Index

World Education Patterns in the Global South: The Ebb of Global Forces and the Flow of Contextual Imperatives

ISBN: 978-1-80382-682-0, eISBN: 978-1-80382-681-3

ISSN: 1479-3679

Publication date: 1 September 2022

This content is currently only available as a PDF

Citation

(2022), "Index", Wolhuter, C.C. and Wiseman, A.W. (Ed.) World Education Patterns in the Global South: The Ebb of Global Forces and the Flow of Contextual Imperatives (International Perspectives on Education and Society, Vol. 43B), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 207-217. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-36792022000043B013

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2022 C. C. Wolhuter and Alexander W. Wiseman


INDEX

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate notes.

Abrahamic religions
, 24

Academic achievement
, 201–204

Academic education
, 174

Academic mobility
, 2

Academic performance
, 199, 202

Academic success
, 201

Accelerated mobility
, 128–129

1961Addis Ababa Plan (see Outline of a Plan for African Educational Development)

Administration
, 29–30

in Sub-Saharan Africa
, 182–183

in Vietnam
, 106–107

Adult education subsystem
, 200

Adult literacy
, 28, 72, 174, 180–181

Aesthetic education
, 199

“Alqaismiah School”
, 27

Ancient Egypt
, 26

Arab countries
, 36

Arab region
, 24

Arab Spring
, 21–22

Arabic
, 36

Arabization
, 36

Artistic education
, 202

Association Agreement
, 3

Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN)
, 80

Australian Seasonal Worker Program
, 128

Axial public policy
, 151

Bangladesh, education development in
, 69

Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC)
, 170

Belarus
, 2

economy
, 4

education in Belarus in context of globalization and Europeanization impact
, 8–13

educational policy in
, 8

geography
, 2–3

history
, 3

politics
, 3

regional context
, 2

Beliefs in South Asia
, 64–65

Bhutan
, 60, 64

education development in
, 70–71

Bologna Process
, 2, 52

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Brazil

Brazilian National Educational System
, 163

national educational system in
, 162–163

Brazilian Common Core Curriculum (see Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC))

Brazilian educational system
, 162

British colonialism
, 21, 65–66

Bulgaria
, 9

“Capanema Reform”
, 167

Caribbean
, 142

Case study
, 79–91

Caste system
, 71

Casteism
, 70

Central Asia education in
, 43

Kazakhstan
, 49–53

Kyrgyzstan
, 53–54

Tajikistan
, 55–57

Uzbekistan
, 54–55

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
, 144

Children’s Circles in Cuba
, 198

China
, 20, 64

biology textbooks and curricula in
, 183

geography
, 46, 48, 99

Christianity
, 24

Chronological development of Vietnamese education
, 104–105

Civilizations
, 20, 26

Climate change
, 24–26, 127

“Climate refugees”
, 128

Coeducation
, 197

Colonial education in Sub-Saharan Africa
, 180

Colonial period in MENA region
, 27

Colonial power dynamics
, 127

Colonialism
, 61

Colonialization
, 88

Colonization
, 128

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
, 3

Communism
, 98

Comparative education
, 14, 182, 185

society of Cuba
, 191–204

Competency-based approach
, 108

Comprehensive education
, 200

Compulsory education
, 30

1988 Constitution
, 168–169

Constitutional amendment (CA)
, 168

Constitutional Letter of 1891
, 166

1824 Constitution
, 164–165

Contextualization
, 142, 203

Cooperation
, 168

Covid-19 pandemic
, 24–25

“Credentialist equilibrium”
, 32

Creed of Human Rights
, 177

Cuba
, 192

background and pedagogical foundations of Cuban educational model
, 193–196

developing
, 192–193

educational policy achievements
, 201–204

globalization and education
, 204

principles and characterization of Cuban educational system
, 196–201

Cuban educational policy
, 192, 201, 204

Cultural context

of Indonesia
, 83

of Malaysia
, 83

of Myanmar
, 84

of Vietnam
, 83–84

Curricula
, 25–26

Curricular initiatives
, 122

Curriculum
, 30–31, 108–110

in Latin American countries
, 153

in Oceania
, 130–133

in Sub-Saharan Africa
, 183–184

Curriculum Reform Implementation Project (CRIP)
, 131

Cyprus
, 9

Czech Republic
, 9

Dakar Framework of Education for All (EFA)
, 87

Decentralization
, 29

Democratization
, 91, 168, 179

Demography

in Kyrgyzstan
, 46–47

of Latin American and Caribbean region
, 143

in MENA region
, 21

of Oceania
, 123–124

of South Asia
, 63

of Sub-Saharan Africa
, 174–175

in Tajikistan
, 48

in Uzbekistan
, 45

of Vietnam
, 99–100

Devolution of power
, 29

Dialect
, 23, 36, 122, 130, 135

Differentiated attention
, 198

Digital revolution
, 129–130

Digital technology in Oceania
, 134

Diglossia
, 36

Diversity in MENA economies
, 22

Dowry system
, 63

Early childhood education (ECE)
, 80, 198

in Indonesia
, 84–85

Malaysia
, 85

Myanmar
, 84–86

Vietnam
, 86

East Slavic countries
, 2

Eastand South-East Asia (E-SEA)
, 62

Ecological crisis
, 127–128

Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)
, 23

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
, 143, 146, 152

Economic growth
, 20, 22–23, 28, 32–33, 38, 60, 67–68, 70–71, 106, 125, 148, 176, 178–180, 182

Economic mobility
, 28

Economic revolution
, 178

Economic situation
, 195

Economic vulnerability in South Asia
, 64

Economics context

of Indonesia
, 82

of Malaysia
, 82

of Myanmar
, 82–83

of Vietnam
, 82

Economy

in Kazakhstan
, 44

in Kyrgyzstan
, 47

of Latin American and Caribbean region
, 144–145

in MENA region
, 22–23

of Oceania
, 124

of South Asia
, 61–62

of Sub-Saharan Africa
, 176

in Tajikistan
, 49

in Uzbekistan
, 45

of Vietnam
, 100–101

“Educa tu hijo”
, 198

Education
, 59, 195, 197, 204

in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine
, 8–13

entire society in
, 197

impact on languages of
, 35–38

inequalities
, 37–38

massive and equitable nature of
, 197

in MENA region
, 20, 24–26, 28–29

in political socialization
, 174

for Sustainable Development
, 153

trajectory determined by global forces and contextual factors
, 66–72

in Vietnam
, 105–106

for youth and adults
, 200

Education For All (EFA)
, 126, 131, 181, 183

Education for Citizenship
, 153

Education policy
, 7, 91, 155–156, 192

Education quality
, 34–35

control
, 53

in Sub-Saharan Africa
, 186–187

Education reforms
, 2

Education rights
, 197

Education system in CA
, 43

Kazakhstan
, 49–53

Kyrgyzstan
, 53–54

Tajikistan
, 55–57

Uzbekistan
, 54–55

Education transformations
, 2

Educational policy
, 165, 201

achievements
, 201–204

in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine
, 8

Educational reform
, 168

Educational system (ES)
, 162, 200–201

Educators
, 192, 198

English
, 36

English as a medium of instruction (EMI)
, 37

Enrolment
, 114

“Equal access to education”
, 2, 8

Equality
, 37–38, 202

in Sub-Saharan Africa
, 186–187

in Vietnam
, 114–115

Equity
, 155–156, 202

ERASMUS + Programs
, 2

Ethnocultural diversity
, 23

European colonization
, 142

European Education Area
, 11

European Higher Education Area (EHEA)
, 51

European Union (EU)
, 3, 11, 56, 179

Europeanization
, 2

education in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine in context of Europeanization impact
, 8–13

Federal Constitution (1946)
, 168

Female labor force participation in Pakistan, 75n29

Fiji National University (FNU)
, 135

Flat world (Friedman)
, 174

Free education
, 197

Free public education
, 20

Freedom of education
, 197

French
, 36

colonial period in
, 27–29

Gender equity and cultural integration
, 155

2018 General Curriculum
, 108

General education
, 107, 199

General secondary education
, 199

Geography

of Indonesia
, 81

in Kazakhstan
, 43

in Kyrgyzstan
, 46

of Latin American and Caribbean region
, 142–143

of Malaysia
, 81

in MENA region
, 20–21

of Myanmar
, 82

of Oceania
, 123

of South Asia
, 60–61

of Sub-Saharan Africa
, 174

in Tajikistan
, 48

in Uzbekistan
, 45

of Vietnam
, 82, 99–100

Global citizenship
, 52

Global ecological crisis
, 122

“Global happiness index”
, 60

Global North
, 81

Global South
, 81

Global trends, incoming tide of
, 103–104

Globalization
, 2, 98, 122, 204

education in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine in context of globalization impact
, 8–13

Glocalization
, 14, 116

Governance

crisis of
, 23

in education
, 29, 106

formal
, 124

practices
, 31

systems
, 28

Gratuity
, 197

Greece
, 9

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
, 144

Gross National Income (GNI)
, 124

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
, 22

Health crises
, 24–25

Heckman’s theory
, 81

Higher education

in Kazakhstan
, 51

in Uzbekistan
, 55

Higher education
, 108

Hinduism
, 64–65

Historicization
, 141–156

Horizon 2020
, 8

Human Development Index (HDI)
, 4

Human rights
, 146, 175, 177

Hungary
, 3, 9

Inclusion
, 155–156, 192

Inconfidências movements
, 165

Independence of Sub-Saharan Africa
, 180–181

India, education development in
, 67–68

Indonesia

early childhood education system in
, 84–85

legacy of neoliberalism and neocolonialism
, 87–89

regional context of
, 81–84

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
, 2, 155

and expansion of educational offerings
, 155

Information Technology (IT)
, 59

Information Technology (IT)
, 67

Institutional Act (1834)
, 165

Institutional fabric
, 30–33

Institutional fabrics
, 107–108

Integration into the European and global education space
, 7, 12–13

Intergenerational educational mobility
, 20

International aid
, 125–126, 128, 133, 182

International assessment tests
, 32

International Comparison Program
, 144

International development
, 126–127

International education
, 129

International Monetary Fund (IMF)
, 59

International survey
, 187

Iraq War
, 23

Islam
, 24, 64

Israel
, 25

Israeli-Palestine conflict
, 21, 23–24

Japan
, 87, 100, 112

Job market in public sector
, 32

Judaism
, 24

K-12 education in Arab countries
, 35

Kazakhstan

education system in CA
, 49–53

regional context
, 43–44

Key competences for lifelong learning
, 11–121

Knowledge society
, 38

Korea
, 112

Kurdish
, 37

Kyrgyzstan

education system in CA
, 53–54

regional context
, 46–48

Labor education
, 199

Language

of learning and teaching
, 185–186

policy in MENA region
, 35–38

Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR)
, 80

Latin American education systems
, 142

Latin American Educational System development
, 149

economy–education link, 152–

expansion of middle education and higher education
, 152

independence movements
, 150–151

literacy and basic schooling
, 151–152

socio-educational developments during twentieth century
, 151

Spanish and Portuguese monarchies and religious missions
, 149–150

Latin American Laboratory for Evaluation of Quality of Education (LlECE)
, 203

Latin American Medical School (ELAM)
, 204

Latin American region

international socioeconomic trends
, 147–149

regional context
, 142–147

twenty-first century
, 153–156

Latvia
, 3, 9

Law on Education
, 54

Learners
, 32, 111

in Sub-Saharan Africa
, 184

Learning

in higher education
, 133

language of
, 185–186

method in Vietnam
, 112–113

in Sub-Saharan Africa
, 185

Legacy

of colonialization
, 88

in Indonesia
, 87–89

Legacy of neoliberalism
, 81, 86–91

Malaysia
, 89

Myanmar
, 90–91

of neocolonialism
, 86–91

Vietnam
, 89–90

“Lifelong learning”
, 2, 8

Lithuania
, 3, 9

Local educational responses
, 130

outcomes-based education
, 130–133

Local educational responses
, 130–135

Malaysia

early childhood education system in
, 85

legacy of neoliberalism and neocolonialism
, 24, 68, 89

Marginalization
, 146

regional context of
, 81–84

Marginalized groups
, 72

Mesopotamia
, 26

Middle East and North Africa region (MENA region)
, 20

demography
, 21

economy
, 22–23

education quality
, 34–35

geography
, 20–21

global trends in education in
, 24–26

history of colonial period in
, 27

institutional fabric and school ladder
, 30–33

language policy in MENA region and impact on language s of education
, 35–38

matching education and work in
, 33–34

modern education in
, 27–29

organization and administration
, 29–30

politics
, 21–22

quality of education in
, 20

regional context
, 20

religion and world-and life-view
, 24

social system
, 23–24

traditional education in
, 26

Migration
, 61

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
, 80, 87, 126, 131

Minas Gerais Republican Party (see Partido Republicano Mineiro (PRM))

Minister of education
, 196, 199

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT)
, 128

Ministry of National Education
, 29

Mobility

academic
, 2, 52

accelerated
, 128–129

economic
, 28

human
, 129

intergenerational educational
, 20

social
, 28, 180

of students and educators
, 7

Modern education in MENA region
, 27–29

Modern education in region
, 65–66

Modern Standard Arabic (MSA)
, 36

Myanmar

early childhood education system in
, 86

National Curricula Guidelines (see Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN))

regional context of
, 81–84

National education development
, 2

common Soviet education background
, 4–5

education in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine
, 8–13

formation of national education systems after independence
, 5–8

regional context
, 2–4

National education systems

in Cuba
, 198

in Southeast Asian countries
, 98

National Educational Plan. (see Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE))

National educational system (NES)
, 162–163

National Professional Training Program
, 54

National Service for Industrial Education (see Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial (SENAI))

National University of Samoa (NUS)
, 135

Nationalization of education
, 196–197

Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools (NIS)
, 51

Neo-colonial powers
, 25

Neo-colonialism
, 174

Neocolonialism
, 80–81

legacy of
, 86–91

Neoliberal

economic revolution
, 178

globalization
, 126

ideology
, 170

model
, 147

policies
, 153

Neoliberalism
, 80–81

legacy of
, 86–91

Nepal, education development in
, 71

New Zealand Aid program
, 131–132

Non-institutional
, 198

North America
, 174, 177, 180, 194

Obligatory nature of basic education
, 197

Oceania
, 122–123

accelerated mobility
, 128–129

contextualizing
, 123–125

digital revolution
, 129–130

ecological crisis
, 127–128

global trends in
, 125

historic and continuing aid relationships in
, 125–127

local educational responses
, 130–135

local responses to global trends
, 134–135

open distance learning
, 133–134

Oceania Comparative and International Education Society (OCIES)
, 135

Official Development Assistance (ODA)
, 125

Oil boom (1970)
, 22

Oil-based economies
, 22

On Early (Elementary?) Professional Education
, 55

Open Distance Learning (ODL)
, 122, 133–134

Open Educational Resources (OER)
, 133

Organization

in MENA Region
, 29–30

in Sub-Saharan Africa
, 182–183

in Vietnam
, 106–107

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
, 23, 148, 163

Outcomes-based education
, 122, 130–133

Outline of a Plan for African Educational Development
, 180–181

Pacific Aid Effectiveness Principles
, 126

Pacific Education Development Framework (PEDF)
, 126

Pacific Labour Mobility program
, 128

Pakistan, education development in
, 69–70

Pandemic
, 25, 49, 100, 125, 202, 204

Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN)
, 170

Partido Republicano Mineiro (PRM)
, 167

Partido Republicano Paulista (PRP)
, 167

Patriotic position
, 194

Pedagogical model
, 192

Physical education
, 199, 202

Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE)
, 162, 169

Political agenda
, 142, 147, 153

Political instability
, 20–22, 30–32, 37, 48

Politics

in Kazakhstan
, 43–44

in Kyrgyzstan
, 47

of Latin American and Caribbean region
, 143–144

in MENA region
, 21–22

of Oceania
, 124

of South Asia
, 64

in Sub-Saharan Africa
, 175

in Tajikistan
, 48–49

in Uzbekistan
, 45

Portuguese monarchies and religious missions
, 149–150

Post-independence expansion of Sub-Saharan Africa
, 181–182

Post-Islam Arabic civilization
, 26

Postgraduate education
, 55

Poverty

in India
, 62

in Latin America
, 152

in South Asia
, 64

Power revolutionary government
, 196

Pre-school education
, 30

in Kazakhstan
, 50

in Uzbekistan
, 54

Pre-university education
, 202

Preliminary Balance of the Economies of Latin America and Caribbean
, 147

Primary education
, 107–108, 198–199

Private education centers
, 196–197

Private schools and institutions
, 29–30

Process-oriented skills
, 35

Professional technical education
, 202

Program for International Student Assessment (PISA)
, 111

Public policies in Latin American countries
, 152

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
, 144

Quality
, 113–114

of ECE centers
, 90

of life
, 147–148

of skilled labor
, 114

of training
, 114

Quality of education
, 2, 8, 20, 111

Qur’an
, 26

Quranic schools
, 30

Recognised Seasonal Employer scheme (RSE scheme)
, 128

Refugee crises
, 22

Regional context

Belarus
, 2

Indonesia
, 81–84

Kazakhstan
, 43–44

Latin American region
, 142–147

Malaysia
, 81–84

MENA region
, 20–24

Myanmar
, 81–84

Russia
, 2

Sub-Saharan Africa
, 174–177

Tajikistan
, 48–49

Ukraine t
, 2

Uzbekistan
, 45–46

Vietnam
, 81–84

Religion

in Kazakhstan
, 44

in Kyrgyzstan
, 48

in Latin American and Caribbean region
, 145–146

in South Asia
, 64–65

in Sub-Saharan Africa
, 177

in Tajikistan
, 49

in Uzbekistan
, 46

in Vietnam
, 102–103

Religious extremism
, 64

Remittances
, 61

Republic of Belarus (see Belarus)

Research-oriented training programs
, 108

Rethinking Pacific Education Initiative for and by Pacific People (RPEIPP)
, 134

Revolutionaries
, 196

Revolutionary process
, 196

Romania
, 3

Russia
, 2

economy
, 4

education in Russia in context of globalization and Europeanization impact
, 8–13

educational policy in
, 8

geography
, 2–3

history
, 3

politics
, 3

regional context
, 2

Russian Federation (see Russia)

São Paulo Republican Party (see Partido Republicano Paulista (PRP))

Scarcity
, 152

School

integration
, 198

ladder
, 30–33, 107–108

training process
, 198

School autonomy
, 183

Schooled education
, 193

Schooling in Latin American and Caribbean region
, 146

“Sea of islands” (see Oceania)

Second Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study (SERCE)
, 203

Secondary education

in Kazakhstan
, 51

in Uzbekistan
, 55

Secondary education
, 200

Secularism
, 197

Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial (SENAI)
, 167–168

Social context
, 153

“Social contract”
, 20

Social justice
, 115, 135

Social mobility
, 180

Social situation
, 195

Social structure

in Latin American and Caribbean region
, 145

of Oceania
, 123–124

Social system

in Kazakhstan
, 44

in Kyrgyzstan
, 47–48

in MENA region
, 23–24

of Sub-Saharan Africa
, 176–177

in Uzbekistan
, 46

Social-structural problem
, 24

Socialization of education
, 104, 107

Society of South Asia
, 62–63

Socio-cultural traits in Latin American and Caribbean region
, 145

Socio-educational developments during twentieth century
, 151

Sociodemographic overview
, 142

Socioeconomic development
, 143

Socioeconomic Development Strategy
, 111

SOCRATES Programs
, 2

Soft skills
, 32

Solomon Islands National University (SINU)
, 135

South Asia, education in

Bangladesh
, 69

Bhutan
, 70–71

demography
, 63

economy
, 61–62

education trajectory determined by global forces and contextual factors
, 66

geography
, 60–61

India
, 67–68

initial phase of modern education in region
, 65–66

Nepal
, 71

Pakistan
, 69–70

politics
, 64

religion and beliefs
, 64–65

society
, 62–63

Sri Lanka
, 72

Southeast Asia (SEA)
, 80

defining neoliberalism and neocolonialism
, 80–81

early childhood education system in Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam and Myanmar
, 84–86

legacy of neoliberalism and neocolonialism
, 86–91

regional context of Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam and Myanmar
, 81–84

Soviet education background
, 4–5

Spanish monarchies and religious missions
, 149–150

Special education
, 199

Special education
, 202–203

Special educational needs (SEN)
, 203

Special school model
, 199

Sri Lanka, education development in
, 72

Stakeholders
, 28–30, 112, 132

State Concept on Reforming Early (Elementary) Professional Education
, 55

State Standards on Early (Elementary?) Professional Technical Education, 55

Student achievement
, 132

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
, 62, 174

beginnings of formal education
, 180

education quality
, 186–187

incoming tide of global trends
, 177–179

independence
, 180–181

institutional fabric and school ladder
, 183–184

language of learning and teaching
, 185–186

matching education and work
, 185

method of teaching and learning
, 185

organization and administration, 182––183

post-independence expansion
, 181–182

regional context
, 174–177

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
, 8, 80, 87, 126

Sustained economic support
, 193

Tajik education system
, 57

Tajikistan

education system in CA
, 55–57

regional context
, 48–49

Tamazight
, 37

Teacher (s)

in MENA
, 31–32

in Oceania
, 130–133

in Sub-Saharan Africa
, 184

training
, 195

in Vietnam
, 110

Teacher policies in Latin American countries
, 154

Teaching

in higher education
, 133

language of
, 185–186

method in Sub-Saharan Africa
, 185

method in Vietnam
, 112–113

methods in MENA region
, 34

subsystems
, 199

Technical and professional education
, 199

Textbook
, 25–26

TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study)
, 2, 7, 10, 31–32, 35, 51

Top-down curriculum
, 30

Traditional education in MENA region
, 26

Transnational joint programs
, 110

Transnationalism
, 129

“Tronc commun”
, 30

Tulaga vae
, 129

Turangawaewae
, 129

Turkey
, 26

Ukraine
, 2

economy
, 4

education in Ukraine in context of globalization and Europeanization impact
, 8–13

educational policy in
, 8

geography
, 2–3

history
, 3

politics
, 3

regional context
, 2

UN Millennium Development Goals
, 8

United States (US)
, 100

decision-making in
, 122

external migration of
, 128

socioeconomic forces of
, 144

United States of America (USA) (see United States (US))

Urbanization
, 24

US–China trade conflict
, 100

USSR
, 4–5

Uzbekistan

education system in CA
, 54–55

regional context
, 45–46

Vaka Pasifiki Education Conference (VPEC)
, 135

Vanua
, 129

Vietnam
, 98

early childhood education system in
, 86

legacy of neoliberalism and neocolonialism
, 89–90

regional context of
, 81–84

Vietnamese education

chronological development of
, 104–105

curriculum
, 108–110

economy
, 100–101

education objectives
, 105–106

equality
, 114–115

geography and demography
, 99–100

incoming tide of global trends
, 103–104

institutional fabrics and school ladder
, 107–108

learners
, 111

matching education and work
, 111–112

methods of teaching and learning
, 112–113

organization and administration
, 106–107

quality
, 113–114

religion and world-and-life view
, 102–103

social system
, 101–102

teachers
, 110

Vocational education
, 174

Vocational training track
, 30

Vulnerable groups
, 114

Wars
, 24–25

Well-being
, 25, 148, 178

Western civilization
, 31

Western Europe
, 174, 180

Wolhuter’s Frameworks
, 97–115

World Trade Center
, 25

World Trade Organisation (WTO)
, 98

Yemen and Syrian Civil War
, 22, 23

Youth

education subsystem
, 200

joblessness
, 102