Index

Economic Development and Resilience by EU Member States

ISBN: 978-1-83797-998-1, eISBN: 978-1-83797-997-4

ISSN: 1569-3759

Publication date: 18 November 2024

This content is currently only available as a PDF

Citation

(2024), "Index", Grima, S., Romānova, I., Noja, G.G. and Dorożyński, T. (Ed.) Economic Development and Resilience by EU Member States (Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, Vol. 115), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 293-302. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1569-375920240000115017

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2025 Simon Grima, Inna Romānova, Graţiela Georgiana Noja and Tomasz Dorożyński


INDEX

Academic researchers
, 233

Agenda-setting process
, 69

Aggregate indicators
, 32

Aggregate labour productivity in Latvia
, 91

Aggregate measure
, 181

Anglo-French model
, 251

Anti-pattern, determination of
, 185

Applied regression models
, 211

ARACIS
, 280

Artificial intelligence (AI)
, 234, 276

Association for Financial Markets in Europe
, 131

Automation process
, 223

Automotive industry
, 147

Autonomous robots
, 207

Bank profitability
, 125

Banking industry
, 137

Banking systems of new EU member states
, 121–125

banking assets as percentage of GDP in new EU member states
, 122

ROE and ROA in banking systems
, 125

total capital adequacy in banking systems
, 124

Banks in new EU member states before and after financial crisis, lending by
, 125–130

Bibliometric analysis
, 167

of relevant scientific literature
, 12–16

Bibliometric network
, 14

Bibliometric review of scientific literature
, 167–174

Bibliometric visualization
, 14–15

Brundtland Report
, 202

C
, 280

C++
, 280

Capital flows
, 24

Capital investment volumes
, 125

Capital market development in new EU countries
, 131–137

financing of non-financial corporate
, 133

non-financial corporations funding structure 2017 and 2022
, 132

progress of EU capital markets relative to key performance indicators
, 133

Capital Market Union (CMU)
, 131

Case of Latvia
, 90–93

Central and Eastern Europe (CEE)
, 25, 29, 60

countries
, 106, 142, 145–146, 148, 153–155, 258

industrial development
, 143

Central counterparty clearing houses (CCPs)
, 131

Central securities depositories (CSDs)
, 131

‘Central Statistical Offices’ global approach, The
, 180

Civic Coalition (KO)
, 266

Civic Democratic Party (ODS)
, 266

Climate Action Tracker (CAT)
, 163–164

Climate change
, 166–167

risks
, 161

Climate Law
, 164

Climate risk
, 161

Climate swaps
, 160

Cloud computing
, 207

Cohesion policy
, 49, 62

Cohesion policymakers
, 225

Comparative analysis
, 85

Competitiveness

literature review
, 85–86

main policies for fostering productivity growth
, 93–95

productivity dynamics in 13 New EU-MS and factors contributing to productivity growth
, 86–90

structural changes and productivity
, 90–93

Comprehensive analysis
, 8

Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA)
, 13

Contingency table
, 37

Convergence
, 61

of EU-13 countries
, 56–57

process in Central and Eastern Europe
, 258–266

Correlation analysis
, 224

Correlation matrix
, 210

COVID-19 pandemic
, 8, 30, 289

Credit growth
, 261

CSS
, 280

Cyprus
, 96, 128, 145, 151, 154

Czech Republic, The
, 127

Data analysis methods
, 234

Degree of digitalization
, 216

Demographic processes
, 243

Demographic trends
, 232

Destimulants
, 183

Diagnostic variables, assigning weights to
, 184

Digital business
, 204

Digital constitutionalism
, 70

Digital economy
, 276

Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI)
, 275

role in analysing impact of digital policies in EU
, 71–72

Digital ecosystem
, 70

Digital health innovation ecosystems
, 205

Digital infrastructures
, 71

Digital innovativeness
, 205

Digital literacy
, 279

Digital Markets Act (DMA)
, 70

Digital platforms
, 275

Digital policies
, 74

on economic growth
, 68

in EU
, 69–71

role of DESI in analysing impact of
, 71–72

Digital public policies
, 74

Digital Services Act (DSA)
, 70

Digital skills
, 71, 276

pipeline
, 279–284

Digital sovereignty
, 70

Digital technologies
, 73, 275–276

adoption
, 204

Digital transformation
, 71, 276

of businesses
, 71

of enterprises
, 206

in new EU member states
, 286–287

Digital world
, 202

Digitalisation
, 206, 244, 274, 276

of businesses
, 204

economic growth through
, 72–74

European context and potential impact of
, 68–69

green and digital transition
, 202–206

HEIs response to
, 275–277

of industry
, 203

interaction between manufacturing digitalisation and productivity
, 220–224

and labour productivity
, 206–208

of manufacturing
, 216–219

potential impact
, 274–275

productivity and differences between EU-14 and EU-13 countries
, 211–216

of public services
, 72

research methodology and data
, 208–

research variables and summary statistics
, 210

Digitisation indicators
, 210

Document analysis
, 19

Domestic politics
, 262–263

Double-edged phenomenon
, 9

Dynamic capabilities
, 73

Dynamic digital governance
, 70

E-commerce
, 208, 219, 225

e-Twinning
, 277

ECMAScript
, 280

Economic activity support
, 234

practical research findings
, 234–243

theoretical findings
, 233–234

Economic and Monetary Unions (EMUs)
, 103

Economic crisis (2008)
, 48

Economic development
, 128

Economic disparities
, 49–54

GDP per capita adjusted by purchasing power in Euros
, 51

Economic growth
, 7, 10, 12, 15–16, 19–20

data and methodology
, 74–76

descriptive statistics
, 77

digital policies in EU
, 69–71

economic growth through digitalisation
, 72–74

empirical findings
, 76–78

European context and potential impact of digitalisation
, 68–69

literature review
, 69

modelling impact of EU digital policies on
, 74–78

regression results
, 78

role of DESI in analysing impact of digital policies in EU
, 71–72

Economic inequality
, 48

Economic integration
, 8, 10–11, 103–104

in EU
, 115

process
, 19

Economic intricacies
, 2

Economic openness
, 106

degree of
, 111, 115

Economic resilience
, 2

Economic sustainability
, 203

Economic theories
, 58

Economic waters

regional dynamics
, 3–4

social implications
, 3

Education
, 276

Educational institutions
, 171

Environmental governance
, 166, 171

initiatives
, 161

Erasmus+ programme
, 278

ESCALATE Project
, 278

Escalator methodology
, 278

Euro
, 250

European Bank Union (EBU)
, 123

European banks
, 128

European Central Bank (ECB)
, 123, 251–252

European Commission (EC)
, 84, 144, 243

European context and potential impact of digitalisation
, 68–69

European digital policy
, 70

European economic integration
, 2, 6–8, 290

European Green Deal
, 166

European indicators
, 180

European Innovation Council (EIC)
, 68

European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS)
, 58, 93

European integration
, 19, 21

European monetary union (EMU)
, 250, 254

architecture and crises
, 255–258

European political unification process
, 250

European single market and new member states
, 104–115

exports from 2002 to 2022 for EU 13 Countries, Billion Euro
, 107

imports from 2002 to 2022 for EU 13 Countries, Billion Euro
, 108

trade openness from 2004 to 2022
, 110

European Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM)
, 123

European Stability Mechanism (ESM)
, 19, 255

European Structural Funds (ESF)
, 284

European Union (EU)
, 1, 6–7, 11, 15, 84, 160, 250, 275

accession
, 25

aerospace industry
, 150

boxplot for SIGQ
, 37

climate change risks
, 161–165

cohesion policy
, 48–49

contingency coefficients between six dimensions of governance and FDI inward stock
, 40

correlation matrix for groups of EU-13 MS
, 40

countries
, 93, 188, 212–213

dendrogram for EU-13 MS
, 33

DESI in analysing impact of digital policies in
, 71–72

digital policies
, 69

digital policies in
, 69–71

economic disparities
, 49–54

EU 27 member states
, 173

EU-10
, 49, 51

EU–13 MS, GQ and FDI inflow into
, 32–40

export potential
, 142, 154

FDI inflow to EU-13 MS
, 29–31

FDI inward stock in relation to GDP in EU-13
, 36

financing
, 59

framework programmes
, 59

global environmental governance
, 165–167

globalisation, regional integration, and labour market inferences at level of
, 16–18

human development index
, 55

industrial strategy
, 142

industry
, 142, 202

integration process
, 8, 11

internal market
, 105

intra-trade analysis
, 114, 116

level of innovativeness
, 58–59

level of internet access in households
, 55

literature review
, 161

mean value of SIGQ for EU-13 MS
, 34

membership
, 145

modelling impact of EU digital policies on economic growth
, 74–78

priorities of EU industrial policy and challenges confronted by new member states
, 144–146

productivity and differences between EU-13 countries and EU-14
, 211–216

productivity and differences between EU-14 and EU-13 countries
, 211–216

ranking by SIGQ in EU-13 MS
, 33

scatterplot for SIGQ and FDI inward stock
, 36

self-reported unmet needs for medical examination
, 56

single market
, 104

social and health care disparities
, 54–58

Structural and Cohesion Funds
, 19

sustainable development
, 167

systematic and bibliometric review of scientific literature
, 167–174

European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
, 164

European Union member states (EU-MS)
, 84, 137

European Union statistics on income and living conditions (EU-SILC)
, 57, 237

Eurostat

data
, 106

labour market flow statistics
, 17

Export growth
, 101

Export orientation
, 100

Export potential of new EU countries
, 146–154

Extensive legislative programme of single market
, 105

Financial crisis (2008)
, 13, 48

lending by banks in new EU member states before and after
, 125–130

Financial globalization
, 9

Financial markets
, 121

Financial sector
, 120

banking systems of new EU member states
, 121–125

capital market development in new EU countries
, 131–137

lending by banks in new EU member states before and after financial crisis
, 125–130

Financial stability
, 267

Fiscal policy
, 251

Fit for 55 package
, 164

Food processing
, 90

Foreign direct investment (FDI)
, 9, 24, 88

FDI-driven export model
, 146

inflow into EU-13 MS
, 29–31, 32–40

Foreign investors
, 31

FDI inflow to EU-13 MS
, 29–31

GQ and FDI inflow into EU-13 MS
, 32–40

literature review
, 26–29

quality of governance based on world wide governance indicators
, 31–32

Free trade
, 115

Free Trade Agreement, The
, 102

Gauss–Markov theorem
, 211

General data protection regulation (GDPR)
, 70

General equilibrium approach
, 102

Generalised method of moment (GMM)
, 221

German model
, 251

Global environmental governance
, 165–167

Global financial crisis
, 86, 88, 127

Global Innovation Index (GII)
, 93

Global Productivity Forum (GFP)
, 84

Global trade
, 102

Global value chains (GVCs)
, 88, 146

Globalisation
, 6–8, 11, 21

at level of EU countries
, 16–18

phenomenon
, 18

systematic literature review on
, 9–12

Good governance
, 24–25, 27

Governance
, 25–27

Governance quality (GQ)
, 25

inflow into EU-13 MS
, 32–40

Governments
, 167, 171

Greenhouse gas (GHG)
, 161

Gross domestic product (GDP)
, 145, 161, 234, 253, 290

per capita
, 50

Health care disparities
, 54–58

Hierarchical cluster analysis methodology
, 32

High quality liquid assets (HQLA)
, 124

Higher education institutions (HEIs)
, 275

digital skills pipeline
, 279–284

and digital transformation in new EU member states
, 286–287

methodology
, 278–279

potential impact of digitalisation
, 274–275

response to digitalisation
, 275–277

resultant skills priorities and recommendations
, 284–287

Higher-level smart specialisation sector skills gaps
, 284–285

Horizon
, 59

Horizon Europe
, 68

HTML
, 280

Human Development Index (HDI)
, 49, 54, 290

Ideational processes
, 69

Industrial competitiveness in new EU member states, need for new approach to
, 154–155

Industrial landscape of new EU countries
, 146–154

Industrial policy
, 144–145

Industrial robots
, 208, 219

Industrial sectors
, 51, 213–214

Industrialisation of services
, 52

Inequality
, 48

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
, 56, 149, 206, 275

capital
, 206

ICT-based information systems
, 207

revolution
, 207

Information technology (IT)
, 205, 277

Innovation
, 84, 91, 93–94

Innovativeness, level of
, 58–59

Institutional dynamics
, 69

Institutional quality
, 26

Institutions
, 26–27, 166

Integration process
, 10–11

Intellectual Property Action Plan
, 144

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
, 166

Internal market
, 104

International comparative analysis
, 59

International competitiveness
, 49

International economic integration
, 102–103

International Monetary Fund (IMF)
, 86, 120, 144, 256

International trade
, 100–102, 104, 109, 111, 115–116

European single market and new member states
, 104–115

literature review
, 101–104

results of analysis of
, 104–115

Internet of things (IoT)
, 207–208

Intra-EU trade
, 104–115

Intra-trade analysis
, 111

Investment
, 87, 93, 102–103

attractiveness
, 25, 29

Java
, 280

Job standardisation
, 275

Just Transition Fund
, 166

Kemp–Wan theorem
, 102

Keynesian theory
, 251

Knowledge-based economy
, 58

Labour Force Survey (LFS)
, 234

Labour market

flows
, 19

inferences at level of EU countries
, 16–18

Labour productivity
, 206–208

Labour supply deficiencies
, 284

Law and Justice Party (PiS)
, 266

Leading industries in new EU member states

Cyprus and Malta’s strengths and weaknesses of industrial potential
, 148

exports of goods and services
, 147

industrial landscape and export potential of new EU countries
, 146–154

literature review
, 143–144

need for new approach to industrial competitiveness in new EU member states
, 154–155

priorities of EU industrial policy and challenges confronted by new member states
, 144–146

Lending by banks in new EU member states before and after financial crisis
, 125–130

Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
, 163

Liquidity coverage ratio (LCR)
, 124

Long-term care (LTC)
, 233

Maastricht convergence criteria
, 252–255

Maastricht parameters
, 252

Maastricht Treaty
, 251

Macro-level approach
, 92

Macroeconomic approach
, 85

Macroeconomic imbalances
, 88

Malta
, 145, 151, 153–154, 197

Manufacturing

digitalisation of
, 216–219

industry
, 203, 208, 223

MariaDB
, 280

Market capitalisation to GDP
, 134

Market economy
, 145

Medical access
, 290

Member states (MS)
, 25

Methodological framework
, 69

Monetarist counterrevolution
, 251

Monetary policy
, 252

Monetary sovereignty
, 265

Monte Carlo method
, 184

MORSE
, 280

Multicriteria methods
, 181, 196

Multicriteria/multidimensional analysis method
, 181

Multidimensional approach
, 19

Multinational enterprises (MNEs)
, 29

Mundell’s theory
, 111

National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs)
, 165

National health-care expenditures
, 243

National Institute of Statistics (NIS)
, 278

National Productivity Boards (NPBs)
, 84

National Strategy on Digital Agenda 2020
, 276–277

National Trade Register Office (NTRO)
, 278

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC)
, 163

Net-Zero Industry Act
, 165

New EU countries

capital market development in
, 131–137

industrial landscape and export potential of
, 146–154

New EU industrial strategy
, 154

New EU member states

before and after financial crisis, lending by banks in
, 125–130

banking systems of
, 121–125

need for new approach to industrial competitiveness in
, 154–155

New Legislative Framework
, 105

New member states

European single market and
, 104–115

priorities of EU industrial policy and challenges confronted by
, 144–146

Next-generation EU (NGEU)
, 255

Nomenclature of Economic Activities (NACE)
, 278

Non-financial corporations
, 131

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)
, 32, 286

Normalisation of variables
, 184

Objects
, 186

classification of
, 186

Online job vacancies (OJV)
, 279

Open trade
, 100

Open-access Gretl program
, 220

Optimum currency area (OCA)
, 111

Oracle
, 280

Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models
, 211

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
, 11, 84, 137, 146, 223

Organisations
, 166

Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) programme
, 255–256

Outsourcing
, 275

Pandemic
, 204

Panel econometric models
, 75

Panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE)
, 75, 77

Paris Agreement
, 161

Pattern, determination of
, 185

Personal computer (PC)
, 280

PHP
, 280

Physical climate risk
, 162

Physical risks
, 162

Pigouvian theory
, 162

‘Place-sensitive distributed development policy’
, 62

Policies
, 20

Polish banking system
, 122

Portugal, Italy, Greece, and Spain countries (PIGS countries)
, 50

Pragmatic policy measures
, 2

Productivity

councils
, 84

digitalisation and labour productivity
, 206–208

digitalisation of manufacturing
, 216–219

dynamics in 13 New EU-MS and factors contributing to productivity growth
, 86–90

green and digital transition
, 202–206

growth
, 88

interaction between manufacturing digitalisation and
, 220–224

interaction between manufacturing digitalisation and productivity
, 220–224

issue
, 84

literature review
, 85–86

main policies for fostering productivity growth
, 93–95

paradox
, 73

productivity and differences between EU-14 and EU-13 countries
, 211–216

productivity-enhancing policies
, 86

research methodology and data
, 208

research variables and summary statistics
, 210

structural changes and
, 90–93

Public Employment Services (PES)
, 283

Public finance
, 253, 265

Purchasing power standard (PPS)
, 49

Python
, 280

Qualitative analysis
, 85

Quality of governance
, 26

based on world wide governance indicators
, 31–32

definitions of GQ indicators in WGI
, 31–32

Quality of life
, 290

assigning weights to diagnostic variables
, 184

classification of objects
, 186

concept
, 178

construction of synthetic measure
, 185–186

description of VMCM
, 183–186

determination of pattern and anti-pattern
, 185

diagnostic variables character
, 183

in European Union
, 182

materials and methods
, 182–183

normalisation of variables
, 184

research results
, 186

research study
, 186–196

selection of variables and elimination of variables
, 183–184

Quantitative analysis
, 85

Quantitative easing (QE)
, 256

Quasi-transit
, 115

Regional economic integration, systematic literature review on globalisation and
, 9–12

Regional integration
, 11

in EU
, 104

at level of EU countries
, 16–18

Regression analysis
, 224

Regression parameter
, 57

Renewable energy
, 151

RePowerEU plan
, 164

Research, development, and innovation (RDI)
, 278

Research and development (R&D)
, 93, 208, 263, 276

Research and innovation systems (R&I systems)
, 94

Research institutes
, 171

Research methods
, 234

Robotics
, 223

Robotisation
, 224

Robust regression with Huber iteration (RRHI)
, 75, 77

Ruby
, 280

Samuelson’s analysis
, 102

Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)
, 59, 155, 286

Scopus
, 276

Scratch
, 280

SELFIE
, 277

Servitisation
, 52

Shift-share analysis
, 85, 92

σ-convergence
, 49

Silver economy
, 233, 241, 243

Single European Act (1987)
, 104

Single market
, 104

Single Market Act
, 105

Single Market Act I
, 105

Single Market Act II
, 105

Single Market Programme
, 104

Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM)
, 123

Small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
, 8, 70

Smart connected products
, 73

Smart specialization
, 284–285

SMART-Edu initiative
, 277

Social disparities
, 54–58

Social economy
, 233

Social justice theories
, 48

Solidarity economy
, 233

Sovereign debt crisis
, 255

SQL
, 280

SQLite
, 280

Stability and Growth Pact (SGP)
, 257

Standardisation
, 184

Static effects
, 102

Stimulants
, 183

Subject-matter literature
, 28

Sustainability
, 160–161, 168, 171

Sustainable development
, 167, 202

indicators
, 203

Sustainable European Investment Plan
, 166

Sustainable manufacturing

concept
, 202

practices
, 203

Synthetic index of governance quality (SIGQ)
, 32, 34

Synthetic measure, construction of
, 185–186

Systematic literature review on globalisation and regional economic integration
, 9–12

Systematic review of scientific literature
, 167–174

Technological sectors
, 51

Tertiary education
, 279

Tertiary sector employment
, 52

Three-dimensional (3D) printing
, 207

Timis County
, 278–279, 283–284

Total factor productivity (TFP)
, 206

Trade balance
, 114–116

Trade in Value-Added database (TiVA database)
, 146

Trade unions
, 276

Trading
, 100

Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)
, 13

Transition climate risk
, 161–162

Transition risks
, 161

Transportation solutions
, 233

Treaty of Rome, The
, 104

Two-panel regression models
, 77

Unconditional basic income (UBI)
, 234

Unconventional measures
, 257

Unemployment
, 290

rate
, 50, 52

Unit labour costs (ULCs)
, 88

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
, 165

Unsatisfactory institutional quality
, 29

V-Rep (Coppelia Robotics)
, 280

Value added per employee (VAemp)
, 220

Variables, normalisation of
, 184

Vector measure construction method (VMCM)
, 181–186

Visegrád Group
, 3

Visualisation
, 16

VOSviewer analysis tool
, 12, 14

‘Wait-and-see’ approach
, 265

Ward’s method
, 32

Web of Science
, 276

Wood processing
, 90

World Bank (WB)
, 24, 27, 86

World Health Organization (WHO), The
, 180

World Stock Exchange Federation
, 136

World Trade Organisation (WTO)
, 10, 146

World wide governance indicators, quality of governance based on
, 31–32

Worldwide Governance Index (WGI)
, 27