Abolitionist Vanguard (VAL)

, 108

“Abolitionist” activists

, 99, 110–111

Activism optics

, 51–57

Activists

, 23–24, 102

African American participation

, 14–15

Agitators

, 13

Alt-Right

, 43–44, 54

American Civil Rights Movement

, 130–131, 133

American democracy

, 127

American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME)

, 129

American Identity Movement (AIM)

, 48

American/U.S. South

, 127

Animal Principle (PA)

, 108

Animal rights movement

, 98, 108, 110

folk theories within

, 110–115

Animal Rights News Agency (ANDA)

, 108

Anticom

, 49, 55

Artic drilling

, 2

Auto-coding

, 77

Backstage

, 49

Barriers to student-led mobilizations

, 78–80

Base mission

, 14–19

spatial extension model

, 12

Birmingham campaign

, 28

Black veterans

, 14–15

Blackness

, 138–139

Brazil

, 99

animal rights movement and tactical disputes

, 108–110

data and methods

, 106–108

folk theories on social transformation

, 103–106

folk theories within animals rights movement

, 110–115

strategy and morality in tactical disputes

, 100–103

Brazilian Vegetarian Society (SVB)

, 108

Brigate Rosse

, 160

British Suffrage Movement (1905–1914)

, 13–14

Brown versus Board of Education

, 138

Campus culture

, 89–90

Canada

, 3

Canadian HEIs

, 70–71

Canadian higher education systems

, 71

Capital

, 3

Census data

, 134

Channies

, 57–58

Charlottesville 2. 0 server

, 53

Chicago freedom movement

, 30, 1965, 1967

Children’s Crusade

, 28

Churrasco (barbecue)

, 97–98

Civil Rights Act of 1964

, 23, 126, 133

Civil rights movement

, 12, 139, 147

Civil rights organizations

, 132

Civil society groups

, 159–160

Clausewitz of nonviolent warfare

, 14

Cognitive theory

, 15–16

Cognitive transformation

, 16

Collective identity

, 13–14, 87–88

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

, 4, 25, 131–132

Context

, 126–128

Core cadre

, 23–24

Counterdemonstrators

, 55

Cultural sociologists

, 101–102

Cultural turn

, 101

Culture, implications for

, 88–89

De facto approach

, 126

De jure approach

, 126

Dialogical diffusion

, 13, 15–16

Diffusion

, 12

Discord

, 44–45, 50

Dramaturgical loyalty

, 42

Drivers to student-led mobilizations

, 80–84

networks among students

, 81–84

networks with faculty

, 80–81

Education(al) equity

, 149

Electoral activities/tactics

, 180

Ethnographic methods/ethnography

, 162

Extended case method

, 19

Facebook

, 45–46, 185

Failure/unsuccessful outcomes

, 158–159

Familiarity

, 102

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

, 138

Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)

, 14–15

FEMEN

, 33

Fitness standards

, 57–59

Folk theories

, 99–100

within animals rights movement

, 110–115

on social transformation

, 3–4, 103, 106

Frame alignment

, 100

Frames

, 3–4

Framing perspective

, 100

Framing tactics

, 99–100

Free riders

, 128

Freedom Rides

, 25–27

Frontstage

, 49

400 pounders

, 57–58

4chan nationalists

, 57–58

4th Reich

, 44, 47–48

Gandhian praxis

, 2–3, 13

Gaúcho traditionalism

, 97–98, 109

General benefits hypothesis

, 127–128

Geographically dependent hypothesis

, 126–127

Goffman, Irving

, 3

Goffmanian sociology

, 40–41

Greenpeace

, 1

activists

, 1

Greensboro Four

, 23

Grievance

, 99

Group for the Abolition of Speciesism (GAE)

, 108

Habitus

, 103

Heterodox reform ideology

, 13

High school graduation (HSG)

, 136

Higher education (including college and university)

, 70

data collection and analysis

, 75–78

findings

, 78–84

implications for culture

, 88–89

implications for student organizers

, 89–90

linking results to SM theories

, 85–89

participants by method, site, and participant type

, 76

scholarship

, 3

sites selected for analyses and selection criteria

, 76

SMT concepts to analyze student-led action

, 72–75

student-led action on campuses

, 71–72

How Movements (Sometimes) Matter (2021)

, 2

Identity Evropa (I.E.)

, 44, 56

Ideological salience

, 101

Ideology

, 100

Impression management

, 41–44

Individual/membership optics

, 57–62

Indivisible groups

, 184

Inductive thematic analysis

, 77

Informative scholarship

, 128

Institutional politics

, 181

Interviews

, 107

Joint Committee on Rules and Regulations (J.C.R.A.R)

, 170

Labor unions

, 159–160

LGBTQ activists

, 183

Managerial occupation employment (MOE)

, 136

March on Washington

, 28, 1963

Mass media

, 98–99

Matrix-coding queries

, 77

MaxQDA software

, 46

Memphis sanitation workers’ strike

, 31, 1968

Mental models

, 103

Messy repression

, 158–159

Militancy

, 17

Militaristic language

, 14–15

Military theory

, 2–3

Militia groups

, 43

Mobilization/mobilize

, 102

Mobilizing tactics

, 182

Monroe campaign

, 27

Montreal Storm

, 44

Moral economy

, 129

Moral poles

, 101

Morality in tactical disputes

, 100–103

Mount Allison University (MtA)

, 75

Movements

, 126–128

American civil rights movement

, 131–133

capital

, 17

civil rights movement and change in racial inequality

, 139–147

context, and outcomes

, 126–128

data, methodology, and analytical approach

, 134–139

mail

, 17

social movements and outcomes

, 128–131

spatial extension

, 14–19

Naïve theory

, 103

Narratives

, 105

Nashville base case

, 19–23

Nashville cadre

, 17

Nashville Christian Leadership Council (NCLC)

, 19–20

Nashville civil rights movement

, 12, 20

base mission, traveling cadre, and movement spatial extension

, 14–19

data and method

, 19

extending movement mission

, 23–32

implications

, 32–33

traveling agents in social movement literature

, 13–14

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

, 4, 14–15, 131–132

Nationalist Socialist Legion (NSL)

, 44

Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques

, 46

Nazi imagery

, 48–49

Neckbeards

, 57–58

Net-Nazis

, 56–58

Networks

among students

, 81, 84, 87–88

with faculty

, 80–81, 87

Nonviolent army

, 18

Nonviolent direct action

, 14–15

Normalizing identity

, 52

Northern Student Movement (NSM)

, 24–25

Nunavut Arctic College (NAC)

, 75

Oath Keepers

, 43, 58–59

Online actions

, 61

Online data

, 45–46

Oppositional consciousness

, 13–14

Optics

, 40–41, 44

Organizational optics

, 47–51

Organizations

, 180

Outcomes

, 4–5, 126, 128, 186

Overt racism

, 52

Participant observation

, 163

Patriot Front

, 44, 47, 49

Patriot Prayer

, 58–59

Physical fitness

, 58

Police/policing

, 161

Polish LBGTQ movement

, 42

Political elites

, 85

Political opportunities

, 73–74

implications for

, 85–86

Political tactics

, 180

Poor Peoples’ Campaign

, 31

Porto Alegre Melhor

, 110

Post-Heyday

, 30, 32, 1966, 1968

Postering

, 52

Pragmatic abolitionists

, 99

Pragmatic abolitionists

, 111

Project C

, 28

Protest

importance of

, 190–192

tactics/activities

, 181

Protestant Reformation

, 13

Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)

, 186–189

Racial inequality

, 130

change in

, 139–147

Racial justice

, 128

Rational/rationality

, 104

Reform movements

, 126

Religious agents

, 13

Religious organizations

, 159–160

Repression

, 4–5, 131, 158

in social movement studies

, 159–161

Resistance

, 184

Resource mobilization (RM)

, 99

Resources

, 131

Respectability politics

, 42

Right-wing movements

, 41

Scale shift

, 18–19

Secondary data/sources

, 2–3

Security

, 45–46

Selma campaign

, 29, 1965

Shell Oil icebreaker ship

, 1

Snow, David

, 100

Social brokers

, 87

Social capital

, 73–74

implications for

, 85–86

Social change

, 102

Social construction of reality

, 104

Social media

, 160

Social movement organizations (SMOs)

, 40–41, 129, 179–180

Social movement theory (SMT)

, 72

concepts to analyze student-led action

, 72–75

Social movements (SMs)

, 2, 70

backstage

, 49

cultural impacts

, 74–75

diffusion

, 17–18

expansion

, 15

implications for SM networks

, 86–88

linking results to SM theories

, 85–89

longevity

, 182

networks

, 74

outcomes

, 128–131

public image

, 41–44

scholarship

, 17, 127

studies

, 106

traveling agents in social movement literature

, 13–14

Social transformation

, 99

Sociological theory

, 12

Soldiers

, 23–24

Solidarity Sing-Along

, 159

arrests

, 165–168

defendants

, 171–172

judicial ineptitude

, 172

methods

, 162–163

police

, 168–170

prosecutors

, 170–171

repression in social movement studies

, 159–161

results

, 163–172

scene

, 163–164

songs

, 164–165

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

, 4, 19–20, 131–132

Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC)

, 24–25

State repression

, 160

Stigma/stigmatization

, 42

Stormfront

, 43

Strategy/strategic

, 1–2, 4, 180

incapacitation

, 161

poles

, 101

scholarly insights on

, 5–6

in tactical disputes

, 100–103

Student activism/student social movements

, 70–71

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Founding Conference

, 24

national leadership

, 24–25

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

, 4, 17, 131–132

Student organizers, implications for

, 89–90

Student-led action

on campuses

, 71–72

SMT concepts to analyze

, 72–75

Students for Democratic Society (SDS)

, 24–25

Success/successful outcomes

, 111–112

Supporters

, 23–24

Surveillance

, 138

Sustainability (subcategory in higher education)

, 70

Sustainability and Education Policy Network (SEPN)

, 70–71, 75

Sustainability initiative (SI)

, 75

Swedish Social Democratic Party

, 13

Tactical choices

, 180–182

Tactical disputes

, 108–110

strategy and morality in

, 100–103

Tactical diversity, importance of

, 188–190

Tactical innovation

, 183

Tactics

, 1, 3–4, 180–181

data and methods

, 184–187

diversity or specialization

, 182–183

findings

, 187–188

flexibility

, 183

scholarly insights on

, 5–6

varying importance of flexibility

, 192–196

Tastes in tactics

, 101

Tea Party

, 43

Thangyat

, 160–161

Theoretical gymnasium

, 73

Traditionalist Workers Party (TWP)

, 44

Travelers

, 13

Traveling agents in social movement literature

, 13–14

Traveling agitators

, 13

Traveling cadre

, 14–19

Traveling movement cadre

, 15

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

, 70

United Nations’ Global Ocean Treaty

, 1

United States

, 15–16

civil rights campaigns

, 2–3

civil rights movement

, 18–19

Universit´e Laval (UL)

, 75

University College of the North (UCN)

, 75

University of British Columbia (UBC)

, 75

University of Toronto (U of T)

, 75

Vanguard America

, 44

Villains

, 60–61

Violent tactics

, 41

Voter registration

, 194

Voting Rights Act

, 134–135

Walker administration

, 165

War Without Violence

, 14–15

White Citizens Councils (WCCs)

, 138

White Nationalism 1.0

, 43, 46–47

White nationalism 2.0

, 46–47

White supremacist organizations

, 40

activism optics

, 51–57

data and methods

, 44–46

individual/membership optics

, 57–62

organizational optics

, 47–51

results

, 46–47

social movement public image, impression management, and optics

, 41–44

Wisconsin

, 4–5

Wisconsin Department of Justice

, 170

Wisconsin Uprising of 2011

, 159

Women and Gender Studies program

, 82

Worthiness, unity, numbers, and commitment (WUNC)

, 41

Youth

, 89