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Prelims

Disarmament, Peace and Development

ISBN: 978-1-78743-855-2, eISBN: 978-1-78743-854-5

ISSN: 1572-8323

Publication date: 10 December 2018

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(2018), "Prelims", Disarmament, Peace and Development (Contributions to Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development, Vol. 27), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. i-xxv. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1572-832320180000027024

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Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2019 Emerald Publishing Limited

Half Title Page

DISARMAMENT, PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT

Series Page

Contributions to

Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development Volume 27

SERIES EDITOR

MANAS CHATTERJI

BOOKS IN THE SERIES

Military Missions and their Implications Reconsidered: The Aftermath of September 11th, edited by G. Caforio and G. Kümmel

Managing Conflict in Economic Convergence of Regions in Greater Europe, by F. Carluer

Cultural Differences between the Military and Parent Society in Democratic Countries, edited by G. Caforio

Conflict and Peace in South Asia, edited by M. Chatterji and B. M. Jain

War, Peace, and Security, edited by J. Fontanel and M. Chatterji

Armed Forces and Conflict Resolution, edited by G. Caforio, G. Kümmel and B. Purkayastha

Regional Development and Conflict Management: A Case for Brazil, by R. Bar-El

Crisis, Complexity and Conflict, by I. J. Azis

Putting Teeth in the Tiger: Improving the Effectiveness of Arms Embargoes, edited by M. Brzoska and G. A. Lopez

Peace Science: Theory and Cases, by P. Gangopadhyay and M. Chatterji

Advances in Military Sociology: Essays in Honor of Charles C. Moskos (Two Volume Set), edited by G. Caforio

Arms and Conflict in the Middle East, by R. A. Attar

Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, edited by B. E. Goldsmith and J. Brauer

Conflict, Complexity and Mathematical Social Science, by G. Burt

Frontiers of Peace Economics and Peace Science, edited by M. Chatterji, C. Bo and R. Misra

Ethnic Conflict, Civil War and Cost of Conflict, edited by R. Caruso

Governance, Development and Conflict, edited by M. Chatterji, D. Gopal and S. Singh

New Wars, New Militaries, New Soldiers? Conflicts, the Armed Forces and the Soldierly Subject, edited by G. Kümmel and J. Soeters

Cooperation for a Peaceful and Sustainable World, Part 1, edited by C. Bo, M. Chatterji and H. Chaoyan

Cooperation for a Peaceful and Sustainable World, Part 2, edited by L. Junsheng, C. Bo and H. Na

Nuclear Disarmament: Regional Perspectives on Progress, edited by P. M. Kamath

Understanding Terrorism: A Socio-economic Perspective, edited by R Caruso and A. Locatelli

The Evolving Boundaries of Defence: An Assessment of Recent Shifts in Defence Activities, edited by R. Bellais

Business, Ethics and Peace, edited by L. Bouckaert and M. Chatterji

Emotions, Decision-Making, Conflict and Cooperation, edited by U. Luterbacher

Integral Ecology and Sustainable Business, edited by O. Jakobsen and L. Zsolnai

Title Page

Contributions to

Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development Volume 27

DISARMAMENT, PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT

EDITED BY

REINER BRAUN

International Peace Bureau, Germany

COLIN ARCHER

Previously at International Peace Bureau, Germany

INGEBORG BREINES

International Peace Bureau, Germany

MANAS CHATTERJI

Binghamton University, USA

AMELA SKILJAN

International Peace Bureau, Germany

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

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Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2019

Copyright © 2019 Emerald Publishing Limited

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ISBN: 978-1-78743-855-2 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-78743-854-5 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-78743-993-1 (Epub)

ISSN: 1572-8323

List of Contributors

Samir Amin An Economist and the Director of the Third World Forum, Samir Amin is an Egyptian-French Marxian economist. Currently, he is the Director of the Third World Forum in Dakar, Senegal. In 2009, he was awarded the Ibn Rushd Prize for Freedom of Thought in Berlin. He was born and raised in Egypt. From 1947 until 1957, he studied in Paris. He received a diploma in political science before graduating in statistics and economics. In Paris, he joined the French Communist Party (PCF), but later distanced himself from Soviet Marxism. After he completed his PhD in 1957, he returned to Cairo. There, he worked as a research officer for the government’s “Institution for Economic Planning.” Later, he became an advisor to the Ministry of Planning in Bamako, Mali. In 1966, he qualified as a university lecturer in economics and received teaching assignments in France and Dakar. For 10 years, he was the Director of the “Institut Africain de Développement Économique et de Planification” (IDEP), UN. Since 1980, he served as the Director of the African Office of the Third World Forum, an international, nongovernmental association for research and discussion. He is also the President of the World Forum for Alternatives. According to Samir Amin, the biggest crises of our time (including the energy crisis, food crisis, ecological crisis, and climate change) are elementary components of one major problem: the current capitalistic globalization based on the exploitation of resources. Samir Amin is a decided advocate of the developing countries’ autonomy and reclaims new approaches to overcome the crisis of capitalism.
Colin Archer Colin grew up in London and was active in the British peace movement (the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and many other groups) from 1970. He studied languages and later development studies. For 10 years, he was the coordinator of a Third World solidarity centre in Manchester and then worked as an adult educator teaching migrants for another 10 years. This background was very relevant when he took up the position of Secretary-General of the IPB in 1990. Since then, he has been involved in a wide range of international peace and disarmament projects, notably the World Court Project on nuclear weapons, the Global Campaign for Peace Education, and most recently, the Global Campaign on Military Spending.
Reiner Braun Executive Director of the German and international IALANA, and the founding member of INES.
Reiner Braun studied German literature, history, and journalism. Since 1982, he has been actively involved in the peace movement, working as an Executive Director for Scientist for Peace and Sustainability (Germany) and the International Network of Engineers and Scientists for Global Responsibility (INES) for several years.
From 2003 until 2005, he worked on various projects related to the Einstein year 2005 at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin and for the Max Planck Society. Since 2006, he served as the Executive Director of IALANA Germany, and the international IALANA since 2012. He was the Executive Director of the Vereinigung Deutscher Wissenschaftler (VDW), and the German Pugwash group from 2006 until 2013. He is the Co-president of the International Peace Bureau (IPB) since September 2013 and one of the speakers of the German peace movement.
Ingeborg Breines Former director at UNESCO Hqs, UNESCO representative to Pakistan and the Un in Geneva. Former co-president IPB and board member e.g. of several peace related organizations in Norway. “When struggling with anger and frustration over an ultracapitalistic world trend that undermines democracy and humanistic ideals, that favours the few over the many, that presents military interventions as solutions to situations of injustice, poverty and alienation, that by production and consumption patterns ruins the environment and that sidelines the UN, we need to get together to discuss the strategies for a world without war.
We need to sharpen our non-violent arms and strengthen and share on a broader basis the vision of a culture of peace and integrate these ideals deeply in the implementation of the UN 2030 Development Agenda.
For the survival of humanity and the planet, a shift in priorities is urgently needed.
In Berlin let us write a plan for a new, gender-sensitive, non-militaristic social order.”
Frank Bsirske President of ver.di (Multi-service Trade Union), Germany.
Frank Bsirske is a German trade union official. Since 2011 (the union’s founding year), he has served as the president of the Multi-service Trade Union “ver.di.” Moreover, he is a member of the German political party “Bündnis 90/Die Grünen.” Bsirske studied political science in Berlin. From 1978 to 1987, he was the Education Secretary of the “Sozialistische Jugend Deutschland – Die Falken” in the district of Hannover. Later, he worked in the fields of politics, public services, and administration. In May 2012, he co-organized the first successful European Citizens’ Initiative “Water is a Human Right.” He is an employee representative in the supervisory boards of Deutsche Bank AG, RWE AG DB Privat- und Firmenkundenbank AG, and Innogy. Moreover, he is a member of the board of directors of the “Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW).” On September 19, 2011, he was re-elected as the President of ver.di to serve for the fourth time in office.
Manas Chatterji Professor of Management, Binghamton University, USA.
Manas Chatterji is a Professor of Management and an Adjunct Professor in Economics and the Asian and Asian-American Studies Program at Binghamton University, State University of New York, and a Guest Professor at Peking University, Visiting Professor at Central University of Finance and Economics, and a Distinguished Professor in Poznan University, Poland. He is also a Richard P. Nathan Fellow in Public Policy at the Rockefeller Institute of Government, SUNY. He was also an Honorary Distinguished Professor at the Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta, India and George Mason University, US. He is an elected member of Polish Academy of Science–Committee on Regional Planning. Professor Chatterji is currently a fellow of the international organization Economists for Peace and Security. He previously taught at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, and has held visiting appointments at Cornell University, Erasmus University, University of Karlsruhe, University of Munster, and many other universities in the US, Europe, Asia, and South Africa.
He has organized international meetings on peace science, disaster management, healthcare, technology management, etc. in many countries, including Japan, China, and Russia. During his career, he has edited three journals, and serves on the editorial boards of many others. At present, he is the coeditor of the International Journal of Peace Economics and Peace Science. He is the General Editor of a book series on Contributions to Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development published by Emerald Publishing Company, UK. Twenty-seven volumes in this series have been published. He has authored/edited more than 30 books and published about 80 scholarly articles in the areas of peace science, military spending, disarmament, economic conversion, conflict management, regional science, technology management, healthcare management, energy, environmental and urban management.
Arielle Denis With a University background of International and Strategic Affairs, Arielle Denis was first a journalist and then an activist on peace and disarmament issues. She published books and articles, and made several movies on conflict issues.
For 10 years she was the co-Chair of the French Peace Movement, Mouvement de la paix up to 2010. From 2011 to 2016, she served as the campaign Director for the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) for Europe, Middle East, and Africa. She is now working as a consultant for several NGOs on disarmament issues.
Jayantha Dhanapala President of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, Sri Lanka.
Currently, Jayantha Dhanapala is the 11th President of the Nobel Peace Prize-winning Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs and the Deputy-Chairman of the SIPRI. He is also on several other advisory boards of international bodies. From 1998 until 2003, he was the UN Under-Secretary-General for Disarmament Affairs. Formerly, he represented Sri Lanka as the ambassador to the UN office in Geneva (1984–1987). From 1987 until 1992, he was the Director of the UN Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR). As a Sri Lankan diplomat, Dhanapala served in London, Beijing, Washington DC, New Delhi, and Geneva. He also represented Sri Lanka at several international conferences and chaired many of them. Among these were the historic NPT Review and Extension Conference in 1995. Dhanapala has also received several international awards and honorary doctorates.
Archbishop Nikola Eterović Apostolic Nuncio of the Holy See in Berlin
Nikola Eterović (born on January 20, 1951, in Pučišća) is a Croatian Titular Archbishop of the Catholic Church. He has been the Apostolic Nuncio of the Holy See in Berlin since September 21, 2013. Previously, he worked at the Apostolic Nunciatures of Côte d’Ivoire, Spain, and Nicaragua. Pope John Paul II gave him several honors before making him the Titular Bishop of Sicia and Nuncio to Ukraine on May 22, 1999. Under the Presidency of Pope Benedict XVI, he coordinated the preparation and celebration of three Ordinary General Assemblies of the Synod of Bishops and organized two Special Assemblies: The Assembly for Africa in 2009 on “The Church in Africa in Service to Reconciliation, Justice and Peace,” and the Assembly for the Middle East on “The Catholic Church in the Middle East: Communion and Witness” in 2010.
At the IPB World Congress, H.E. Archbishop Dr. Nikola Eterović delivered greetings from the Holy See and an encouragement by Pope Francis.
Corazon Valdez Fabros IPB and STOP the War Coalition, Philippines.
Corazon Fabros is a Lawyer by profession and currently the Co-Vice President of International Peace Bureau and the Lead Convenor of the STOP the War Coalition Philippines, as well as Core member of thematic circles on Peace and Security both at the civil society process at Asia-Europe Peoples Forum and the ASEAN Civil Society Conference – ASEAN Peoples Forum.  She was the former Chairperson of the Pacific Concerns Resource Centre (the Secretariat of the Nuclear Free and Independent Pacific Movement) and the Secretary General of the Nuclear Free Philippines Coalition. The latter led the successful campaign to stop nuclear power plant projects in the Philippines. It was also the campaign center for the rejection and removal of US military bases in the Philippines. She is also the Philippine Coordinator of the No Nukes Asia Forum and the International Network on Military Activities and Environmental Justice.
Aude Fleurant Director of the Arms and Military Expenditure Program of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Sweden.
In April 2014, Aude Fleurant joined SIPRI as the Director of the Arms and Military Expenditure Program. She has extensive regional expertise in North America, Western Europe, and Australia. Her research focuses on the transformation of the military market and the analysis of the interaction between supply and demand dynamics. Her publications have mainly addressed issues of countries’ or companies’ adjustments to new market conditions and their consequences.
Aude Fleurant has a PhD in Political Science from the Université de Québec, Montréal.
Reiner Hoffmann President of the German Trade Union Confederation (DGB), Germany.
Reiner Hoffmann began his career as an apprentice at the Farbwerke Hoechst chemical company. He continued his education as a scholar of the Hans-Böckler-Stiftung, graduating in economics.
He worked for the Stiftung in various positions. From 1994 to 2003, he was the Director of the Institute of European Trade Unions (EGI) in Brussels, being elected as the Vice General Secretary in 2003. His areas of expertise include European economic and trade politics, structural and industry politics, participation and corporate social responsibility. From October 2013 to 2014, he served as an elected member of the federal executive board of the DGB.
Meena Jagannath Community Justice Project in Miami, USA.
Meena Jagannath is a movement lawyer and cofounded the Community Justice Project, Inc. in 2015, which provides legal support to groups fighting for social justice issues such as racial equality, affordable housing, and fair wages. She was raised in New Jersey, US, as the daughter of immigrants, what she calls to be a source of her strong interest in social issues. After graduating in International Relations and Peace and Justice Studies from Tufts University, she earned a master’s degree in International Affairs with a specialization in human rights from Columbia University, before going to University of Washington Law School. She worked for the Bureau des Avocats Internationaux in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, where she was tasked with the coordination of the Rape Accountability and Prevention Project. Her legal skills and international human rights expertise gave her the ability to advocate for local movements and to elevate US-based human rights issues to the international level.
Philip Jennings Philip Jennings has been the General Secretary of UNI Global Union since its creation in 2000. He has significantly contributed to UNI Global Union’s growing influence and membership. Today, the organization that represents the service sector counts 20 million members in 150 nations and 900 unions. UNI is a force in Europe, Africa, the Americas, as well as Asia and the Pacific. To date, UNI has negotiated more than 50 global agreements with leading multinationals.
One of these is the Bangladesh Safety Accord, a legally binding agreement that was passed in response to the Rana Plaza factory collapse in 2013. In a globalization process gone wrong, Philip Jennings sees unions as part of the solution to build a sustainable and fairer global economy. He firmly believes that it is time for big business to work together with global unions to “change the rules of the game” and create a more responsible world. He has taken this message to the G20, IMF, World Bank, OECD, and the World Economic Forum. There, he continuously tries to ensure a “seat at the table” for working people. In view of his commitment to the worker rights, he has been described as one of the labor movement’s “Global Warrior.”
Tawakkol Karman Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (2011), Yemen.
Tawakkol Karman is a Yemeni journalist, politician, and human rights activist. In 2005, she cofounded the group “Women Journalists without Chains.” In 2011, she became the international public face of the Yemeni uprising that emerged as part of the Arab Spring. She is a co-recipient of the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize and the first Yemeni, the first Arab woman, and the second Muslim woman to win a Nobel Prize. Moreover, she is the second youngest person to win the Nobel Peace Prize to date.
She was awarded the Prize for her non-violent struggle for the security of women and for women’s rights to full participation in peace-building work. She has been a major activist for the freedom of press, democracy, and peace in Yemen for several years.
Michael Møller Director-General of UN office at Geneva.
Counting over 35 years of experience as an international civil servant in the UN, Michael Møller today is the Director-General of the UN office in Geneva. In 1979, he began his career as the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). With the UNHCR, he worked in different capacities in New York, Iran, Mexico, Haiti, and Geneva. From 1997 until 2001, he was the Head of the Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs at the UN headquarters. Between 2001 and 2006, he was the Director for political, peacekeeping, and humanitarian affairs in the office of the Secretary-General. For the last two years during this period, he concurrently served as the Deputy Chief of Staff. From 2006 until 2008, he also served as the Secretary-General’s Special Representative for Cyprus. From 2008 until 2011, he was the Executive Director of the Kofi Annan foundation.
Betty Reardon International Institute on Peace Education (IIPE) and MacBride Prize Laureate (2009), USA.
Betty Reardon is the Founding Director Emeritus of the International Institute on Peace Education, an annual intensive residential experience in peace education.
Since 1982, the IIPE has been held at universities and peace education centers in Asia, Europe, Latin America, and Central America. For this work, she received a special Honorable Mention Award from UNESCO in 2001. Among her other initiatives in the international peace education movement, she initiated and served as the first Academic Coordinator of the Hague Appeal for the Peace Global Campaign for Peace Education.She is also the recipient of the 2009 Sean McBride Peace Prize, awarded by the IPB.
Madeleine Rees General Secretary of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), UK based in South Africa
Madeleine Rees has been the Secretary General of WILPF since 2010. She began her professional life in 1990 as a lawyer, and within four years was made partner in a large UK law firm, specializing in discrimination law. In 1998, Madeleine began working for the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights as the gender expert and Head of Office in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Supporting OHCHR’s extensive work on trafficking, Madeleine was a member of the expert coordination group of the trafficking task force of the Stability Pact, then known as the Alliance against Trafficking. Within this role, she also worked on the rule of law, gender and post-conflict, transitional justice, and the protection of social and economic rights. From September 2006 until April 2010, Madeleine Rees served as the Head of the Women’s Rights and Gender Unit of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.
Amela Skiljan Born in Bosnia and Herzegovina, she finished her law studies at the University of Zenica in 2012. She finished her masters in International and European Law in 2014 at the University of Bremen, Germany.
After completing internships at the European Commission, German Parliament, and IALANA Germany, she started working for the IPB, and was the Congress Manager for the IPB World Congress 2016. Since 2017, she is the coordinator of the IPB office in Berlin.
She is a board member of IALANA Germany and is engaged with several organizations.
Jakob von Uexkull Founder of the World Future Council and the Right Livelihood Award, Sweden.
Jakob von Uexküll is the founder of the World Future Council (2007) and the Right Livelihood Award (1980), often referred to as the “Alternative Nobel Prize,” as well as the cofounder (1984) of The Other Economic Summit. As a previous member of the European Parliament (1987–1989), he served on the Political Affairs Committee and later on the UNESCO Commission on Human Duties and Responsibilities (1998–2000).
Jakob has also served on the Board of Greenpeace, Germany, as well as the Council of Governance of Transparency International. He received the Future Research Prize of the State of Salzburg, Austria (1999), the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana of the Republic of Estonia (2001), the Binding-Prize (Liechtenstein) for the protection of nature and the environment (2006), and the Order of Merit First Class of the Federal Republic of Germany (2009). In 2008, he received the Erich-Fromm Prize in Stuttgart, Germany. He is also a recognized philatelic expert with publications including “The Early Postal History of Saudi Arabia” (London, 2001).
Lucas Wirl International Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms
Federico Mayor Zaragoza Former Director-General of UNESCO (1987–1999), Spain.
Federico Mayor Zaragoza is a Spanish scientist, scholar, politician, diplomat, and poet.
After an extensive academic and political career in Spain, he served first as the Deputy Director-General (from 1978 onwards) and then as the Director-General of UNESCO (from 1987 until 1999). During his time in office, Federico Mayor Zaragoza gave new life to the organization’s mission to “build a bastion of peace in the minds of all people.” Thus, he worked hard to put the institution at the service of peace, tolerance, human rights, and peaceful coexistence.
After his return to Spain, he founded the Foundation for a Culture of Peace. He has acted as the Chairman of the foundation since. He is also a member of the Honorary Board of the International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World. Moreover, he is an Honorary Chairman of the Académie de la Paix, and an Earth Charter International Commission member.
In addition, he is a member of the Club of Rome, the Club of Budapest, and a founder member of the Issyk-Kul Forum. He is an honorary member of several scientific societies and a member of several academies, including the World Academy of Arts and Science.

Foreword

One of the sources of conflicts in the world is excessive military spending. For a developed country like the US, 67% of all federal discretionary budget is used for military-related spending. 1 This leads to the reduction of already scarce resources and spending on health, education, and other human needs. For poor countries, it increases poverty, unemployment, and destitution. As the late President Eisenhower said, “Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies, in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed.” 2 Excessive military spending also strengthens dictatorial tendencies in politics and acts against democratic values. Military spending on nuclear weapons can lead to disasters, particularly in the hand of irresponsible leaders. Accidents can also happen. Development of military weapons also has adverse environmental impacts along with a negative impact on the economies of all countries. Weapons intended to kill are against the gospel of all religions, and lead to violent civil crimes. Small arms are at the source of terrorist activities.

To achieve peace, eliminate poverty, decrease inequality, and achieve social justice, we should devote all our energies to reduce military spending, and instead use those resources for economic development. For this, we need a concerted effort to act against military spending.

Many of the contributions to this volume were presented as speeches at an international meeting, “Disarm! For a Climate of Peace,” held between September 30th and October 3rd, 2016 in Berlin and organized by the International Peace Bureau. These transcripts share reflections and insights from some of the leading public figures in the world as well as activists who oppose military expenditure in all forms. We also include additional research-oriented chapters to complement the transcripts from the International Peace Bureau meeting.

As indicated in the Table of Contents, these chapters are grouped in eight parts. Part 1 is an introduction giving a general outline of the book. Part 2 presents the relationship between disarmament and development. Part 3 emphasizes the importance of peace for sustainability and its political preconditions. Part 4 gives some empirical information about the impact of armaments on development. Part 5 discusses the possibility of a nuclear weapon free world and the prevention of nuclear weapons. In Part 6, chapters discuss the recent trends in global military spending. In Part 7, chapters discuss the role of trade unions, feminism, racism, and education for peace. Part 8 describes the peace action agenda particularly for youth. Appendix 1 and 2 present information about worldwide military expenditure. The chapters included in this book are written by the world’s most well-known peace activists with a vast experience in private, public, and international organizations.

My article highlights the need for integration of peace studies and peace actions with peace science and peace economics. The field of peace science, as an interdisciplinary field, integrates different fields such as economics, philosophy, religious studies, spirituality, political science, sociology, psychology, systems science, etc. It addresses theoretical, mathematical, and systems science approaches to peace research and public policy.

Peace science borrows theories, methods, and techniques from other social sciences and shows how cooperation rather than competition between individual decision-making units can lead to peaceful resolution of problems among individuals, communities, regional entities, and governmental organizations. Some topics, such as catastrophe theory, chaos theory, decision science, game theory, and coalition and bargaining theory, are widely used in this area. The tools of analysis in peace science usually involve probability theory and probability distributions, statistical inference, analysis of variance and covariance, nonparametric testing of hypotheses and chi-square test, multivariate distributions, as well as other tests of hypotheses.

Peace economics is an important component of peace science, which address the subject from a purely economic viewpoint; for example, the macroeconomic impacts of reduced military expenditure. Peace economics research involves numerous new approaches, including macroeconomic stability analysis, modern growth theory, econometric models, the computable general equilibrium model, the Richardsonian model of action, and reaction in military expenditure.

The study of conflict management involving mediation, negotiation, and arbitration often used in industrial relations is also important in peace economics. Conflict is different from purely having a dispute. It can often exist without a specific focus, and may be expressed through a problem or a dispute. Sometimes, it may be difficult to eliminate conflict, but appropriate prevention and management techniques can reduce the negative impact of conflicts such as turbulence and violence. Many theories in psychology, game theory, cognitive sciences, sociology, and stepwise conflict management procedure have been used in conflict management.

Peace science and peace economics are relatively new fields of study, which also use different methods and techniques of management science such as strategic management, marketing, operations research, as well as information systems. This area is a new discipline of social sciences and is different from peace studies where cases are discussed without the application of sophisticated mathematics and theoretical methods. The key areas include arms control, nuclear proliferation, peace science methodology and theory, democracy and conflict, the linkage between internal and external conflict, ethnic conflict, coalition politics, environmental conflicts and global warming, globalization and conflict, international trade and financial crises, disaster management, terrorism, conflict management, energy and water conflict, military institutions and sociology, defense, the economics of conflict and war, economics of the arms trade, procurement and offsets, economics of security, globalization and the restructuring of multinational corporations, security sector reforms, arm races and alliances, intervention, etc.

Additional information about peace economics and peace science can be obtained from the journals, Conflict Management and Peace Science, Economics of Peace and Security, Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, and International Journal of Peace Economics and Peace Science, and Volumes 1–26 are in this book series. Additional information can be obtained from the activities of Mahatma Gandhi International Research Center for Conflict Prevention and Management in Bengaluru, India.

Manas Chatterji,

General Editor, Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development

Binghamton University, New York

July 2018

Acknowledgements

Many people actively participated in the publication of this volume. We especially wish to thank all the authors, most of whom were speakers at the Berlin conference; and to the staff at Emerald Publishing, notably Kimberley Chadwick and Kerry Laundon, who supported the planning and execution of the project with great dedication and skill. The final product would not have been possible without their help.

Finally, we wish to express our deep gratitude to Prof. Manas Chatterji, who made this publication possible in the first place, who pushed forward to ensure its completion, and who made innumerable concrete suggestions and gave us a wealth of editorial advice.

Berlin, 15th July, 2018 Reiner Braun, IPB Co-President

1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=OnR84h7t5kI

2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=OnR84h7t5kI

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