Index
Transport and Pandemic Experiences
ISBN: 978-1-80117-345-2, eISBN: 978-1-80117-344-5
ISSN: 2044-9941
Publication date: 17 October 2022
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2022), "Index", Attard, M. and Mulley, C. (Ed.) Transport and Pandemic Experiences (Transport and Sustainability, Vol. 17), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 323-336. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2044-994120220000017018
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2022 Maria Attard and Corinne Mulley
INDEX
Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate notes.
Accessibility
, 40
Accessible transportation
, 211
Active transport
, 9, 90–91, 95, 304, 307–308, 315–316
Active travel (AT)
communicate, educate, celebrate, and document results
, 179
COVID-19 as opportunity to overcome the political barriers to implement AT
, 176
COVID-19 induced cities and governments to investing in cycling infrastructures and financed acquisition of bicycles, e-bikes and e-scooters
, 178
COVID-19
, 165–166, 166–171
cycling infrastructure
, 179
increased appreciation of
, 314–316
ingredient for resilient urban mobility and integrated to city transport guidelines
, 177
lessons for policymakers
, 176
policy initiatives promoting AT during COVID-19
, 171–176
research needs
, 179–180
thorough evaluation of temporary measures
, 178–179
transform emergency/temporary measures to permanent ones
, 178
walking-friendly city concept
, 177–178
Activity behaviour
, 78, 108, 123
Activity pattern
, 78, 86, 111, 113
Activity space
, 86–87
Africa
changes in travel and tourism revenues and employment
, 275
number of cases and deaths caused by COVID-19
, 7
tourist workforce
, 275
Agency operations
, 211–121
Air freight
, 152
Air India Express (AIE)
, 156
Air navigation service providers (ANSPs)
, 222
Air pollution
, 307–308
Air Transport Action Group (ATAG)
, 222
Air transport industry
commercial air transport regulators
, 222–223
economic and financial policies to support air transport operators
, 230–232
global commercial air transport industry
, 221–222
policies for freight
, 228–229
policies for passengers and crew
, 225–228
policies to protecting international public health
, 223–225
Airline passengers
, 223, 225
Airlines
, 229
cargo
, 152
cash-strapped
, 156
commercial
, 222
financial position
, 231
operational and logistical challenges for
, 225
pandemic
, 260
revenue
, 229
Airport
distance and association with COVID-19 cases and deaths
, 22–24
policy in UK
, 226
volume and association with COVID-19 cases and deaths
, 25
Amazon
, 158
Amazon Pay
, 155
American Airlines Cargo
, 260
American Community Survey (ACS)
, 19
American history, COVID-19 deadliest outbreak in
, 17
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
, 210
App-based payments/cashless transactions
, 155
Asia-Pacific nations
(im)mobility policies and practices across
, 130–137
travel behaviour effects in
, 137–143
Asian Flu
, 4
Association of Southeast Asian Nations countries (ASEAN countries)
, 145
Atmanirbhar India
, 154, 156
Australia
congestion and public transport crowding in
, 11
COVID-19 pandemic in
, 186
immobility policies and practices
, 128, 132
island nations of
, 121
lockdown restrictions
, 191
public transport in
, 312
working from home
, 294
Auto ownership
, 62
auto ownership and automobility during pandemic
, 64
future of auto ownership in North America
, 64–66
pre-COVID auto ownership
, 62–64
Automated future
, 47–48
Automation
, 290, 298
automobile ownership
, 56–57, 62
Automobility during pandemic
, 64
Autonomous vehicles
, 258–259, 261
Aviation
, 128, 137
Benzene
, 307
Bharatmala Pariyojana Project, 156
BHIM (app-based payments/cashless transactions)
, 155
Bicycles
, 178
‘Big data’ analysis
, 129
Bike-sharing
, 169–170, 177
Bilateral Air Service Agreements (BASAs)
, 229
Bio-security, 253n2
Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 253n6
Boeing 707
, 224
Brisbane
, 139, 142–143
Built environments
, 308, 311
Bus
, 44, 90, 169
APTA
, 60
automation of
, 48
expense of bus service
, 57
regular activities
, 195
C40 network
, 289
California Department of Public Health (CDPH)
, 207
California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)
, 207
Canada
auto loans
, 64
COVID-19 in
, 8, 56
extended-term loans
, 64
IATR, regulators in
, 206
investment across transit modes
, 57
region’s transit financing approach in
, 69
Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy (CEWS)
, 231
Canadian National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health (NCCEH)
, 208
Capacity
, 40, 47, 111–112, 144, 152, 192, 310, 313–314
Car, mode shift from public transport to
, 312–314
Car dependency
, 294, 307, 311, 313–314
Car sharing
, 49
Car-reduced future
, 49
Car-sharing
, 290
Carbon monoxide (CO)
, 307
Cargo airlines
, 152, 156
Caribbean Cruise Tourism, COVID-19 effects in
, 278
Carpooled
, 19
Cashless payments
, 192
Cashless transactions
, 155, 157
Central business district (CBD)
, 144, 195, 249–250
China
coronavirus in
, 5
domestic aviation traffic
, 138
‘eradication’ policy measures used in
, 145
in infrastructure development
, 150
lockdowns in
, 290
pandemic in
, 187, 276
public transport
, 137
‘Choice’ ridership
, 58–60
Chronic diseases
, 306
Cities under lockdown
access and mobility inequalities during pandemic
, 113–123
COVID-19 and urban mobility
, 110–111
data analysis
, 112–113
data collection
, 111–112
literature review
, 109
methodology
, 111
structural urban inequalities in Latin America and Colombia preceding pandemic
, 109–110
Climate change
, 110
Co-modality of community transport
, 195–196
Colombia
future recovery in
, 109
lockdown in
, 111, 117
online shopping in
, 117
pandemic in
, 9
structural urban inequalities in
, 109–110
urban forms and mobility in
, 123
Communicable diseases
, 224
Communication and education initiatives
, 176
Communicative mobility
, 129, 142
Community Transport (CT)
, 195
co-modality of
, 195–196
Commuting behaviours
, 129
Commuting trips
, 84–85
Comparative analysis of COVID-19 effects on tourism markets
, 279–280
Complementary measures
, 10
Computable General Equilibrium model
, 277
Confidence intervals
, 274–275
Congestion
, 137
challenges and opportunities to managing congestion
, 249–251
Consumerism
, 258
Contestation of road space
, 193
parking policies
, 194–195
pop-up cycle lanes
, 193–194
support for shared transport
, 195–198
Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES)
, 230
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
, 5–7, 16–18
airport distance and association with COVID-19 cases and deaths
, 22–24
airport volume and association with COVID-19 cases and deaths
, 25
availability of COVI D-19 vaccines
, 34–35
cases and deaths
, 21–22
data and methods
, 18
data and sample size
, 18–19
future
, 11–13
future waves of COVI D-19 virus
, 33–34
infections and deaths
, 16
number of cases and deaths caused by COVID-19 by region
, 7
impact of other factors and racial composition of counties
, 26
racial composition of counties and association with COIVD-19 cases and deaths
, 26
regional disparities in COVID-19 cases and deaths
, 26–33
results
, 21
statistical analysis
, 20–21
timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic
, 5–6
transport and
, 4–5
variable measurement
, 19–20
Coronaviruses (CoVs)
, 5
Corporeal mobility
, 129
policies
, 131
Costs, revenues and
, 293
Country case studies
, 276–280
COVID Mobility Works
, 171
COVID-19
, 4, 128, 165–166, 186, 203, 221–222, 225, 236, 288
and AT
, 166–171
comparative analysis of COVID-19 effects on tourism markets
, 279–280
crisis management
, 155
effects in Caribbean Cruise Tourism
, 278
effects in GCC countries
, 277–278
effects on Australian inbound tourism
, 276–277
effects on Indian tourism
, 277
effects on tourism demand in Italy
, 278–279
effects on tourism market
, 276
equity effects
, 293
across Europe
, 78–81
evolved in Europe
, 78
investing in cycling infrastructures and financed acquisition
, 178
policy implications of COVID-19 on tourism
, 280–281
policy initiatives promoting AT during
, 171–176
private schemes to counter effects of COVID-19 on tourism
, 281–283
on public transport sector
, 186–187
revenues and costs
, 293
ridership and mode share
, 291–293
strategies to combat
, 291
in Switzerland
, 42
symptom screening
, 209
and urban mobility
, 110–111
vaccines
, 213–215
virus
, 274
Cox regression
, 20
Crew, policies for
, 225–228
Critical infrastructure
, 203
Crowding
challenges and opportunities to managing congestion and crowding
, 249–251
pre-COVID-19 levels of crowding on public transport
, 244–248
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA)
, 203
Cycle lanes
, 49, 171, 175, 178
advantages or benefits of
, 194
pop-up
, 193–194
Cycling
, 95–96, 175
infrastructure
, 179
Day-to-day transport practices
, 304
de facto regulatory
, 206
De-urbanisation
, 295–296
Decline public transport
, 89
Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFC)
, 156
Delta variant
, 130, 144, 191–193
Demand
, 215, 258
Department for Transport (DfT)
, 226–227
Department of For-Hire Vehicles (DFHV)
, 212
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
, 17
Descriptive analysis
, 129
Descriptive statistics
, 112
Desk-based jobs
, 304
destinations
, 45, 59, 222, 229, 258, 277–279, 281, 311
Digital activities
, 93–94
Digital adaptations
, 92–94
Digital infrastructure
, 159
Digitalisation strategies
, 158
Digitisation
, 261–262
Disparities
, 16, 18, 110
Dock-based bike-sharing system
, 95
Doodh Duronto
, 155
‘Downward spiral’ scenario
, 297
‘Drones’ deliveries
, 263–265
E-bikes
, 178
E-commerce
, 258–260
E-retail logistics
, 151
Earthquakes
, 150
East and South-East Asia
in ‘Shifting Streets’ database
, 143
immobility policies and practices
, 128, 132–134
eBike-city
, 49
Ebola
, 274
Economic policies to support air transport operators
, 230–232
Economic relief
, 212–213
‘Educate and encourage’ approach
, 206
Egypt
, 7
number of cases and deaths caused by COVID-19
timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic
, 5–6
Electric and autonomous delivery vehicles
Electric scooter (e-scooter)
, 166, 178
Electric vehicles
, 258–259, 261
Emerging economies
, 142, 159
Emissions
, 12, 40–41, 48, 196, 288
End-to-end offering
, 260
Environmental and health benefits
, 166
Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO)
, 210
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
, 21
Equity
, 289, 293, 297–298
Essential workers
, 12, 56, 58, 59–60, 111, 137, 175–176, 190, 194–195, 204, 214, 291
Europe
changes in travel behaviour in
, 77–96
timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic
, 5–6
European Commission (EC)
, 231
Exploratory data analysis
, 112, 113–117
Face masks
, 207
COVID-19 symptom screening
, 209
social distancing and shared or group rides
, 209
vehicle partitions
, 208–209
Facebook
, 82, 155
Fare revenues
, 291, 293, 296–298
Federal Government
‘15-minute city’ concept
, 175, 178
Financial challenges
, 296
Financial incentives
, 169, 171, 175, 196
Financial policies to support air transport operators
, 230–232
Financing
, 58, 69, 178, 267, 295, 299
First and last mile (1LM)
, 194
Fiscal policy
, 280
Flexible working (flexwork)
, 66
Flu viruses
, 305
Food insecurity
, 110
For-hire ground passenger transportation
, 204
Foreign direct investment (FDI)
, 156
France
coronavirus in
, 78
COVID-19 in
, 78–79
subsidised bicycle repairs
, 175
timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic
, 5–6
Freight, policies for
, 228–229
Freight networks
, 260
challenges
, 258
‘cities’ challenges integrating freight policies
, 263–265
e-commerce
, 258–259
pandemic lasting effects on freight networks solutions
, 260–261
shape of future industry strategy
, 261–262
social acceptability
, 265–266
Freight transport modes
air freight
, 152
ocean freight
, 152–153
pandemic impact on
, 150
warehousing and road freight
, 151–152
Freight transport networks
, 4
Frequency changes in public transport
, 189–191
Generalised costs (GC)
, 40
Geographic disparities
, 16–35
GetFoodNYC Food Delivery Programme
, 213
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
, 169
Global South
, 171
Global supply chains
, 150
Globalisation
, 258
Goods and Services Tax (GST)
, 156
Google
, 130
Google COVI D-19 Community Mobility
, 88–89
Google Location
, 82
Google Pay
, 155
Google Scholar
, 130
Governance model
, 266
Governmental support
, 293
‘Great Walk’ project
, 175, 179
Green space
, 91–92
Grocery shopping
, 59, 131
Gross domestic product (GDP)
, 150
Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC countries)
, 277
COVID-19 effects in
, 277–278
H1N1 influenza
, 225, 305
H1N1 influenza A virus
, 4
H2N2 virus
, 4
H3N2 virus
, 4
H5N1 influenza
, 225
H5N8 bird flu viruses
, 305
Hand sanitisers
, 150
Health
future
, 304
increased appreciation of active travel and local neighbourhood
, 314–316
increased working from home
, 310–312
long-term impacts of pandemic on transport practices
, 310
mode shift from public transport to car
, 312–314
pandemic impacts on
, 304
transport impacts
, 304–309
Health and safety
plans and procedures
, 209–211
regulations and guidance
, 205–207
Health behavior
, 304, 311
Hong Kong flu
, 4
Hospitality
, 274, 287
Hubei Province
, 131
Hydrocarbons
, 307
ICAO’s Council Aviation Recovery Task Force (CART)
, 228, 230
(Im)mobilities
, 128
approach and methods
, 130
changes in street occupation/use
, 143–144
‘mobilities’ to explore pandemic response
, 129
policies and practices across Asia-Pacific nations
, 130–137
travel behaviour effects in Asia-Pacific
, 137–143
Incidence rate ratios (IRR)
, 20
Independent variables
, 19–20
India
air cargo market
, 156
Atmanirbhar India
, 154
Bharatmala Pariyojana Project, 156
e-commerce industry
, 155
emerging economy of
, 9
strategies to combat COVID-19
, 291
support from Indian government
, 156
timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic
, 5–6
Indian government, pandemic support from
, 156
Indian logistics and freight industry, pandemic impact on
, 153–156
Indian Railways (IR)
, 155
Indonesia
flexible policies with lesser mobility controls
, 130
immobility policies and practices in
, 136
indoor markets in
, 143
number of cases and deaths caused by COVID-19
, 7
pre-Delta outbreak period
, 131
Induced demand
effects of lower GC materialise
, 41
for vehicles
, 47–48
Industry aid
, 212–213
Inequality
in LAC countries
, 108
systemic
, 159
in urban mobility
, 8
Infectious disease
, 225, 274, 305–306
Information and communication technologies
, 258
Infrastructural and regulatory measures
, 175
Infrastructure Australia (IA)
, 251
Injury
, 307–308
Instagram
, 155
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDAI)
, 156
Intermodal Passenger Connectivity Database
, 19
Intermodal transport networks
, 259
International Air Transport Association (IATA)
, 222
International Association of Transportation Regulators (IATR)
, 206–207
International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO)
, 222, 229
International Health Regulations (IHR)
, 224
International Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navigation
, 224
International travels
, 19, 33, 108, 138, 214, 225, 305–306
Istituto Superiore di Formazione e Ricerca per I Trasporti (ISFORT)
, 170
Italy
COVI D-19 cases in
, 28, 78
infection rates in spring 2020
, 94
lockdowns in
, 79
number of cases and deaths caused by COVID-19
, 7
timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic
, 5
Jakarta
COVID-safe operations
, 143
road vehicular transport in
, 138–139
Japan
air cargo transportation in
, 152
immobility policies and practices in
, 135
lockdowns in
, 137
number of cases and deaths caused by COVID-19
, 7
timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic
, 5
Jet aircraft
, 224
Jet-powered commercial aircraft
, 224
Job furlough scheme
, 231
Johns Hopkins University (JHU)
, 18–19
Kisan Rail
, 155
Labour
, 40, 282
cost
, 261
informal and unskilled
, 115
‘Laissez faire’ approach
, 225
Land-use zoning
, 263
Latent class analysis (LCA)
, 109, 112–113, 117–123
Lateral flow testing
, 225
Latin America and Caribbean (LAC)
, 108
Latin American Civil Aviation Commission (LACAC)
, 228
Lead
, 307
Leisure trips
, 85
Light rail transit (LRT)
, 292
Literature review
, 81–82, 109–110
Local neighbourhood
, 314–316
Lockdowns
, 12, 67, 78–79, 108–109, 115, 137, 191, 193, 290–291, 314–315
Logistics
, 150
worldwide
, 157–158
Lufthansa Cargo
, 260
Majority-minority
, 21, 26, 33
Managed future
, 48
Maritime
, 128
Mask mandates
, 207, 291, 295, 298
Mask wearing
, 186
in public transport
, 192–193
Mass cargo transport
, 258
Mass transport hubs
, 306
Material handling automation
, 158
Medical equipment
, 152, 155, 156, 222, 225, 228
Medical ventilators
, 150
Mental health
, 309
Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs)
, 156
Micromobility
, 290
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
, 5, 225, 274
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-Cov)
, 305
Mitigation strategies
, 205
Mobile Network Operators (MNOs)
, 83
Mobile phone data
, 82
Mobilities paradigm
, 129
Mobilities to explore pandemic response
, 129
Mobility as a Service (MaaS)
, 41, 48, 250, 290
Mobility change
, 79–80
Mobility pricing
, 43
Mobility typology
, 129
Mobility-as-a Service (MaaS)
, 10
MOBIS-COVID19 GPS panel
, 42–43
Modal adjustments
, 88–91
Mode choice
, 48, 70
Mode share
, 291–293
Modernity
, 129
Monetary policy
, 280
Multifunctional zones
, 264
Multimodal integration
, 258
Narrative approach
, 188
change in operation of transport services
, 189–191
contestation of road space
, 193–195
mask wearing in public transport
, 192–193
physical distancing in public transport
, 191–192
Narrative Policy Framework (NPF)
, 187
National Health Service (NHS)
, 176
National Highway Authority of India (NHAI)
, 156
National Recovery and Resilience Plan
, 176
Nearest airports
, 35
Negative binomial regressions (NBRG)
, 20, 21
Neighbourhood, increased appreciation of active travel and local
, 314–316
‘New mobility system’ scenario
, 297
New normal
challenges and opportunities to managing congestion and crowding
, 249–251
and COVID-19 transport policy
, 192
developing and implementing digitalisation strategies
, 158
life
, 166
before new normal
, 66–67
taxi and ridesourcing regulators
, 215
for telecommuting
, 69
New South Wales (NSW)
, 191
New Zealand
during COVID-19 pandemic
, 128, 144
immobility policies and practices in
, 132–136
lockdown restrictions
, 191
timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic
, 6
New Zealand
COVID-19 pandemic in
, 186
immobility policies and practices
, 128, 132
island nations of
, 121
lockdown restrictions
, 191
Nitrogen oxides (NO)
, 307
Non-communicable diseases
, 307
North America, auto ownership in
, 64–66
North American telecommuting
, 66–67
North American transit during COVID-19
, 58–60
North American transportation during COVI D-19
auto ownership
, 62–66
COVI D-19 pandemic in
, 56
public transit
, 57–62
telecommuting
, 66–69
Nuclear accidents
, 150
Object mobility
, 129
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
, 205, 209
Ocean freight
, 152–153
Oceania
, 9
COVID-19 virus in
number of cases and deaths caused by COVID-19
, 7
Omicron
, 6
Online shopping
, 93
Oxygen Express
, 155
Pandemic
, 4, 150
access and mobility inequalities during
, 113
auto ownership and automobility during
, 64
disruption across geographies and transport modes
, 7–11
exploratory data analysis
, 113–117
future
, 11–13
impact on modes of freight transport
, 150–153
lasting effects on freight networks solutions
, 260–261
latent class analysis
, 117–123
logistics and supply chain sector worldwide
, 157–158
long-term impacts of pandemic on transport practices
, 310–316
pandemic impact on Indian logistics and freight industry
, 153–156
pandemic-induced shifts
, 12
support from Indian government
, 156
telecommuting during
, 67–68
timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic
, 5–6
transport and
, 4–5
Parking
management
, 186
policies
, 194–195
Particulate matter (PM)
, 307
Passenger
policies for
, 225–228
volume
, 16, 19, 25, 33
Patronage
, 8–9, 12, 137, 139, 141–142, 186, 189, 190–191, 193, 196, 237–238, 312–313
Paytm
, 155
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
, 150, 154, 228
Personalisation of travel opportunities
, 289–290
Physical activity
, 85, 306–307
Physical distancing
, 186
in public transport
, 191–192
Points of interests (POI)
, 40
Policies for public transport
COVID-19 impact on public transport sector
, 186–187
methodological approach
, 187–188
short-term policy responses
, 188–198
Policy/policies
framework
, 187
for freight
, 228–229
implications of COVID-19 on tourism
, 280–281
initiatives promoting AT during COVID-19
, 171–176
for passengers and crew
, 225–228
to protecting international public health
, 223–224
Pollutants
, 307
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
, 225
Pop-up cycle lanes
, 193–194
Pre-COVID
auto ownership
, 62–64
levels of crowding on public transport
, 244–248
transport system
, 238
Predictors
, 112
Presidential Proclamations
, 18
Private ride-hailing services
, 289–290
Private schemes to counter effects of COVID-19 on tourism
, 281–283
Private sector
, 157, 199, 251, 266
Proximity
, 7, 16, 18, 20–21, 23, 25, 28, 30, 32, 33, 157, 196, 283, 307
Public health
officials
, 209
protection measures
, 224
Public Health Agency of Canada
, 205
Public Health Corridors (PHCs)
, 225
Public policy research
, 187
Public transit
, 57
before COVID-19
, 57–58
light rail-centric strategies
, 61–62
North American transit during COVID-19
, 58–60
transit riders leave during pandemic
, 60–61
Public transit ridership
, 57
Public transport
, 44, 128, 186, 288, 290
COVID-19 impact on public transport sector
, 186–187
effects on long-term trends
, 296–298
mask wearing in
, 192–193
mode shift from public transport to car
, 312–314
before pandemic
, 288
during pandemic
, 290–293
beyond pandemic
, 293–296
physical distancing in
, 191–192
pre-COVID-19 levels of crowding on
, 244–248
return to
, 94–95
ridership
, 291–292
sustainable transport systems
, 288–289
systems
, 131
Public transportation
, 16, 19–21, 22, 23, 28, 30, 32, 207, 212, 305
Quantum of uncertainty
, 238
Quarantine
, 274
Quebec
, 209
Race and ethnicity
, 20
Racial composition
, 26
rail freight
, 151–152
Real-time web-based COVID-19 dashboard
, 4
‘Regional Airline Network Support Program’
, 230
Regional disparities in COVID-19 cases and deaths
, 26–33
Regulators
, 207
Rehabilitation Act
, 210
Remote work
, 67–69, 110, 158, 215, 240, 294
Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
, 156
Resilience
, 7, 9, 11, 150–151, 157, 177–178, 281–282
‘Responsible Transport’
, 187
Restrictions
, 151–152
‘Return’ scenario
, 297
Revenues and costs
, 293
Ride-sharing
, 290
Ridership
, 291–293
Ridesourcing
, 203
agency operations
, 211–121
face masks
, 207–209
future for transportation regulations and regulated entities
, 215–216
health and safety plans and procedures
, 209–211
health and safety regulations and guidance
, 205–207
industry aid and economic relief
, 212–213
pandemic
, 204
policies and regulatory
, 204–205
vaccines
, 213–215
Road congestion
, 138, 198, 236, 237, 248
Road freight, warehousing and
, 151–152
Road space
, 10, 49, 143, 166, 176, 179, 189
contestation of
, 193–195
Road transport
, 176
Road vehicular transport
, 137
Safety
, 265
Safety measures
, 78–79, 82–88, 93–96, 206, 274, 283
Sanitary conventions
, 223
SARS-CoV-2
, 5
genome sequences
, 79
Scopus database
, 81, 130
Screening
, 34, 81, 204, 209, 223
Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
, 156
Security
, 265
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
, 5, 225, 274, 305
Shanghai
, 142
commuters and telecommuters percentage in different industries in
, 140
commuting mode change before and during COVID-19 in
, 141
passenger surveys in
, 139
public transport system
, 137
Shared mobility
, 297
Shared or group rides
, 209
Shared transport
co-modality of community transport
, 195–196
support for
, 195
support for Taxis/TNCs
, 198–197
impact of working from home
, 197–198
Sharing
, 261–262
Single parents
, 68
Skype (internet video software)
, 142
Smartphone-based GPS tracking app
, 43
Social acceptability
, 265–266
Social distancing
, 109, 204, 209, 227
Social inequalities
, 89, 94, 97, 177
Social media platform
, 155
Social sciences
, 187
Social-distancing
, 131
Spanish flu. See H1N1 influenza A virus
Spatial segregation
, 110
Spatial-temporal adjustments
, 86–88
Statistical analysis
, 20–21
Stay-at-home orders
, 204
Strategic management practices
, 283
Streets as Shared Spaces programme
, 143
Studying from home (SFH), 254n15
Subprime auto lending
, 62, 66
Subscription-based packages of transport
, 290
supply chain disruption
, 9, 157
Supply chain management
, 150
worldwide
, 157–158
Sustainability
, 297
Sweden
, 17
COVID-19 cases in
, 78
COVID-19 Context in Spring 2020
, 80
physical activities in
, 85
Swine flu
, 4
Swiss-based SkyCell
, 260
Switzerland, COVID-19 pandemic in
, 42
changes brought about by pandemic in Switzerland
, 42–47
Tactical urbanism
, 129, 143, 171
Taxi
, 203, 290
agency operations
, 211–121
future for transportation regulations and regulated entities
, 215–216
health and safety plans and procedures
, 209–211
health and safety regulations and guidance
, 205–207
industry aid and economic relief
, 212–213
pandemic
, 204
policies and regulatory
, 204–205
taxis/TNCs, support for
, 198–197
vaccines
, 213–215
Taxi and Limousine Commission (TLC)
, 208–209
Telecommuting
, 9, 66–69
North American telecommuting
, 66–67
prospects for
, 68–69
telecommuting during pandemic
, 67–68
Telework/teleworking
, 67, 82, 87, 92–93, 94, 115–116, 122
Temporary measures
thorough evaluation of
, 178–179
transform emergency/temporary measures to permanent ones
, 178
Thailand
, 143, 196
timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic
, 5
‘The Block’ (TV programme), 254n16
Ticket validation
, 291, 293, 299
Tokyo Olympics
, 144
TomTom Index
, 137
Tourism
COVID-19 effects on tourism market
, 276–280
future of tourism travel after COVID-19
, 283–284
policy implications of COVID-19 on
, 280–281
private schemes to counter effects of COVID-19 on
, 281–283
Traffic congestion
, 309
Transit riders leave during pandemic
, 60–61
Transport and pandemics
, 4–5
Transport for London (TfL)
, 208
Transport impacts health
, 304–309
Transport narratives
, 188, 190, 194
Transport network companies (TNCs)
, 10
Transport Opinion Survey series (TOPS)
, 246
Transport Planning
, 49
Transport policy
, 8
Transport policy making
changes brought about by pandemic in Switzerland
, 42–47
CO2 reduction
, 39
COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland
, 42
dilemma after accelerated changes in light of possible futures
, 47–49
VMT
, 41–42
Transport system
, 128
Transportation regulations and regulated entities
, 215–216
Trauma
, 307–308
Travel activity
, 236
Travel behavior
, 9, 78
changes in modal share based on survey studies
, 103–106
COVI D-19 evolved in Europe
, 78
COVID-19 across Europe
, 78–81
digital adaptations
, 92–94
effects in Asia-Pacific
, 137–143
first insights into long-term behavioural impacts
, 94–96
literature review
, 81–82
new out-of-home activities
, 91–92
reduction in mobility and activities
, 82–91
results
, 82
Travel Demand Management (TDM)
, 191
Travel distance
, 78, 86, 180
Travel patterns
, 45, 56, 176, 248
Travel regulations
, 294–295
Travel restriction
, 4, 10–11, 16–18, 130, 141, 153, 212, 274, 314–315
Travel time
, 78, 88, 115, 138, 144
Traveler
, 58
Trip frequency
, 78, 88, 291
Trip making
, 141, 144
Tsunamis
, 150
Tuberculosis
, 225
‘2 metre rule’
, 227
Unemployment
, 110
United States
, 16–35
COVI D-19 infections and deaths in
Unmanned delivery vehicles
, 261–262
Urban Air Mobility (UAM)
, 263–264
Urban and peri-urban forests (UPF)
, 92
Urban mobility, COVID-19 and
, 110–111
Urban roadways
, 128
Urbanisation
, 258
US Census regions
, 16
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
, 205
US Department of Labour
, 209
US Federal Government
, 17
US Food and Drug Administration
, 214
US National Household Travel Survey
, 145
Vaccinations
, 290
Vaccines
, 213–215
Variable measurement
, 19–20
Variant
, 33, 144, 166, 306, 316
Vehicle kilometers travel (VKT)
, 308
Vehicle miles travelled (VMT)
, 41–42
Vehicle ownership
, 58, 66, 111, 180
Vietnam
, 7, 130–131, 133, 137, 143–144, 196
Virtual mobility
, 143
Virus anxiety and travel regulations
, 294–295
Walking
, 95–96, 175
‘Walking bus’ concept, 175, 181n2
Walking-friendly city concept
, 177–178
Warehousing and road freight
, 151–152
Web of Science (WoS)
, 81
West Coast, COVID-19 in
, 17
WhatsApp
, 155
White Non-Hispanic (WNH)
, 20
Working close to home (WCTH)
, 250
Working from home (WFH)
, 9–10, 12–13, 43, 45–47, 84, 92–93, 117, 129, 186, 197, 236–237, 295, 304, 310–312
impact of
, 197–198
challenges and opportunities to managing congestion and crowding
, 249–251
change in incidence of WFH compared to commuting
, 238
changing commuting and non-commuting travel
, 240–244
continuing to
, 96
employer and employee view on work from home policy
, 239
pre-COVID-19 levels of crowding on public transport
, 244–248
World Health Organisation (WHO)
, 205, 224, 306
World Travel and Tourism Council
, 274–275
Wuhan
, 5, 17, 130–131, 137
novel coronavirus from
, 78
ocean freight
, 152–153
pandemic arose in
, 9
timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic
, 5–6
Zoom (internet video software)
, 142
- Prelims
- Part 1: Introduction
- Chapter 1: Transport and Pandemic Experiences: An Introduction
- Chapter 2: How Do Transportation Policies Drive Geographic Disparities in COVID-19 Infections and Deaths in the United States?
- Chapter 3: The Dilemma of Transport Policy Making and the COVID-19 Accelerator
- Part 2: Travel Behaviour in Different Settings
- Chapter 4: North American Transportation During COVID-19: What Really Changed?
- Chapter 5: Changes in Travel Behaviour in Europe
- Chapter 6: Cities Under Lockdown: Mobility and Access Inequalities Stemming from COVID-19 in Urban Colombia
- Chapter 7: Pandemic Response and (Im)mobilities in the Asia-Pacific
- Chapter 8: Logistics and Supply Chain Around the World
- Part 3: Initiatives and Policies Across the World
- Chapter 9: Development of Active Travel Initiatives in Cities
- Chapter 10: Policies for Public Transport
- Chapter 11: Development of Policies for Ridesourcing and Taxis
- Chapter 12: Development of Global Policies for the Air Transport Industry
- Chapter 13: Reducing Congestion and Crowding with Working from Home
- Chapter 14: Pandemic Lasting Effects on Freight Networks: Challenges and Directions from Cities and Industry
- Part 4: Looking to the Future
- Chapter 15: Impacts on Travel and Tourism
- Chapter 16: Impact on Public Transport
- Chapter 17: Impacts on Health
- Index