Two Faces of Digital Transformation

The expansion of new technologies has induced the digital revolution and paved the way for an innovation-based economy. Digitalization, while blurring real and virtual environments, acts as an incentive for innovation and has been regarded as a tool to tackle the crisis. Its particular acceleration was caused by the lockdown regulations due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Social entrepreneurship searches for innovative methods, tools and models to solve pressing social problems. The concept suggests applying business models for implementing social missions. Revenue generated from commercial activities is spent to solve social challenges caused by market imperfection, government inefficiency, disasters, pandemics, wars and economic crises. Advancing technologies, on the one hand, present opportunities for social enterprises and, on the other hand, involve risks to employment, data protection, transformed business model and strategies and changes in society's lifestyle and impose costly digital technologies to be adopted. Social entrepreneurs can create social value by using digital technologies that allow them to reach remote customers, investors or beneficiaries overcoming geographical boundaries or time differences. Yet digitalization can pose a threat to existing jobs as they become redundant; it transforms them or gives rise to new jobs while demanding technological skills and digital literacy. Moreover, enhanced digitalization and effective governmental actions set the stage for the decline of social business. The chapter explores the influence of digitalization on social entrepreneurship and discusses the potential of digital transformation for social enterprises. It examines the risks and opportunities that bring accelerated digitalization to social entrepreneurship.

This research work demonstrates the method of examining the influence of digitalization in social entrepreneurial perspectives. For this purpose, three major digital transformation domains, namely, blockchain, artificial intelligence (AI) and cloud services were considered. For all three domains, their adoption over time is studied and further analyzed. Consequently, it is observed that all three have a noteworthy positive influence to improve the business performance, trade, supply chain and similar disciplines. For the blockchain, their user activity like addition of new wallets, transactions made and the market price for bitcoins over time was used. For AI, data from tech fundings prior to the year 2020–2021 were obtained and AI adoption in several regions was analyzed. Finally, for cloud services, cloud computing adoption data (2009–2019) at both the individual and organizational level were studied. This research is useful for business entities to further support the fact that digitalization has modernized legacy processes, enabled rapid innovation, strengthened security and increased profitability.

Generation Z refers to those born during a time when the internet and technology were available to practically everyone in education, social life and employment. Because Generation Z was born during a period of rapid technical growth and digital transition, it is also known as the ‘Digital Generation’. Digitalization is one of the developments that best symbolizes the twenty-first century, and it has both benefits and drawbacks. Because of its strong link with digitization, Generation Z is seen as the generation that experiences these benefits and drawbacks the most intensely. For this reason, the disadvantages as well as the advantages it provides to Generation Z come into question as an important issue. Generation Z benefits from digitalization in many ways, including faster and easier access to information, the elimination of time and space constraints in many issues, easier access to various needs such as shopping, education, entertainment and communication, faster completion of work that needs to be done, the ability to perform multiple tasks at the same time and the establishment of a universal perspective. Disadvantages include distraction, screen addiction beginning in childhood, diminished capacity to conduct business using traditional ways, cyber dangers and decreases in personal information security, and future risk to individual security from sharing on social media platforms. All of this highlights the necessity of understanding the benefits and drawbacks of digitalization for Generation Z, called as the Digital Generation.

Political science and public administration have seen significant transformations as a result of digitalization. The literature depicts the transformation brought about by digitalization at various stages. In the literature, these periods are termed as Public Administration 1.0 (Cameralism), Public Administration 2.0 (Weberian Bureaucracy), Public Administration 3.0 (New Public Administration), Public Administration 4.0 (Digital Public Administration) and Public Administration 5.0 (Super Smart Society). Not only has digitalization contributed to a more effective, efficient and accountable service understanding, but it has also contributed to the dissolution of the rigid understanding between voters and politicians. However, digitalization has brought both problems and benefits to the field. By creating a fast world, unconfirmed information reaches a greater number of people, bringing negative situations with it. Aside from the societal benefits of digitalization, the methods to be considered will also be discussed in this study.

Technologies that have developed for centuries have made people's lives easier. With new technologies, people have started to more easily and accurately do things that once used to take a lot of their time. Especially with the industrial revolution, everything has started to become automatic thanks to the machines that entered people's lives; and almost all work, including daily and professional work, was done by machines. Influencing the life of the society in many ways, it has also affected the businesses that serve the society and their stakeholders in many ways. Many changes in businesses affect the economies of countries, and in this way, the welfare and knowledge levels of societies. In this study, the positive aspects of technological developments (digitalization) on businesses and stakeholders are explained. The importance of developing and changing businesses with digitalization has been emphasized for countries.

Developing and developed countries are working to step up the process of digitalization according to their existing capacities. Digital transformation affects all departments from production to marketing and is correlated with important outcomes such as productivity, performance and efficiency. It is thought that this revision can bring disadvantages along with its many advantages. When the studies are evaluated, it's seen that the revision has an effect on employment. Compulsory changes in management and organization structures, necessity of developing new models in product and production alterations are some of the consequences of the risk due to Industry 4.0. Customer satisfaction, cyber-security dangers, monopolization and tax loss in the country must not be ignored. Within this scope, this chapter focusses on dystopic and Industry 4. It is thought that the dystopic effects of Industry 4 will allow the organizations to provide the necessary preliminary preparations. Major basic factors such as employment technical infrastructure and financial resources, and with the right strategies, can be managed to make it easier for a revolutionary change.

The utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) in the solution of many problems encountered in healthcare in recent years is rapidly becoming widespread. Understanding of the use and importance of efficiency, security and accessible healthcare to everyone and providing value-based services for healthcare decision-makers is essential. The special uses of machine learning, natural language processing and smart voice assistants, which have developed as sub-branches of AI, for healthcare services, the contributions of these techniques to the digital transformation of healthcare services and how all these will help decision-making processes in healthcare services, will be discussed in this chapter. And also, FDA-approved algorithms that are a kind of AI tool will be explained.

Although organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) is a concept associated with significant values within the modern workplace, many employees find it challenging to exhibit some necessary extra-role behaviours, such as helping co-workers complete their duties when a situation demands it. Currently, in the South African workspace, fostering OCB among employees is a concern to people practitioners. Specifically, extra-role types of behaviour are declining among professionals as 21st-century technologies promote remote-working policy, leaving employees to work robotically with computers and having no colleagues around to seek or render assistance with their duties. Moreover, professionals are overwhelmed with the timely and endless obligations received frequently and hardly have time and energy for extra-role behaviours. In addition, physical and psychological health-related concerns such as technology stress and career worries are among the contemporary issues affecting human resource (HR) management in this present time. This necessitates more scholarly actions in the niche of OCB, especially identifying and arresting its hindrances. However, a thorough review of the literature on OCB revealed a paucity of scientific reports in the areas of relationships between technostress, career concerns and OCB. Hence, the proposed chapter seeks to bridge the gap in the literature of OCB by theoretically exploring the relationships between technostress, career concerns and OCB in the professional services context in South Africa.

Modern funding channels that supplement established mediators may present cybersecurity problems. Traditional investors work with artificial intelligence. In this chapter, the focus is on digitalization in the context of entrepreneurial finance. Crowdfunding platforms have become an alternative to meet the funding needs of entrepreneurs. Crowdfunding platforms have become an alternative for individuals who want to support social entrepreneurs and social enterprises because the financing of initiatives on the solution of social problems is provided by governments, companies and non-profit institutions. Literature shows that equal opportunities and benefits for disadvantaged groups can be created by social entrepreneurship. A snowball effect can be created by each project made to create social impact.

The world has witnessed three major individual revolutions until now. We are in the fourth industrial revolution, and there are technological breakthroughs that have not been seen before. Responding fast to changing consumer expectations in a competitive climate brought on by globalization has become a global reality, requiring enterprises to alter their manufacturing systems. The incorporation of machines that can interact and make decisions into production has altered the manufacturing processes. The application of the Industry 4.0 revolution to manufacturing processes has paved the way for the development of smart factories. Production may be made 24 hours a day in these factories where productivity grows with applications such as the internet of things (IoT), cyber-physical systems, augmented reality and artificial intelligence. All applications utilized in smart factories boost productivity and reduce costs and human error rates. Countries should undergo change in order to adapt to the competitive climate established by Industry 4.0, in which the entire world lives. Many industrialized countries have taken significant strides in this direction, including this process into their national policies. Turkey's ability to adapt to Industry 4.0 technologies in a digitalized competitive environment, as well as swiftly grow smart factory applications in altering production processes, is critical to its global economic standing.

Digital transformation has created an important framework for the commercial aviation industry. Aviation companies that develop a digital strategy or implement the strategies successfully are seeing improvements in their overall efficiency, cost, flexibility and security performances with the effect of digitalization. For aviation businesses, digitalization is seen as one of the important conditions of competition. For this reason, many aviation businesses prioritize digital investments and make the major strategic moves necessary to gain a competitive advantage. However, the digitization of aviation businesses cannot be achieved by investing in technology alone. Digital arguments need to be aligned with customer expectations and the goals of the business. The increase in the number of airline companies has caused airline companies to create new strategies that will increase cost efficiency. IATA (International Air Transport Association), which is a member of airline companies and works for the efficiency of commercial air transportation revealed its vision of a ‘Digital Airline’, which represents what an airline can look like in 2025. Digitalization and efficiency, reflections on human resources, digital applications of airlines, benefits of airline companies from digital transformation, airline mobile applications, online check-in and boarding services (self-check-in, kiosk), online travel assistant, digital baggage cards (RFID – radio frequency identification), digital cabin management systems, in-flight entertainment systems, cabin cleaning robots, digital loyalty programmes, a new perspective in aviation education, interactive virtual reality environments, big data technology and applications and disadvantages of digital transformation are evaluated in the chapter.

The aim of this research work is to examine the originator which is affecting in Thailand the adoption of m-commerce (based on the behavioural intention). The usage of m-commerce has faced reluctance by the subscribers of mobile phone, which is in general the most anticipated challenge among both the developing and developed countries. Similarly, there are restricted empirical research work regarding to the m-commerce in Thailand. As a result, in the situation of developing countries (for instance, Thailand specially), very less numbers of research exist for the recognition of important variables for the m-commerce installation or estimating the m-commerce adoption variables. For explaining the behavioural targets of subscribers and for estimation generally the model that has been used is referred to as technology acceptance model (TAM). First, the factor subjective norms by the region of technology acceptance had contradictory outcomes and inconsistency to the behavioural target. In this study, we employed the Smart Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling version 3.2.6 as a data analysis technique. The response rate of the current study is 81%. The results have certainty that has established the presence of these associations between the users which implicated the significance of subjective norms in Thailand which were recognized. The personal opinion of usefulness, perceptions of attitude and easy usage to m-commerce are the important features towards the subjective norms which are the social impacts.

The study was planned to examine the impact of subjective norms on the behavioural intentions of Thai e-banking users. Additionally, the study has also examined the mediating role of perceived usefulness of e-banking in the relationship between the subjective norms and e-banking adoption. The subjective norms construct in this study was decomposed into societal descriptive and injunctive norms, and personal descriptive and injunctive norms. It is clear from the literature review that highly inconsistent findings were reported between perceived usefulness and subjective norms because of the contradiction in the findings obtained by the researchers. This occurred may be because trivial attention was given to the relationship between subjective norm and perceived usefulness. In current research, it is argued that there are many advantages of e-banking adoption which includes mobility, convenience and 24-hour accessibility anywhere anytime with no physical limitation of location as required in old-styled e-commerce. For that reason, it is hypothesized that people who believe that these advantages would result in the improvement in their performance are expected to create a positive environment for technology adoption. In the latest quantitative research development, the partial least squares (PLS) path modelling is considered to be unsuitable in determining the validity of the model. For this purpose, a two-step process is implemented in current research. The results of the present study, argued that e-banking is adopted voluntarily and the existence of high social norms in collectivist culture greatly influences the potential adopters' attitude and behaviour by the opinions of their significant others particularly in Thai context.