Index
The Tourism–Disaster–Conflict Nexus
ISBN: 978-1-78743-100-3, eISBN: 978-1-78743-099-0
ISSN: 2040-7262
Publication date: 12 November 2018
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2018), "Index", Neef, A. and Grayman, J.H. (Ed.) The Tourism–Disaster–Conflict Nexus (Community, Environment and Disaster Risk Management, Vol. 19), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 165-171. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2040-726220180000019009
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2019 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “n” with numbers indicate footnotes.
Accumulation by dispossession
, 145
Aceh Culture and Tourism Agency
, 106
Aceh humanitarians
, 110
Aceh Tsunami Museum
, 106, 112
Activist tourists
, 13
Airbnb providers
, 10
Ajeg Bali movement
, 36–37, 45
Akagera National Park in Eastern Rwanda
, 131
Al-Sh`abaab’s strategy
, 20
Andaman Pilot Project
, 148
Angkor, Cambodia
, 123–126
Annapurna (trekking route), Nepal
, 92
Asian Economic Crisis
, 36
Baan Rawai
, (see also Urak Lawoi of Baan Rawai, Phuket Island), 143, 154
Baan Tungwa
, (see also Moklen of Baan Tungwa, Khao Lak), 143
Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi (BRR)
, 110
Bali
averting environmental disaster
, 45–48
Badung Regency
, 44
ceremonial place for presenting offerings
, 40
communal water management
, 39–42
contested reclamation of Benoa Bay
, 44–45
decentralisation, new tourism markets and a growing environmental crisis
, 37–39
discontents of tourism and agricultural development
, 35–36
evolution as Indonesia’s prime tourist destination
, 35–39
Forum Rakyat Bali Tolak Reklamasi Teluk Benoa (ForBALI)
, 45
Kebalian
, 37
limits to agricultural revival and government regulation
, 43–44
polluted water canal in Ubud
, 42
privatisation of ‘tradition’
, 41–42
PT Tirta Wahana Bali Internasional (TWBI)
, 44
public water crisis
, 39
rice production
, 36
rice terraces
, 40
terrorism, crisis and ‘Ajeg Bali’
, 36–37
threats to irrigated agriculture, cultural heritage, and marine environments
, 42–45
Tri Hita Karana philosophy
, 43
water resources
, 34
Bali Bombings (2002 and 2005)
, 6
‘Bali for the World’ campaign
, 37
Bali Hotel Association
, 37
Bali Tolak Reklamasi
, 45
Balinese bomb attacks
, 36–37
Balinisation
, 37
Baliseering
, 37
Banda Aceh
, 106, 113
Behavioral and organizational response approach
, 56–57
Benoa Bay
contested reclamation of
, 44–45
reclamation project
, 43
Bifurcation
, 110
Black magic
, 159
Blank slate
, 142
Bougainville, tourism in
, 132–134
Bouncing forward
, 90, 98–101
Branding
‘gorillas and genocide’ tourism in Rwanda
, 24
PCT and
, 120–123
‘Build back better’ concept
, 91
Businesses
, 89
resilience
, 89
sectors in Nepal
, 88
Cairo Earthquake (1992)
, 20
Cambodia, tourism in
, 123–126
Catastrophes
, 56
Cautious travellers
, 9
Ceningan Island, Bali
, 48
Cessation of Hostilities Agreement (CoHA), Aceh, Indonesia
, 108
‘Challenger brand’
, 122
Chao leh (sea people)
, 142–143
Chiang Mai Lamphun Valley
, 61
Chinese tourism megaproject in southwestern Cambodia
, 6
Chumchonthai Foundation
, 155
Civil conflict, disasters as triggers and intensifiers of
, 18–20
Civil Defence and Emergency Management Agency in Auckland
, 10
‘Classicist’ model of humanitarianism
, 109
Climate change
, 54
Coastal vegetation
, 6
Commodification
, 145, 161, 162
Commodification of disaster
, 113–115
Common-pool resource (CPR)
, 40
Communal land tenure
, 75
Communal water management to public water crisis
, 39–42
Community leaders
, 79
Community Organisation Development Institute
, 150
Community-based tourism (CBT)
, 69, 128, 129
Fiji’s TLTB and influencing on framing
, 73–75
Fijian context
, 68–72
methodology
, 72
tourism’s benefits, poverty reduction, and funding
, 75–80
women’s benefits as evidence of new rationalities
, 80–82
Conflict
, 1–5, 10–23, 120
perception
, 122
resolution
, 20–21
Conscious travellers
, 9
Consensus-based decision-making process
, 69
Contact hypothesis
, 11
Coral Coast of Fiji’s Viti Levu Island
, 82
Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
, 79, 98
Courageous travellers
, 9
Cultural cache
, 17
Cultural clashes
, 15–16
Cultural heritage
, 42–45
Cultural risks
, 70
Cyclone Marcia in Queensland (2015)
, 8
Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar (2008)
, 20
Cyclone Pam in Vanuatu (2015)
, 7
Danger zone tourism
, 12–14
Dark heritage tourism
, 12–14
Dark tourism
, 13
Decentralisation
, 37–39
Decision-making processes
, 82
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
, 129–130
Department of National Park (Thailand)
, 149
Department of Special Investigation (DSI) (Thailand)
, 156
Destination rebranding
, 14–15
Destructive creation
, 145, 161, 162
Developing world
, 2, 5
Development industry
, 69
Disaster
, 3, 4, 56–59
capitalism
, 18, 21–22
diplomacy
, 20–21
intra-household conflict
, 22
knowledge
, 57
manmade
, 4
natural
, 4
rapid-onset
, 4, 17–18
risk reduction strategies in tourism sector
, 9–10
slow-onset
, 4, 17
Dispossession
facing indigenous communities
, 162
practices in tourism
, 145
Disruptive events
, 88–89
as catalysts for change
, 89–91
Dukuh Sibetan (in Bali)
, 48
Dutch colonisers (in Bali)
, 35
Earthquake recovery processes
, 96–97
East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (2011)
, 4
Ebola outbreak in West Africa
, 4
Eco-tourism
, 17, 69
‘EcuadorNOW’ tourism recovery campaign
, 94
El Salvador
, 127
Emergency Events Database
, 4
Empowerment
, 71
Enclosure
, 145, 161, 162
Environmental crisis
, 37–39
Environmental disaster, averting
, 45
acknowledging mutual dependence among stakeholders
, 47
avoiding ‘tragedy of open access’ through polycentric resource governance
, 46–47
from quantitative to qualitative growth through ecotourism
, 47–48
Environmentally based uncertainties
, 57
Epidemics
, 4
Erasure
, 145, 161, 162
Ethnographic methods
, 59
Everest (trekking route)
, 92
Everyday resistance
, 145
Extraction
, 145, 161, 162
Fiji
Bure houses
, 16, 77
Fiji’s TLTB and influencing on framing of tourism
, 73–75
Fijian context
, 68–72, 83n3
Mataqali
, 73, 74, 78, 84n4
Native Land Trust Board (NLTB)
, 71, 75
“People-and-land” indivisibility
, 75
Sevusevu
, 84n5
Solesolevaki
, 78
Turaga ni koro
, 78
‘Vinaka Fiji’
, 79
Financial events
, 4
‘Fire problem’
, 57
‘Food banks’ pilot project in Naviti Island
, 79
Foreign-owned resorts in Yasawa Islands
, 80
Free Aceh Movement (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka, GAM)
, 106, 108
Fukushima nuclear accident (2011) in Japan
, 9
Funding for disaster prevention and recovery
, 75–80
Garfuna fishing communities (Nicaragua)
, 17
Gender-based violence
, 22
Geopolitical discourses of haze production
, 54
Geopolitical ecologies
scholarship
, 55
of tourism
, 61–63
Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM)
, 106, 108
Global South tourism sector
, 71
‘Gorillas and genocide’ tourism
, 129–132
Gorkha Earthquake (2015) in Nepal
, 8, 88–89, 91, 99
Green economy
, 69
Green Revolution model
, 36
Gross domestic product (GDP)
, 2
Ground Zero in New York City
, 13
Helsinki Memorandum of Understanding
, 106
Heritage
, 107–108
Honduras
, 127
Human Development Index (HDI)
, 120
Human Rights Museum, Aceh, Indonesia
, 106, 112
Human-made disasters
, 4
Humanitarianism
, 110
‘classicist’ model of
, 109
Fassin’s definition
, 110
political humanitarianism
, 109
Hurricane destruction index
, 7
Hurricane Katrina in Gulf of Mexico (2005)
, 4
Indian Ocean Tsunami (2004)
, 9, 20, 22, 142, 143, 147
Indigenous Mapuche communities (in Chile)
, 17
Indigenous Sea Nomads in Southern Thailand
, 142–143
Kabang (boats)
, 142, 148
Katoy Oken (Lord of the Sea)
, 147
Moken of Koh Surin, Andaman Sea
, 146–150
Moklen of Baan Tungwa, Khao Lak
, 150–154
ne-en lobong ceremony
, 147
Urak Lawoi of Baan Rawai, Phuket Island
, 154–161
Indonesian Development of Education and Permaculture Organization (IDEP), Bali
, 34
Infrapolitics
, 145
International Finance Cooperation (IFC)
, 92
Intra-household conflict in wake of disasters
, 22
Intrepid Travel
, 92
Intrigued tourists
, 13
Irrigated agriculture, threats to
, 42–45
Israel–Palestinian conflict
, 13
iTaukei Land Trust Board (TLTB)
, 71
Izmit Earthquake 1999 (Turkey)
, 20
Jakarta
, 112
Jaringan Ekowisata Desa (JED) in Bali
, 48
Jimbaran Bay, Bali
, 36
Kashmir Earthquake 2005 (Pakistan, India)
, 20
Kenya
, 130
Khao Lak
, 142
Khmer Rouge torture prisons in Cambodia
, 13
Kiadan Pelaga (Bali)
, 48
Knowledge and environmental narratives
, 56–59
Koh Surin
, (see also Moken of Koh Surin, Andaman Sea), 143
Komisi Kebenaran dan Rekonsiliasi (KKR)
, 114
Land
, 39
tenure system
, 75
Land conflicts
, 17
Land grabs
, 21–22
Least developed countries (LDCs)
, 120
Little Ice Age
, 18
Luxor Massacre (1997) in Egypt
, 6
Maasai communities in Tanzania
, 17
Male tourism landscape
, 70
Mangrove forests
, 6
Marine environments
, 42–45
Marine Fisheries Conservation Unit
, 146
Market system
, 69
Mass tourism
, 2
Maya Biosphere Reserve of Guatemala
, 17
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)
, 106
Memorials
, 107–108
Memory
, 107–108
Military Operations Zone
, 108
Miyamoto (Japan)
, 92
Moken of Koh Surin, Andaman Sea, Thailand
, 142, 146–150
Moklen of Baan Tungwa, Khao Lak, Thailand
, 142, 150–154
Mt Agung on Bali
, 35
Museums
, 106
Human Rights Museum, Aceh, Indonesia
, 106, 112
memory, memorials and heritage
, 107–108
Tsunami Museum, Aceh, Indonesia
, 111, 112, 113–115
Myanmar
military government
, 2
transboundary blame on
, 60–61
Naïve models
, 19
National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department (Thailand)
, 146
Natural disasters
, 4
Navala village
household survey in
, 77
iconic Bure architecture
, 78
modern wooden house in
, 78
Nazi concentration camps in Auschwitz
, 13
Negative media coverage
, 8
(Neo)colonialism
, 145, 161, 162
Nepal Tourism Board (NTB)
, 93
Nepal’s tourism sector
, 88–89, 98
resilience
, 8
tourism business community
, 93
‘NepalNOW’ campaign
, 94
Netherlands-based Centre
, 92
Neutrality politics
, 109–111
New Orleans
, 4
New tourism markets
, 37–39
Nicaragua, tourism in
, 126–129
9/11 attack impacts
, 7
Non-governmental organisation (NGO)
, 108
Nusa Dua, Bali
, 36
Nyumgwe Forest National Park (Rwanda)
, 131
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
, 130
Papua New Guinean mine workers (PNG mine workers)
, 132
Partai Aceh
, 116n2
Partai Aceh-ruled government
, 112
Pastoralism
, 17
Patriarchal construction of tourism processes
, 70
Peace
peace-through-tourism studies
, 12
tourism as force for
, 10–12
Phang Nga province
, 7, 142–144
Philippine island
, 16
Phoenix tourism
, 14–15, 120, 121
Phuket Province
, 142, 143–144
Political
ecologists
, 58
ecology
, 55
economic/environmental approach
, 56–57
economists
, 57
events
, 4
humanitarianism
, 109
political-economic crisis, complications due to
, 94–96
Pollution
, 54
Post-conflict
, 109
tourism development in post-conflict settings
, 14–15
Post-conflict destinations
, 123
Bosnia and Herzegovina
, 12, 15
Bougainville
, 132–134
Burundi
, 15
Cambodia
, 123–126
Nicaragua
, 126–129
Rwanda
, 129–132
Post-conflict tourism (PCT)
, 120
and branding
, 120–123
Post-disaster discourse
, 113–114
Post-revolutionary period
, 127
Post-structuralism
, 90
Poverty reduction
, 75–80
Powers of exclusion
, 145
Predatory land grabs
, 21
Privatisation of ‘tradition’
, 41–42
Ptolemaic Egyptian Empire
, 18
Public–private initiatives
, 92
Qualitative interviews
, 59
Reconceptualisation of tourism studies
, 3
Relocation
, 162
Recovery process, tourism as
, 7–9
Reliable transport
, 133
Resilience
, 89, 90
Responsible tourism
, 68–69
Rice terraces
, 43
Rights and Liberties Protection Department, Thailand
, 156
Rights-based approach
, 47
Rise of Artisans
, 97
Robben Island, South Africa
, 107
Royal Project, Thailand
, 148
Rwanda, tourism in
, 129–132
Salacca wood
, 149
SARS epidemic (2003)
, 37
Slow-onset disasters
, 4, 17
Small island settings
, 16
Social change approach
, 56–57
Social conflict
, 5
Solidarity tourists
, 13
Southwest Pacific
, 71
Stability, tourism as force for
, 10–12
‘Strategic land grabs’
, 22
Subak traditional water governance, Bali
, 40–41
Suharto regime (Indonesia)
, 108
Suharto’s government (Indonesia)
, 35–36
Sun Fruit Dan
, 63
Surin Islands Marine National Park (Thailand)
, 146
Sustainable development
, 69
project
, 44
Sustainable development goals (SDGs)
, 2
Taman Sari Resort and Spa in Pemuteran, Bali
, 48
Tanzania
, 130
Tenganan Pegringsingan
, 48
Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI)
, 114
Thanatourism
, (see Dark tourism)
Tikar Pandan Community, Aceh, Indonesia
, 111–113
Top-down ‘Green Revolution’ campaign
, 36
Tourism
, 2, 91
benefits
, 75–80
checks and balances
, 92
complications due to political-economic crisis
, 94–96
corporate social responsibility
, 98
international visitor arrivals to Nepal
, 95
in post-conflict context
, 121
post-conflict destinations
, 123–134
practices of dispossession
, 145
practitioners
, 61–62
recovery
, 91, 96–97
resort areas
, 36
restoring destination image
, 93–94
stakeholders
, 96, 99–100
Tourism as a Driver of Peace
, 11
Tourism business response
bouncing forward or transformation
, 98–101
disruptive events as catalysts for change
, 89–91
methodology
, 91
Nepal’s tourism sector and disruptive events
, 88–89
recovering tourism industry
, 91–98
Tourism-focused social scientists
, 55
Tourism–disaster–conflict nexus
, 2
danger zone tourism and dark heritage tourism
, 12–14
disaster capitalism
, 21–22
disaster diplomacy and conflict resolution
, 20–21
disaster risk reduction strategies in tourism sector
, 9–10
disasters as triggers and intensifiers of civil conflict
, 18–20
entanglements of disaster and conflict
, 17–22
gender-based violence and intra-household conflict in wake of disasters
, 22
impacts of disasters on tourism industry
, 6–7
linkages between
, 5–10
tourism and conflicts over land and resources
, 16–17
tourism and cultural clashes
, 15–16
tourism as driver of recovery process
, 7–9
tourism as force for peace and stability
, 10–12
tourism as trigger and amplifier of disasters
, 6
tourism development in post-conflict settings
, 14–15
tourism–conflict interface
, 10–17
Tourists
, 3, 62–63
Transboundary haze disaster in Thailand
, 54, 56, 59
geopolitical ecologies of tourism
, 61–63
knowledge and environmental narratives
, 56–59
research methods
, 59
transboundary blame on Myanmar
, 60–61
Transboundary Haze Pollution Act (THPA)
, 54
Transformation
, 98–101
Trophy hunting tourism
, 17
Tropical Cyclone Winston (2016), Fiji
, 71
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), Aceh, Indonesia
, 107–108
Tsunami
, (see also Disaster)
boats
, 107
disaster in Indonesia’s Aceh province
, 20
Indian Ocean Tsunami (2004)
, 9, 20, 22, 142, 143, 147
Tsunami Land Tenure Committee
, 150–151
Tsunami Museum, Aceh, Indonesia
, 111, 112, 113–115
Typhoon Haiyan (2013) in the Philippines
, 19, 21
UKAID-supported Samarth Nepal Market Development Program
, 92
UN Declaration for Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
, 163
Única
, 126–129
United Nations Department of Safety and Security
, 110
United Nations Transitional Authority Cambodia (UNTAC)
, 124
United States Department of Homeland Security
, 5
Urak Lawoi of Baan Rawai, Phuket Island
, 142, 154–161
Value-based approach
, 34
Vietnam
, 125–126
‘Violent tourism geographies’
, 145
Virunga Volcanoes, Rwanda
, 130–131
Viti Levu, Fiji
, 72
Volunteer tourism
, 8
Voluntourism
, 8
Voluntourists
, 3
War zones
, 13
Water scarcity
, 39
Wet-rice cultivation
, 39–40
Wildlife reserves
, 17
Women
benefits as evidence of new rationalities
, 80–82
identity
, 70
violence against
, 22
World Bank
, 73
‘World ecotourism destination’ of Costa Rica
, 127
World Tourism Organization
, 2
World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)
, 2
- Prelims
- Chapter 1 Conceptualising the Tourism–Disaster–Conflict Nexus
- Chapter 2 Tourism in Bali at the Interface of Resource Conflicts, Water Crisis and Security Threats
- Chapter 3 Geopolitical Ecologies of Tourism and the Transboundary Haze Disaster in Thailand, Laos and Myanmar
- Chapter 4 Community-based Tourism in Post-disaster Contexts: Recovery from 2016 Cyclone Winston in Fiji
- Chapter 5 Tourism Business Response to Multiple Natural and Human-induced Stressors in Nepal
- Chapter 6 A Tale of Two Museums in Post-tsunami and Post-conflict Aceh, Indonesia
- Chapter 7 The Branding of Post-conflict Tourism Destinations: Theoretical Reflections and Case Studies
- Chapter 8 Tsunami, Tourism and Threats to Local Livelihoods: The Case of Indigenous Sea Nomads in Southern Thailand
- Index