ABC/M methodology

, 129

Aberdeenshire

, 115

demand generator

, 115–117

FITS visualisation tool

, 115

preliminary results

, 118–120

shifting operating boundaries

, 117–118

ACCESS 65+ 

, 65

Accessibility

, 9, 66, 302–304

to citizens in rural areas

, 292

full wheelchair

, 91

indicator

, 314

low-floor

, 324

transport

, 211

Accessible vehicles

, 382, 386–388

ACCESS Paratransit in Pittsburgh region

, 65

Access Services Incorporated (ASI)

, 186

Activity-based costing (ABC) systems

, 129, 139–142

Activity-Based Cost Management (ABC/M)

, 129, 139, 141

cross

, 141–142

cross application to paratransit

, 142–144, 147–148

Activity drivers

, 6, 129, 141

ADA paratransit services

, 36, 47, 57, 67, 84, 349, 379

LAVTA wheels

, 47–48

in metropolitan area

, 47

paratransit industry

, 36

paratransit ridership

, 39

Additional income streams

, 237

advertising

, 238–239

bulk purchase discounts

, 239–240

business diversification

, 239

service diversification

, 240

subsidies

, 237–238

‘ADEPT7’ software

, 259

‘Adopting distinctive brands’

, 325

Advertising

, 238–239

Affordable Care Act

, 4

After-the-fact complaint investigation

, 384

Aged and Community Services programmes

, 265

Agency type

, 191

AGETU (Agence de Gestion du Transport Urbain)

, 228

American Public Transportation Association (APTA)

, 36

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

, 36, 56, 134, 154, 173, 184, 191, 193–194, 199, 264, 378, 388

ADA-only services, higher cost of

, 192

complementary Paratransit

, 169

operators

, 169

regulations

, 387

TNCs

, 387

Amortization

, 131, 132

Application Programming Interface (API)

, 212

Apps market

, 211

Area Agency on Aging (AAA)

, 143–144

Arlington County

, xiii, 381, 383, 385, 386

Astra-project

, 58

Atende Service

, 65

“Aterik-Ate” service

, 176, 190

Australia community transport (ACT)

, 264

development of

, 264

formal transport planning processes

, 265

funding

, 272–278

geography impact

, 269–272

jurisdictional issues

, 278–280

organisational structure

, 268

premier

, 267

valuing community transport

, 269

volunteers use

, 280–284

welfare issue

, 266

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)

, 270–271

Autodrive programme

, 26

Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL)

, 233

Automobility (disruption in)

, 406

equitability

, 407–408

sustainability

, 406–407

Autonomous agent technology

, 114

Autonomous tourist passenger shuttle vehicle trials

, 26

Autonomous vehicles

, 16–17, 25–26

cars

, 409–410

PRT systems

, 25

Avoidable costs

, 6, 135, 157, 159–160, 163, 165

golden rule

, 161–162

inputs to

, 158

scenarios

, 158, 160–161

traditional vs.

, 156

Barcelona, IMD service in

, 189

“Basic Mobility”

, 67–68

Belbus

, 67–68

Belgium

, 67, 68, 69

Bilboa, PMR service in

, 190

Blood Transfusion Service and Age Concern

, 256

Britain. See Great Britain (GB)

Brokerage model

, 37, 41–42, 273, 279

ACCESS Paratransit

, 65

broker paratransit service

, 39–41

demand response ridership

, 36

merging transportation funding sources

, 48–50

MTM’s approach to

, 41–45

MTM’s paratransit brokerage experience

, 47–48

nationwide paratransit brokerage success

, 48

in NEMT

, 36, 38–39

technology to supporting brokerage success

, 45–46

Brokered paratransit systems

, 49–50

Broker paratransit service

, 39

balanced demand fluctuations

, 40–41

cost savings

, 39–40

improved service quality and accountability

, 41

Bulk purchase discounts

, 239–240

Bürgerbus

, 5, 79, 91, 99, 100

association

, 90

basic options for initiatives

, 88–89

community transport and paratransit

, 79–81

critical characteristics for development

, 87

drivers

, 90

economic advantage

, 91

reasons for involvement in Bürgerbus activities

, 89

regional umbrella associations

, 85

service

, 5, 85

spatial distribution across Germany

, 92–96

Bürgerbus spatial distribution across Germany

, 82, 83, 92

main service types

, 93–94

state support for Bürgerbus initiatives

, 92–93

town service in Wendlingen

, 95–96

Business-to-Administration (B2A)

, 207

Business-to-Business (B2B) services

, 207

Business-to-Consumer (B2C) services

, 207

Business diversification

, 239

Business model

, 17–18, 25, 205, 358

of FMOD

, 359, 363–365

“station-based”

, 339

TNC

, 383, 398

Business planning

, 144

adding feedback loop

, 149

agencies sponsoring rides

, 144

boardings per revenue hour

, 148–149

boost performance

, 149

Bus operation

conventional

, 248, 308

cost structure of rural bus operation

, 315–317

marketing and service quality in

, 323–326

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

, 208, 223

best practice

, 229

corridors

, 226, 227

full specification

, 223, 225

implementation

, 228

standard specification

, 225–226

Bus service

, 309, 318, 341, 353

standards

, 27

Buxi system

, 58

Call-n-Ride

, 65, 67

Call Connect services

, 258, 259, 321

DR services in Lincolnshire

, 321

Lincolnshire Call Connect case

, 322

management

, 260

Minibus

, 322

Canadian Urban Transport Association (CUTA)

, 62

Capacity planning

, 234

Cape Town

BRT projects in

, 226

on-vehicle advertising

, 238

paratransit industry

, 227

paratransit vehicles in

, 221

Capital costs

, 91, 160, 228

Car-pooling. See Peer-to-peer (P2P): liftsharing

Car2Go

, 9, 208, 212, 340, 344, 351, 400, 401

Carbon dioxide emissions. See CO₂ emissions

Carma Carpool

, 396

Carma Technology Corporation

, 396

Carsharing

, 10, 345, 399

app

, 339, 345

dynamic

, 9, 228

free-floating

, 400

industry

, 339, 344

motivations

, 401

operational models

, 400

P2P

, 402–405

round-trip

, 401

schemes

, 338, 339

station-based

, 340, 344

way

, 401

Zoom

, 401

Cars on demand

, 10, 393

commercial car share

, 399–402

commercial lift share

, 396–399

disruption in automobility

, 406–408

‘form of transit involving collaborative use of car’

, 394

P2P carsharing

, 402–405

P2P liftsharing

, 394–396

regulation

, 405–406

shifts in valuing of cars

, 393

technology

, 393

See also Demand responsive transport (DRT)

Cash-based systems

, 235

Casual ad hoc liftshare

, 395–396

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)

, 38

Central Coast of California

, 169, 174, 181, 184, 187

Centralized brokerage

, 41

CETUD (Conseil Exécutif des Transports Urbains de Dakar)

, 228

Cleric

, 107

Climate Change Act (2008)

, 18

Cloud services

, 210

CO₂ emissions

, 4, 18–19

Coasthopper service

, 325

Commercial car-based passenger services

, 397

Commercial car share

, 399, 407

carsharing operational models

, 400

GoGet in Sydney

, 401–402

round-trip carsharing

, 401

Commercial lift share

, 396

taxicabs

, 396–397

TNCs

, 397, 398

Uber in Australia

, 398–399

Commonwealth Government

, 268, 278

Community Passenger Networks (CPNs)

, 278–279

Community transport (CT)

, 58, 69, 79–81, 98, 255–256, 259

See also Australia community transport (ACT)

Community Transport Association (CTA)

, 268, 273, 284

Community transport in Australia. See Australia community transport (ACT)

Community Transport Organisation (CTO)

, 105, 115, 266, 267, 282

Community transport volunteers

, 282

Complementary paratransit

, 36, 378

ADA

, 169

Computer Aided Dispatching (CAD)

, 233

Computer scheduling

, 249–251

Concessionary travel

, 112, 313, 314–315

free

, 317

Concessions. See Route–based licences

Congress of Democratic Taxi Associations (CODETA)

, 239

Consolidated Transportation Services Agencies (CTSAs)

, 169, 171, 186, 188, 192, 194, 195

CTSA-related programs

, 182

Consortium for Advanced Management International (CAM-I)

, 139

CAM-I Cross

, 140

Constraint relaxations

, 6, 118, 120

Coordinated DRT

, 55

Coordinated Human Services Public Transportation Plan

, 194

Coordinated Plan

, 168, 194

Coordinating Council on Access and Mobility (CCAM)

, 133

Copenhagen region

, 64

Cost-allocation in paratransit

, 129

Price–Waterhouse cost analysis

, 129–133

three-variable model

, 130–131

Cost-allocation model

, 128

ABC/M cross to paratransit, application of

, 142–144

ABC systems

, 139–142

allocation of shared costs in paratransit

, 134–138

business planning

, 144–149

coordination, impact of

, 133–134

cost-allocation in paratransit

, 129–133

shared-service paratransit provider

, 128–129

Cost-effectiveness

, 193, 194

indicators

, 317–319

paratransit

, 182

Cost drivers

, 6, 129, 133, 141

‘Cross-sector’ benefits

, 320

Cultural influences

, 253

Danish Model

, 53

Decentralized brokerage

, 42

Dedicated FMOD resources

, 364–365

Dedicated FMOD service

, 365

Defining paratransit

, 22–24

De Lijn

, 67–68

Belbus

, 67, 68, 71

Basic Mobility

, 67–68

Deloitte

, 60

studies for the Danish Ministry of Finance

, 60

Demand Response (DR)

, 61

Demand Response Taxi

, 61

Demand-responsive public transport services

, 80, 308

concessionary travel

, 314–315

cost structure of rural bus operation

, 315–317

development of rural bus services in Britain

, 312–314

indicators of cost-effectiveness and user benefits

, 317–319

marketing and service quality in bus operation

, 323–326

option values and relative valuation

, 320–323

recent developments in Britain

, 326–327

rural area

, 309–312

Demand-responsive services (DR)

, 248, 252, 308, 309, 318, 319, 320, 326, 327, 328

option values and relative valuation

, 320–322

Demand adaptive service (DAS)

, 349, 351, 352

Demand forecasting and route selection

, 234

Demand responsive transit. See Demand responsive transport (DRT)

Demand responsive transport (DRT)

, 3, 5, 21, 54, 55, 154, 204, 246, 290, 335, 358, 392, 407

accessibility and exclusion

, 302–304

applications

, 205–206

CallConnect services

, 258

comparative table of case study schemes

, 301

conceptual framework

, 291–292

Coordinated DRT

, 55, 64

different services, user groups and experiences

, 298

DRT-type services

, 353

implementation, factors inhibiting

, 247

institutional resistance

, 251–253

Integrated DRT

, 55

Lincolnshire Callconnect network

, 257–260, 319, 321–323

older people

, 299

Open DRT

, 55, 60

passenger characteristic in ‘Half Past’ model

, 300

personalization

, 254–255

public transport in rural Norway

, 292–295

regulatory system

, 247–249

Special Needs (SNT)

, 55

supply curve

, 345–348

technology to improving DRT forms of paratransit

, 348–350

telematics

, 249–251

three public transport organisational models

, 295–297

total transport approach

, 255–257

See also Cars on demand; Flexible mobility services (FTS); Large-scale DRT

Denmark

, 60

Flextrafik

, 60

Flextur

, 60, 65

FlexDanmark

, 60

national competence center

, 60

North Jutland region

, 60

Denver RTD

, 61, 67

Department for Transport (DfT)

, 312, 318

Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)

, 19

Department of Motor Transport

, 266

Department of Social Services

, 272, 274, 280

Department of Veteran Affairs Transport Scheme

, 272

Depreciation

, 131, 135

expense

, 132

vehicle

, 323

Destination-specific services

, 23–24

Deutscher Verband der Erogotherapeuten (DVE)

, 172

Dial-A-Bus (DAB)

, 55, 56, 58

Dial-A-Ride (DAR) services

, 57, 169, 248, 250

Direct Payments (DPs)

, 254, 255

Disability

mobility for people with

, 381

paratransit services for people with

, 378

rights

, 387–388

Dispatching

, 384

Donations

, 84, 91, 280

Door-to-door services

, 104

Driverless vehicle technologies

, 25, 29

buses

, 328

cars

, 328

taxi

, 29

Driver screening and specialized training

, 385–386

Dynamic car-sharing schemes

, 208

Dynamic liftsharing. See Casual ad hoc liftshare

E-services

, 207

Economic framework

, 155

avoidable costs

, 157, 159–161

costs and revenues

, 165

FTS service

, 158

inputs to FTS service and avoidable cost

, 158

‘lumpy’ costs

, 155

peak services and peak costing

, 163

role of risk

, 163–165

shared costs

, 159–160

traditional approach

, 156

traditional vs. avoidable cost

, 156

Eligibility criteria

, 114, 117

Empresa Municipal de Transporte de Valencia (EMT-Valencia)

, 190

Entrepreneurial opportunities

, 237

advertising

, 238–239

bulk purchase discounts

, 239–240

business diversification

, 239

paratransit industry

, 237

service diversification

, 240

subsidies

, 237–238

Escapable costs

, 316

Essential Fleet Passenger Services

, 259

EU (European Union)

, 248

European Commission

, 205

Evaluation criteria

, 309, 318, 319

ex-National Health Service (NHS)

, 257

Exclusion

, 302–304

Fare service

eligibility

, 59

(“färdtjänst”)

, 59, 66

Fare structure

, 112, 113

FASTRAN – Fairfax County Virginia’s FASTRAN service

, 138, 143

Feasible product

, 361, 362, 366

Federal Community Employment Program

, 266

FITS visualisation tool

, 107–108, 114–115

fare structure

, 112, 113

General Information sub–system

, 108–109

operating area

, 109–111

passenger eligibility

, 111

state–of–art mapping tools

, 108

surcharge structure

, 112–114

Fixed-route mini-bus service

, 359

Fixed-route operation

, 308

Fixed-route service

, 309, 319, 327

option values and relative valuation

, 320–323

Fixed costs

, 130, 133, 135, 156, 157, 393, 407

FlexDanmark

, 60, 71, 347–348, 351, 365

Flexible Integrated Transport Services (FITS)

, 5, 105, 106

See also FITS visualisation tool

Flexible mobility on demand (FMOD)

, 359, 360

business model

, 363–365

case study

, 365–369

choice of travelers

, 372

experimental results

, 369–373

fleet

, 360

innovative system

, 359–360

menu

, 359

modeling framework

, 362–363

offers

, 361–362, 371

profit and consumer surplus

, 370

reservation procedure

, 362

services

, 361

Flexible mobility services. See Flexible transport services (FTS)

Flexible transport services (FTS)

, 1, 2, 6, 17, 55, 104, 154, 204, 246

agency concept

, 205–207

implementation

, 208

See also Demand responsive transport (DRT); Golden rule

Flexlinjen

, 66

Automated Call-Back Function

, 66

performance

, 66

Flextrafik

, 60

FlexTur

, 60, 65

For-hire transportation services

, 378

Free-floating car sharing

, 339, 344–345, 354, 400

Frequent vehicle inspection

, 386

‘Full specification BRT’

, 223, 225

Fully flexible DRT services

, 250

Fully open DRT

, 67

Funding

, 272

ex-community transport passengers

, 277–278

HACC programme

, 276

passenger trip

, 273, 274

principles and factors

, 275

vehicle kilometers

, 275

Future Internet PPP

, 211

GAPTE (Greater Accra Passenger Transport Executive)

, 228

General Information sub–system

, 108–109

General market

, 53

Geography impact

, 269

ABS

, 270

factors

, 271

repair and maintenance costs

, 272

Germany

Bürgerbus services

, 80, 82, 83

car-sharing industry

, 344

professional qualification requirements for public transport operators

, 88

public transport services

, 79, 82–83

spatial distribution of Bürgerbus

, 92–96

GIRO/ACCES software

, 107

Global positioning system (GPS)

, 339, 393

GoGet in Sydney

, 401–402

Golden rule

, 154

decision rule

, 161–162

determining shared costs

, 162–163

economic framework

, 155–161

Gothenburg

, 58, 61, 66

Flexlinjen

, 66

PLANET-system

, 58

Special Needs Travel

, 66

Great Britain (GB)

, 309, 312

costs and benefits

, 317

recent developments in

, 326–327

rural bus services development in

, 312–314

Greater Manchester Accessible Transport Ltd (GMATL)

, 250

Grenoble metropole

, 188

Grocery shopping

, 303

‘Half Past’ model

, 299, 300, 302

service in Tolga

, 299

Handistar

, 188

HandyBAT service

, 60

HASTUS sector

, 250

Health authorities

, 252, 257

Health sector patient transport services

, 256–257

‘Heineken’ system

, 20

High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes

, 394

Hino city in Tokyo

map of

, 365–366

snapshots from simulation

, 369

Home and Community Care (HACC) programme

, 266, 276–278

funding

, 267, 272, 274

transport services

, 277

Home Care Packages

, 272

Hourly boardings

, 373

Houston Metro contracts

, 382

Human Service Transportation Coordination

, 133

Hybrid brokerage

, 42

Hybridity

, 223

BRT investments

, 228–229

capacity of institutions

, 228

comparison of three case study cities

, 224–225

‘fostering’ approach

, 227

‘full specification BRT’

, 223, 225

national and municipal treasuries

, 229

paratransit associations

, 228

paratransit vehicle passenger boarding

, 225

standard specification BRT

, 225–226

Sub-Saharan African BRT planning activities

, 226

Sub-Saharan African cities

, 223, 229–230

Hybrid services

, 230

In-vehicle

technology

, 41

travel time

, 368

Information and communications technology (ICT)

, 205

elements

, 206–207

role of ICT and new technologies

, 209–212

support

, 70

technologies

, 6–7, 207

tools

, 8

Information technology (IT)

, 24, 156

Institutional framework

, 70, 71

Institutional resistance

, 16, 247, 251–253, 256

Instituto Municipal de Personas con Discapacidad (IMD)

, 189

Insurance

, 130, 385

Integrated DRT

, 55

Integration, issues with

, 230

electronic fare payment systems

, 233

formal operations

, 232

formal services

, 232

historic distrust of government

, 233

informal operations

, 232

mixed traffic congestion

, 231

route structures

, 230

trunk and feeder system

, 234–236

Intelligent transport systems (ITS)

, 211

Inter-urban routes

, 309, 313

Interchange services

, 22

International collaboration

, 54, 70, 71

standards

, 61, 71

Jurisdictional issues

, 278

address transport disadvantage

, 279

state/territory laws

, 280

Key performance indicators (KPIs)

, 62, 129, 144

Kogarah Community Aid and Information Centre

, 265

LAMATA (Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority)

, 228

Large-scale DRT

, 53, 54, 56

agencies in World

, 62

data collected for top-30 DRT organizations

, 63–65

developments

, 60–62

DRT in USA

, 56–58

DRT solutions in Scandinavi

, 58–60

future international collaboration

, 70–72

global overview

, 62–63, 69

international collaboration

, 70–72

mobile data innovations

, 54

preliminary domains for

, 65–68

in Scandinavia

, 58–60

small-and medium-scale DRT

, 68–69

in USA

, 56–58

Large-scale special needs transport

, 65

Leased capital assets

, 132

Lincolnshire

, 247, 253, 258, 423

Callconnect network

, 257–260, 319–323

County Council

, 258, 322

InterConnect scheme

, 22, 322, 329

Link Up service

, 246–247

Livermore Amador Valley Transit Authority (LAVTA)

, 47, 48

Local authorities

, 252, 255–256

Local-Link

, 67

Local public transport services

, 293, 294

London Dial-a-Ride (LDAR)

, 250

Long run

, 157, 324, 328

Los Angeles County

, 186

Low-demand settings

, 105–106

Low-frequency fixed-route service

, 321

‘Lumpy’ costs

, 155–156

Lyft

, 9, 72, 208, 211, 338, 342, 347, 350, 353, 358, 378, 380, 386, 408

Lyon

“Optibus”

, 176

public transit program

, 187–189

Malmator-system

, 59

Marker

, 295, 296–297, 298, 299, 302, 303

Market failure

, 405

Marketing

, 133

Marketing and service quality in bus operation

, 323

driver-customer relationships

, 325

net savings

, 323

Norfolk Green operation

, 325

Medical Transportation Management, Inc. (MTM)

, 36, 38

addressing provider noncompliance

, 45

credentialing paratransit network

, 43–44

monitoring paratransit network

, 44–45

paratransit brokerage experience

, 47–48

to paratransit brokerage model

, 41

trip process

, 42

‘M for Moray–Buckie Bus Service’

, 118

operating area

, 119

surcharge structure for

, 120

trip demand

, 119

Micro-transit

, 340

services

, 335, 338–339, 354

See also Paratransit

Mini-bus boardings

, 373

Mini-bus service (B)

, 359, 360, 372

Ministry of Transport

, 265, 266

Mission of CAM-I

, 139

Mobile Apps

, 211

Mobility

, 3

management

, 6–7, 264, 349

for people with disabilities

, 381

See also Persons with Reduced Mobility (PMRs)

Mobility services

, 53

Mobisoft scheduling software

, 258

Mobisoft’s Mobirouter software

, 107, 259

Monterey-Salinas Transit (MST)

, 182, 185–186

Monterey conference

, 2–3

Monterey County

, 184

Morayshire

, 115

demand generator

, 115–117

FITS visualisation tool

, 115

preliminary results

, 118–120

shifting operating boundaries

, 117–118

Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21) law

, 133

Muni

, 381

Municipal government treasuries

, 229

Nairobi City

, 240

National Centre for Mobility Management

, 276

National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS)

, 277

National Taxi Task Team

, 237

National Transit Database (NTD)

, 55, 57, 251

National Travel Survey (NTS)

, 309

Nationwide paratransit brokerage success

, 48

Negotiated rates

, 386

Netherlands

, 59

RegioTaxi

, 68

Net Neutrality argument

, 142

Network Management

, 41, 43, 45

Network services

, 22

New Mobility Services (NMS)

, 24, 25, 208

New South Wales (NSW)

, 264, 265, 279, 282

New York City

, 64

Non-dedicated

FMOD resources

, 364–365

FMOD service

, 365

service providers

, 379

taxicabs

, 383

Non-discrimination

, 387–388

Nonemergency medical transportation (NEMT)

, 4, 36

paratransit brokerage model in

, 38–39

Norfolk Green

, 309, 324–326, 327, 328

North-Rhine Westphalia

, 82, 83, 91, 92, 93, 99

Norway

, 8, 291

See also Demand responsive transport (DRT)

‘Not invented here’ syndrome

, 253

NPRM (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)

, 387

Object Codes

, 512–516, 135

Offer

, 150, 361, 362–363

On-service vehicle time

, 373

One-way car sharing. See Free-floating car sharing

One-way models

, 400

Online platforms

, 393, 406

Open data

, 7, 207, 212

Open DRT

, 55, 60

Open service technologies

, 212

Open urban DRT

, 66

Operating costs

, 24, 40, 60, 91, 128, 220, 230, 315, 316

Optibus

, 176, 177, 188

Optimistic scenario

, 383

Option values of DR

, 320

low-frequency fixed-route

, 320

and relative valuation of DR and fixed-route services

, 320

smaller market towns

, 322

Orange County Taxi Administration Program

, 385

Orange County Transit Authority (OCTA)

, 134, 381

Orange County Transportation Authority. See Orange County Transit Authority (OCTA)

Organisational models, public transport

, 291, 295

Marker

, 296–297

Tolga

, 297

Vaagaa

, 296

Origin-destination (O-D) pairs

, 230

Out-vehicle time value

, 368

Outreach (non-profit agency)

, 382

Pace

, 64, 67, 385

Pace in Chicago

, 64, 65, 67, 385

PAM (Pour Aider á la Mobilité)

, 64, 189

Paratransit

, 3, 5, 7, 16, 79–81, 154, 186, 221, 335, 358, 392

ACCESS Paratransit

, 65

additional income streams

, 237–240

brokerage model. See brokerage model

California

, 184–185

case study cities

, 222

categorization of non-punitive measures

, 241

CIRCA

, 1974, 336–337

complementary

, 378

cost-allocation model. See Cost-allocation model

defining

, 22–24

DRT supply curve

, 345–348

enhancing paratransit service model

, 192–194

entrepreneurial opportunities

, 237–240

France

, 187–189

future developments

, 28–29

Heathrow Pod at Car Park Stop

, 25

highlights from comparative surveys

, 190–192

hybridity

, 223–230

industry

, 237

initiatives

, 408

institutional change, suggestions for

, 29–32

institutional inertia and new technology developments

, 24–28

issues with integration

, 230–236

large California counties

, 186

median age and senior share of total population

, 179–182

methodology

, 173–174

modal-based institutional structure

, 31

objectives

, 396

obstacles to paratransit in urban travel

, 352–354

one-way car sharing

, 344–345

paratransit cost-effectiveness

, 182–184

paratransit forms

, 169

paratransit service productivity

, 176–179

paratransit–transit balance

, 191

paratransit vehicles

, 221

PMR (persons with reduced mobility) (European term)

, 170, 171, 172

Public Light Bus in Hong Kong

, 23

public transit intensity

, 174–176

public transport challenges facing

, 222

qualitative survey findings

, 184

quantitative results

, 174

regulatory context for transport of persons

, 170–173

rides

, 128

rise of technology platforms

, 343

services

, 3, 54–55, 192–194, 350–352

Spain

, 189–190

Sub-Saharan African cities in

, 220

survey instrument

, 199–201

system

, 16–21

Taxibus scheme

, 24

taxis in

, 379–380

technology’s impact on

, 340

and TNCs

, 383–387

TNCs impact

, 381–383

transit services

, 221

UberX service

, 341–343

uptake

, 21–22

vital issues of regulation

, 22

Paris & Íle de France

, 188–189

Parking bays

, 399

Parliamentary Portfolio Committee on Transport

, 237

Partial brokerage

, 42

Passenger

contributions

, 280

eligibility sub-system

, 111

kilometres

, 275

trip(s)

, 50, 57, 63, 67, 115, 120, 273, 274, 275, 321, 326, 346, 347, 379

Passenger Transport Act

, 84, 88, 98, 281

Passenger Transport Executive Group (PTEG)

, 253, 256

Patient transport services (PTS)

, 249, 255, 256

Peak vehicles

, 130, 131, 142, 150

Peer-to-peer (P2P)

, 208

carsharing

, 402–405

liftsharing

, 394–396, 398

transport arrangement schemes

, 208

People of old age

, 296, 301

Performance

, 61

data

, 61

productivity

, 66

monitoring

, 66, 70

Personal Budgets (PBs)

, 254, 255

Personalised Rapid Transit (PRT)

, 25, 26

Personalization

, 254–255

Personal Social Services Research Unit (PSSRU)

, 256

Persons with Reduced Mobility (PMRs)

, 6, 168, 170, 171, 172, 193

affordable PMR fares

, 172

comparison of PMR ridership productivities

, 177, 178

Handistar

, 188

paratransit service model

, 192–193

program

, 190, 191

provider

, 172–173

TAG-PMR

, 188

variable service spans

, 172

Pittsburgh

, 65

PLANET-system

, 58, 60

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

, 210

Pods (Points of departure). See Parking bays

Port Authority of Allegheny County (PAT)

, 50

Price–Waterhouse report

, 129, 130, 131–132, 133, 138, 139, 141

Primary health care

, 293

Private door-to-door service

, 359, 360

Private For Hire Transportation Innovation Pilot Program

, 386

Private hire vehicle (PHV)

, 27–28, 312

Privately owned car

, 392, 393, 403, 409

Private service providers

, 212

Private vehicles

, 28, 99, 397

Product

, 361

Public hire vehicles

, 27–28

Public policy-led paratransit systems

, 24

Public Transport (PT)

, 55, 117

authorities

, 5

BRT network implementation

, 223

‘conventional’ public transport

, 308

experience barriers

, 298–299

FTS operators

, 154–155, 163

geographical coverage

, 246

Hong Kong Metro and High-Density Living

, 19

modes

, 16

organisational models

, 295–297

policies and financing mechanisms

, 21–22

‘public transport in rural areas’ programme

, 304

reform strategies

, 230

in rural Norway

, 291, 292–295

services

, 78, 290, 291, 299

Sub-Saharan African cities

, 220–222, 229–230

system design of

, 17–21

systems

, 17, 96

TNCs as providers

, 387

in Tolga

, 300, 302

in urban areas

, 208

volunteer involvement in

, 78, 79

world organization for

, 71

See also Bürgerbus; Community Transport (CT)

Public Transport Operating Grant regime

, 237

Public Utilities Commission (PUC)

, 338, 378

Quality Management

, 41, 129

Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (RATP)

, 189, 197

Regional Transport Authority (RTA)

, 59, 60, 64

RegioTaxi

, 59–60, 66

Gelderland

, 68

in Netherlands

, 358

open form of DRT

, 69

Regular public transport system

, 80

Regulation(s)

, 17, 22, 28, 133, 405–406

ADA regulations

, 387–388

controlling operation of taxis

, 249

public sector regulation

, 228

Regulation (EC) No 1370/2007

, 294

in state/territory

, 277

transport

, 68

Regulatory context for transport of persons

comparison of mandates by type of program and country

, 171

with disabilities

, 170

formal screening

, 172–173

highly variable measurements

, 173

PMR coverage

, 170, 172

PMR fares

, 172

PMR variable service spans

, 172

Regulatory cycle

, 222

Regulatory system

, 247

DRT schemes

, 247–248

German regulatory system

, 84

Transport Act

, 248

UK regulatory system

, 247, 313

voluntary services

, 249

Relative valuation of DR

, 320

and fixed-route services

, 320

interchange at Town of Horncastle

, 322

low-frequency fixed-route

, 321

smaller market towns

, 322

RelayRides

, 404–405

Rennes metropole

, 188

Research and Development (R&D)

, 56, 70, 73, 207

Réseau Express Régional (RER)

, 189

Revenue hours. See Service hours

Revenue sharing formulas

, 235

Ridesharing. See Peer-to-peer (P2P): liftsharing

Ring-and-Ride

, 58, 61, 67

Road Traffic Act (1930)

, 247–248, 313

Round-trip carsharing

, 401

Route–based licences

, 88

Routing, scheduling, and dispatching (RSD) software

, 46

Rural area(s)

, 80, 88, 104, 106, 179, 290, 309

cost structure of rural bus operation

, 315–317

local bus services

, 256

NTS data

, 312

public transport in rural Norway

, 292–295

rural bus services in Britain

, 312–314

Rural Transport Market England

, 311

See also Urban areas

Rural bus

cost structure of operation

, 315–317

development in Britain

, 312–314

Flintshire Council of rural bus funding

, 326

rural bus routes

, 68, 73

services

, 309, 318

Rural Bus Challenge (RBC)

, 315

Rural Bus Grant (RBG)

, 315

Rural DRT

, 65, 66

‘Rural hoppers’

, 295–296

Rural Norway

, 290

cases in

, 290–291

public transport in

, 292–295

Rural transport planning

digital maps

, 106–107

FITS visualisation tool

, 106, 107–108

Sacramento County

, 186–187

SAMPO project

, 67

San Francisco Bay Area

, 382

San Francisco Municipal Railway

, 381

San Luis Obispo County

, 180, 186

Santa Barbara County

, 172, 184

Santa Clara County system, California

, 337, 346, 382, 384

Savings and Credit Cooperative (SACCO)

, 228, 239

Scandinavia

, 58

advanced DRT solutions

, 58–60

Scheduling

, 21, 22, 138, 147, 250, 336, 348, 349–350, 360, 364, 384

School transport

, 255, 293, 294–297, 305

Self-regulation

, 406

Semi-variable costs

, 156, 159

Senior strategies

, 191–192

Service des Transports de l’ Agglomération Rennaise (STAR)

, 188

Service diversification

, 240

Service hours

, 130, 137, 138, 373

Service oriented software applications

, 212

Service provider

, 24, 212, 250, 277, 279, 364

Service reliability

, 235, 324, 342

Shared-ride taxi (SRT)

, 55, 56, 65

Shared-taxi-boardings

, 373

Shared-taxi service (S)

, 359, 360, 361, 372

Shared costs

, 157, 159–160, 166

charging agencies

, 137–138

cost model

, 135–137

determining

, 162–163

FASTRAN

, 138

in paratransit, allocation of

, 134

TCRP Report

, 135

transportation accounting fundamentals

, 134–135

transportation chart of accounts

, 136–137

Shared mobility

agency evolution

, 208–209

services agency

, 7, 205

Shared Use Mobility Service Centre

, 209, 210

open data and open service technologies

, 212

smart mobile platforms development

, 211

software infrastructures

, 210

Sharing of cars

, 393, 394

Sharing of rides

, 393–394

Short run

, 157, 161, 316

‘ShropshireLink’ operation

, 317

65+  services

, 67, 68

Slugging. See Peer-to-peer (P2P): liftsharing

Slugs

, 395

Small and medium scale DRT

, 63, 68

‘Small city bus’

, 94

Smartcards

, 233, 240

Smartphone

, 343

apps

, 351, 397

one-way car sharing

, 339

smart mobile platforms

, 211

technology

, 9, 233

Uber platform

, 343

Uber smartphone application

, 342

Social arenas

, 291, 303

Social welfare centre transport

, 293

Société Économie Mixte des Transports de l’ Agglomération Grenobloise (SEMITAG)

, 188

Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer (SNCF)

, 189

Software as a Service (SaaS)

, 210

Software infrastructures

, 210

South African National Taxi Council (SANTACO)

, 238, 239

South Australia

, 273, 276, 278–279, 280, 281

Special needs

, 53, 55

Special Needs Transport (SNT)

, 55, 80

Special Transport Services (STSs)

, 249, 293, 294–295

Stage carriage services

, 24, 27

Standard specification BRT

, 225–226

STAR program (Specialized Transit for Arlington Residents)

, 381

State of Victoria

, 269, 278

State/territory laws

, 280

“Station-based” business model

, 339

Stockholm County

, 59, 64

Sub-Saharan African cities

, 236

additional income streams

, 237–240

case study cities

, 222

categorization of non-punitive measures

, 241

entrepreneurial opportunities

, 237–240

hybridity

, 223–230

issues with integration

, 230–236

paratransit in

, 220, 221

public transport challenges facing

, 222

transit services

, 221

Subsid(ies)

, 6, 27, 73, 112, 237–238, 277, 292

public subsidy

, 230, 337

subsidy-free BRT systems

, 229

total public transport

, 229

Substitute paratransit

, 24

Suburban DRT

, 66, 67

Supply-demand approach

, 335, 340

DRT supply curve

, 345–348

one-way car sharing

, 344–345

rise of technology platforms

, 343

UberX service

, 341–343

Surcharge structure

, 112–114, 118, 120

Sweden

, 59

Sydney

, 265, 266, 269, 276

GoGet in

, 401–402

Syndicat Mixte des Transports pour le Rhône et l’ Agglomération Lyonnaise (SYTRAL)

, 188

Systematic collection of ridership data

, 62

TAG-PMR service

, 188

“Taxi-80”

, 58–59

Taxi-boardings

, 373

Taxibus scheme

, 24

Taxicabs

, 379, 381, 387, 396–397

Taxis

, 6, 21, 27–28, 88, 266, 277, 297, 310–312, 379

in paratransit

, 379–380

TNCs impact

, 380–381

Taxi service (T)

, 256, 335, 359, 360, 367–368, 372, 380, 397

‘Taxi train’ services

, 22–23

Technology changing market feasibility

DRT

, 335

obstacles to paratransit in urban travel

, 352–354

paratransit services

, 350–352

supply-demand approach

, 340–348

technology and paratransit

, 336–340

technology to improving DRT forms of paratransit

, 348–350

transportation network

, 334

Technology platforms

, 335, 343, 345–351

Telematics

, 247, 249–251, 253, 402–403

Telephony systems

, 46

Terminology

, 54, 61

Time-of-day distribution of daily demand

, 365–367

“Time calls”

, 384

TMB (Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona)

, 189, 190

Tolga

, 295, 297, 301

DRT service in

, 302, 303

model developing in

, 300

public transport service in

, 299

Total transport

approach

, 255

funding

, 259

Health Authorities

, 257

pilots

, 260

PTEG

, 256

in United Kingdom

, 255

See also Public Transport (PT)

Town camps

, 271

Trace indirect costs

, 139

Traditional economic theory

, 156, 157

Traditional paratransit systems

, 49–50, 364

Traditional public transport model

, 302

Traffic Commissioners

, 27, 252, 258

Transfer of Undertakings legislation

, 255

Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP)

, 48, 49, 134, 135, 138, 141, 144, 379, 381, 386

Transit intensity

, 169, 175

Transparency in operations

, 61, 69

Transport(ation)

, 252

authorities

, 115

bureaucracy

, 265

contemporary models of shared transport

, 396

costs

, 134, 138

demand-responsive

, 404

in DRT

, 71

economic framework

, 155–161

funding sources, merging

, 48–50

for London

, 212

in NSW

, 283

for people with disabilities

, 293–294

Planning and Management

, 275

policy

, 100

provider

, 87

public

, 402, 405

regulations in Belgium

, 68

and road authorities

, 211

shift in transportation supply curve

, 341

systems approach

, 16

total transport

, 255–257

transport analysis

, 59

Transportation Accounting Fundamentals

, 134–135

Transportation Chart of Accounts

, 136

trend of shared mobility

, 393

urban

, 401

US Department of Transportation

, 382

Volvo Transport Systems

, 58–59

for younger people with disabilities

, 277

Transport Act

, 248, 249, 313

Transportation Network Carriers (TNCs)

, 397, 398

Transportation network companies (TNCs)

, 3, 9, 335, 338, 347, 358, 378

accessible vehicles

, 386–387

dispatching

, 384

driver screening and specialized training

, 385–386

frequent vehicle inspection

, 386

impact on paratransit

, 381–383

impact on taxis

, 380–381

insurance

, 385

negotiated rates

, 386

non-discrimination and disability rights

, 387–388

paratransit programs and

, 383–384

scheduling

, 384

Transportation Research Board (TRB)

, 37, 48

Transportation supply curve

, 341

Transport for London (TfL)

, 212, 251, 257

Trapeze software

, 46, 107, 251

Travel dispatch centre (TDC)

, 158, 205

TRB-sponsored International Paratransit Conference

, 2

Trunk and feeder system, skills for

, 234–236

Two-way models

, 400

Uber

in Australia

, 398–399

model

, 25

phenomenon

, 334, 338

platform

, 343

program

, 385–386

UberX service

, 341–343

United Kingdom (UK)

, 7, 246, 249–250, 251–252, 260

Climate Change Act (2008)

, 18

CTA in

, 273

Dial-a-Ride operators

, 251

direct payment schemes

, 277

DRT in

, 253, 292

Lincolnshire InterConnect scheme in

, 22

prospects for DRT in

, 253–254

rural parts

, 258

service network in

, 248

software packages

, 107

voluntary sector/charity model

, 58

United States (US)

, 2, 4, 23, 221

ADA approach

, 173

ADA paratransit services in

, 349

Americans with Disabilities Act

, 264–265

DAB system

, 56

data collection in

, 169

DRT market

, 348

DRT services

, 56–58, 353

MTM

, 47

National Volunteer Transportation Center in

, 282

provision and delivery of paratransit in

, 192–193

RelayRides

, 404

slugging in

, 395

smartphone usage

, 339–340

TNCs

, 378–379

UPTUs (Urban Passenger Transport Units)

, 228

Urban areas

, 310

capital urban area

, 294

DRT services

, 205–206

mobility demand in

, 80

public transport services in

, 208

transport services at

, 205

See also Rural area(s)

‘Urban–rural link’

, 93, 94

User groups

, 55, 72, 84, 296, 298

comparative table of features of case study schemes

, 301

experience barriers

, 298–299

‘Half Past’ service in Tolga

, 299

Marker model

, 300, 302

in Vaagaa

, 299

User Needs

, 70

Vaagaa

, 290, 295, 296, 298, 299, 303, 304, 305

Vaagaamo

, 296

Valencia metropolitan area

, 169, 190

Value of in-vehicle time (VOT)

, 368, 369

Variable costs

, 6, 134–135, 156, 157, 407

Vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT)

, 392, 406–407, 410

Visualisation tool

Aberdeenshire and Morayshire examples

, 115–120

Buckie Bus Service

, 122

FITS in rural transport planning

, 106–108

FITS visualisation tool

, 108–115

FTS

, 104–105

novel tool

, 105–106

for planning passenger transport services

, 104

Voluntary

Bürgerbus service

, 5

organisations

, 250

sector

, 248, 250, 253

sector/charity model

, 58

services

, 249

Volunteer-based paratransit and public transport

‘Bürgerbus’ community transport and paratransit

, 79–81

cooperation

, 92

critical characteristics for Bürgerbus development

, 87

evolution

, 81–83

finance

, 91–92

formalities

, 87–88

institutions

, 87

involvement in

, 89

licences

, 88–89

patience

, 90

recruitment

, 89

Section 19 and 22 services in Great Britain

, 313, 314

state support for

, 85

training

, 90

Volunteer(s)

, 84–85

Bürgerbus across Germany, spatial distribution of

, 92–96

Bürgerbus, community transport and paratransit

, 79–81

co-ordination

, 278

country service providers

, 283

critical characteristics for Bürgerbus development

, 87–92

evolution of Bürgerbus

, 81–83

fully-rebuilt low-floor minibuses

, 85–86

legality of charging community transport passengers

, 281

as transport providers

, 96–97

type of operation

, 83–84

uses

, 280–284

variations of concept

, 83

volunteer–based paratransit and public transport services, in German

, 78

working with

, 78–79

Volunteering

, 5, 78, 97, 283

in community transport

, 282

NSW study

, 284

Volvo Transport Systems

, 58–59

Web-based smart phone applications

, 46

West Midlands Special Needs Transport (WMSNT)

, 250, 251

‘White Paper’

, 254

Working and educational transport

, 293

Worst-case scenario

, 383

Youth and Community Services (YACS)

, 265, 266, 267