analysis methods of pH, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and cyclic voltammetry measurement. The extract was applied to cotton fabric samples using a non-mordant and three mordants under the two mordanting methods. The dyeing performance of the extracted colouring agent was evaluated using colour fastness properties, colour strength (K/S) and colour space (CIE Lab).

The aqueous dye extract showed reddish-brown colour, and its pH was 5.94. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the dye extract from the leaves of Lannea coromandelica contained active chemical compounds. The UV-vis and FTIR analyses found that groups influenced the reddish-brown colour of the dye extraction. The cyclic voltammetry measurements discovered the electrochemical properties of the dye extraction. The mordanted fabric samples showed better colour fastness properties than the non-mordanted fabric sample. The K/S and CIE Lab results indicate that the cotton fabric samples dyed with mordants showed more significant dye affinities than non-mordanted fabric samples.

Researchers have never discovered that the Lannea coromandelica leaf extract is a natural dye for cotton fabric dyeing. The findings of this study showed that natural dyes extracted from Lannea coromandelica leaf could be an efficient colouring agent for use in cotton fabric.

This paper aims to synthesize a novel series of monoazo disperse dyes based on N-(1-phthalimidyl)-naphthalimides by coupling with substitute anilines, naphthylamines and naphthol derivatives.

The purification of the intermediates and the dyes was carried out by recrystallization. The structures of the synthesized intermediates and the dyes were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques. The absorption maxima, molar extinction coefficient and halochromic properties of the dyes were determined spectrophotometrically using solvents of different polarity.

The dyes were applied on polyester using a high-temperature high-pressure dyeing machine, and the dyeing performance parameters such as colour build-up on fabrics, wash fastness, perspiration fastness and light fastness were evaluated. The colour build-up was found to be very good and the wash fastness (4–5) and perspiration fastness (4–5) were excellent, whereas the light fastness was found to vary from moderate to very good (3–6).

It is not possible to investigate the structure of the synthesized dyes by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis due to the low solubility of dyes in deuterated solvents.

A novel method for the synthesis of a new category of monoazo disperse dyes based on N-(1-phthalimidyl)-naphthalimides was developed. These dyestuffs could be used in textile printing of polyester fabrics.

Argan nutshell wood (ANW) has been used in this study as an agricultural solid waste to remove Congo red (CR) from an aqueous solution in single and mixture binary in the presence of methylene blue (MB) or crystal violet (CV).

The ANW was characterized by Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscope analysis. The effect of ANW dose (8–40 gL⁻¹), contact time (0–180 min), pH of the solution (4–11) and CR dye concentration (100–500 mgL⁻¹) on CR adsorption was studied in batch mode and evaluated by kinetic and isotherm models in a single system. In the binary system, the CR removal was studied from a CR + MB and CR + CV mixture with different percentages of dyes, ranging from 0% to 100%.

The pseudo-second-order and the Langmuir models could best describe the CR sorption onto ANW in a single system. In addition, in the case of the binary system, there is the appearance of a synergistic phenomenon between the CR and the other cationic dyes and the CR adsorption capacity increased until 12.24 mg g-1 and 12.06 mg g-1 in the presence of the MB and CV in the mixture, respectively.

This study demonstrated that ANW prepared can be suggested as an excellent potential adsorbent to remove dyes from wastewaters from single and mixture systems.

This study is original.

This study aims to the synthesis of some novel 4-arylazo-3-hydroxythiophene analogues containing sulphapyridine and sulphathiazole dyestuffs and studying their application in dyeing polyester fabrics and rendering their antibacterial efficacy.

Simultaneous dyeing and antibacterial finishing for polyester fabric using a new antibacterial disperse dye having a modified chemical structure to thiophene dyes were studied. Construction of the thiophene dyes was carried out by diazo-coupling of diazotized sulphonamide-containing heterocyclic rings sulphapyridine and sulphathiazole with ethyl α-phenylthiocarbamoyl-acetoacetate followed by cyclizing the produced 2-arylazo-thioacetanilide with various α-halogenated reagents. All newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and extensive study of their spectral data (IR and ¹H-NMR). The dyeing characteristics of these thiophene dyestuffs were evaluated at optimum conditions. Antibacterial activities of the obtained thiophene dyes were studied against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

The synthesized thiophene-containing sulphonamides dyes were applied on polyester fabric. The modified dyes exhibited a good fastness properties and antibacterial efficacy against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Synthesized dyes showed higher antibacterial potency than the reference standard drug.

Synthesis of these disperse azo dyes for textile dyeing had never been reported previously.

The dyestuffs derived from thiophene are reasonable azo disperse dyestuffs giving good all-round fastness properties on polyester fabrics.

Thiophene dyes are used for dyeing polyester fabrics with brilliant colour and good fastness properties. The presence of sulphonamides moieties increase their fastness properties and elevate their antibacterial properties. Moreover, they can be used as antimicrobial finish due to their bactericidal properties on dyed textiles. This work afforded a new thiophene colorant that can be used in many different uses like polyester packing, thread Surgery, blends and other uses in medical textile.

The purpose of this paper is to synthesize some new azobenzene dyestuffs clubbed with thiazolidinone moiety and their solicitation in dyeing polyester fabrics representing their antibacterial evaluation.

Herein, the authors report the synthesis of new thiazolidinone moiety after the coupling of diazotized 4-aminoacetophenone with resorcinol. The newly synthesized dyes were characterized by IR, elemental analysis, mass spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectral studies. The characteristics of dyeing of these dyestuffs were evaluated at optimum conditions. Concurrent with dyeing of polyester fabric for synthesized dyes with their antibacterial activity was estimated. Antimicrobial activity of the dyed fabrics at different concentrations was evaluated against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Synthesized azobenzene dyestuffs clubbed with thiazolidinone dyes were applied on polyester fabrics. It was remarked that the modified dyes exhibited better colourfastness properties. Furthermore, the synthesized dyes revealed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

The synthesized azobenzene dyes for polyester dyeing were not bore earlier.

The azobenzene dyes were accountable for giving improved colourfastness properties on polyester fabrics.

The synthesized azobenzene derivatives are sensibly expensive and applicable dyes accompanied with good antimicrobial and anticancer activities.

A common process could be affording textiles of colour and antibacterial assets. The newly synthesized dyes containing thiazolidinone moieties with azobenzene coupler showed interesting disperse colourant for polyester with good antibacterial activity.

This paper aims to synthesize new screen-printing ink formula based on new derivatives of azo thiadiazol disperse dyes and evaluate their characteristics after being printed on polyester fabric substrates.

New dispersed dyes based on 1, 3, 4-Thiadiazole derivatives (dyes 1 and 2) were prepared and confirmed by different analyses, infrared (IR), mass and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and then formulated as colored materials in the screen-printing ink formulations. Printing pastes containing the prepared dyestuffs and other ingredients were used for printing polyester using screen-printing or traditional printing. The characteristics of printed polyester fabric substrates were measured by color measurements such as a*, b*, L*, C*, E, Ho, R% and color strength, as well as light, washing, crock and alkali perspiration fastness, and finally, the depth of penetration was evaluated.

The prepared 1, 3, 4-Thiadiazole derivatives (dyes 1 and 2) were obtained from the reaction of 5,5’-(1,4-phenylene)bis(1,3,4-Thiadiazole-2-amine) with resorcinol and m-toluidine as a coupling component. The suitability of the prepared dyestuffs for silk screen-printing on polyester fabrics has been investigated. The prints obtained from a formulation containing dye 1 possess high color strength as well as good overall fastness properties if compared to those obtained using dye 2.

The method of synthesis of the new dyestuffs and screen-printing ink provides a simple and practical solution to prepare some new heterocyclic disperse azo dyes, and they are formulated in the screen-printing inks for printing on a polyester fabric substrate.

The prepared disperse dyes based on 1,3,4-Thiadiazole derivatives (dyes 1 and 2) could be used in textile printing of polyester on an industrial scale.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in the performance of ink formulations caused by the addition of compounds that improve the ink’s physical properties to achieve an optimum formulation for inkjet printing, because of the importance and simplicity of this method.

Ink samples were formulated using Acid Red 14 as ink colorant, different percentages of polymeric compounds including polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone and Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) as viscosity modifier compounds and surfactant as the surface tension enhancer. Formulated samples were adjusted in terms of fluid physical properties e.g. viscosity, density and surface tension, and the effect of used compounds on the improvement of both physical and colorimetric properties such as viscosity, surface tension, colorimetric coordinates and lightfastness has been evaluated to achieve the optimum printing inks to be printed on three different substrates.

The experimental observations showed that CMC was the most compatible compound as the viscosity modifier as its viscosity value was in the printable range of 2–22 cP. Moreover, a flow-curve test was applied to the ink samples and their Newtonian behavior was approved. Based on the spectrophotometric test results of printed samples, the samples containing PVA provided acceptable lightfastness in comparison to other ink samples on every used substrate.

An optimum relation between colorimetric coordinates of the printed samples and ink formulation could be considered and achieved.

The purpose of this paper is to synthesize some novel 2-amino-6,6-dimethyl-9-phenyl-3-(phenyldiazenyl)-6,7-dihydropyrazolo-[5,1-b]quinazolin-8(5H)-one derivatives by multi-component one-pot reaction using a microwave as a new tool for green chemistry.

An equimolor from arylazopyrazole, 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (dimedone) and benzaldehyde derivatives was dissolved in Dimethylformamide (DMF) to be irradiated in a microwave for 15 minutes; after completion of the reaction, as indicated by Thin layer chromatograph (TLC), the reaction mixture was poured into ice water, filtered and then crystallized with an appropriate solvent.

The structure of the synthesized dyes was established and confirmed for the reaction products on the basis of their elemental analysis and spectral data (MS, IR and 1H-NMR). These prepared dyes were used to print polyester and polyamide fabrics using synthetic thickener in the printing paste for the silk screen technique. The synthesized dyes are superior in terms of yield, purity, color strength and fastness properties and will lead to valuable achievements for commercial production.

An efficient method for synthesis of pyrazoloquinazolinone dyes was designed. The novel procedure features short reaction time, moderate yields and simple workup. The authors studied its application in printing polyester and polyamide fabrics.

This study aims to use hexanediol, pentaerythritol and keratin as crosslinking agents on the acrylic fabric used as garments.

Plain 1/1 acrylic fabric was produced with 14 and 11 weft yarn/cm using yarn count 28/2 Ne, then it was modified with different agents, and the effect of crosslinking on some of the inherent properties was determined. The color strength as well as washing fastness was evaluated. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy determined the changes that acted in the structure of the treated acrylic fabrics. Several physical and functional utility characteristics were studied such as stiffness, crease recovery, tensile strength and elongation, pilling, air permeability, absorbency and static electricity.

Polyacrylonitrile is one of the man-made materials used in the textile field; despite novel characteristics, it has some negative properties, especially in absorbency and pilling, which are improved after treatment.

The results presented that the different conditions that were used with cross-linkers enhanced the acrylic fabrics properties. Where analysis of variance test at P-value 0.05 and radar chart area offered that the treated acrylic fabric with 5% (w/v) keratin accomplished the highest preferable properties for end use.

This paper aims to assess the relationships amongst the tearing strength of fabrics after each chemical processing stage and after finishing of plain-woven cotton fabric. An effort has been made to study the effect of different finishing chemicals (tear improver) and their different concentrations on the high-density fabric tear strength and its sub-component with respect to the co-efficient of friction value of yarns for all the fabric samples. It also aims to establish a statistical model for prediction of tear strength with identified parameters as yarn–yarn friction co-efficient, yarn pullout force and single yarn strength.

In case of woven fabrics, it cannot be assumed that only yarn friction plays the role in deciding fabric-tearing strength. Whether the static or kinetic frictions need to be considered or the linear or capstan frictions have to be analyzed, to incorporate the results of friction analysis in the tearing behavior, need to be assessed. In the present work through a fabrication of yarn–yarn friction measurement, under a synchronized slow speed as that of actual fabric tearing (50 mm/min), has been carried out. After each wet processing stage, surface characteristics of yarns have been changed. Surface of yarns becomes smoother after finishing and rough after dyeing, which affects the co-efficient of friction of yarns, accordingly.

After each wet processing stage, the surface characteristics of yarns are changed. Surface structure of yarns becomes smooth after finishing and rough after dyeing, which affects the co-efficient of friction of yarns. For all the fabrics, the weft-way tearing strength is always higher than warp-way tearing strength. It is also observed that yarn pullout force is not the only responsible factor for tearing strength of such fabric. It is because of the combined action of yarn–yarn friction, yarn pullout force and single yarn strength for a given structure.

A more extensive investigation with respect to concentration as well as further variety of chemicals requires to be identified for the optimum concentration level for each chemical. A mathematical model based on the three parameters as yarn–yarn co-efficient of friction, yarn pullout force and yarn strength for all woven fabric structure to achieve optimum strength level has been established which could be further extended for each fabric structures.

The problem has been identified from the day-to-day exercise of the commercial textile industry. The whole of the sample preparations have been done in the industry by using commercial machines under standard industrial conditions. The findings have been discussed and suitably introduced in the industry.

The whole of this paper has been unique in idea origination, sample preparation and execution of tests. The findings are very important for the researchers as well as for textile industry.