ABC

, 25–26

Advocacy

, 92

for reparations

, 20–21

African Diaspora social movements

, 20–21

Alternatives for Community and Environment (ACE)

, 46–48

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

, 67

in combatting police violence

, 67–70

of Missouri

, 79

American Civil Liberties Union of Eastern Missouri (ACLU/EM)

, 67, 69–70, 72, 74

American Descendants of Slavery Advocacy Foundation (ADOS Advocacy Foundation)

, 24

American Friends Service Committee (AFSC)

, 126–127

Animal rights

, 16

Anti-capitalist politics

, 19–20

Anti-imperialist politics

, 19–20

Anti-prison movement

, 88

Anti-racist politics

, 19–20

Anti-war efforts

, 16

Armed conflict

, 142

Authoritarian regime

, 174–175, 177

Average marginal effects (AMEs)

, 153–155

Backlash effect

, 178, 186

Bakersfield

, 123–125

Black anti-colonial struggle

, 18–19

Black Feminist tradition

, 16–17

Black freedom struggle

, 18–19

Black Lives Matter (BLM)

, 1

Global Network organization

, 27–28

historical and theoretical correctives

, 2–6

protests

, 2

racialized issues

, 3–5

space as identity

, 5–6

Black Panther Party

, 20

Black Power

, 2–3

demobilization

, 20

movements

, 11–12

Black Radical Tradition

, 14–15

Black social movements

, 13–17

Black Studies

, 3, 12–13

“Border Protection, Antiterrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act” of 2005

, 110

Boston Workers Alliance (BWA)

, 47–48

Building Healthy Communities (BHC)

, 122–123

Campaign endurance

, 113–114

Carceral state

, 16

Central Valley. See San Joaquin Valley of California

Chile

, 174, 180, 183

Chinese Progressive Association (CPA)

, 46–48

Christian Democrats Party (CDP)

, 181–182, 190

Churches

, 113

Citizenship

, 4–5

City Life Vida Urbana (CLVU)

, 46–48

Civil rights

, 17–20

Civil Rights Movement (CRM)

, 2–3, 11–13, 17–18, 20

Class

, 2

positioning

, 6

Classical studies

, 143

Climate change

, 142

definitions, data, and preliminary evidence

, 146–152

evidence

, 152–165

literature review and motivation

, 143–146

CNN

, 25–26

Coalitions

, 114–115

lack of

, 122–123

Coercive repression

, 19–20

Collective action

, 113

Combahee River Collective

, 16–17

Communist Party of Chile (CPCh)

, 181–182

Communities for a New California (CNC)

, 122–123

Community based organizations (CBOs)

, 123

Community organizing

, 114, 121

Computer-assisted data analysis

, 5

Conflict

, 146

Congregations Building Communities (CBC)

, 124

Congressional H.R.40 Cosponsor Signatures

, 26–27

Congruence Model

, 38–39

analysis

, 44

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

, 186

Criminal justice system

, 3–4

Critical race theory

, 3, 38

Critical Race Theory/Intersectionality framework (CRT/I framework)

, 38–39

data collection

, 39

Cronbach’s alpha test

, 45

“Crowding out” hypothesis

, 90

Culture

, 11–12

Cycles of mobilization

, 178

Demand for more favorable conditions

, 143

Democratic Alliance (DA)

, 181–182

Dependency

, 90–91

Deservingness of police violence

, 80

Development

, 149

Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act (DREAM ACT)

, 117

Devolution

, 88

Dirty Wars

, 181

Disability rights

, 16

Dispossession

, 14–15

Durbin–Watson statistic

, 151–152

Dynamics of Contention (DAC)

, 183–184

Econometrics

, 142

analysis

, 5–6

Economic grievance

, 143

Emancipatory social movements

, 12–13

Environmental issues

, 16

Ethnic dominancy

, 143

Ethnic fragmentation

, 148

Ethnic heterogeneity

, 148

Ethnicity

, 2, 4–5

operation

, 2

Executive Director (ED)

, 44

Fatal police shootings

, 72

Fatal-Encounters (FE)

, 72–73

FBI COINTELPRO program

, 20

Fraternal Order of Police

, 79–80

Frente Indígena de Organizacíones Binacionales (FIOB)

, 126–127

Fresno

, 125–130

Gay and lesbian rights

, 16

GDP growth

, 149

“General Strike” of enslaved men and women’s mass desertions

, 14–15

Geographical information system (GIS)

, 66, 74

Global policy agenda

, 142

Government-funded nonprofits

, 90–91

Grassroots organizers

, 112–113

Haitian Revolution of 1791

, 14–15

Homeland Security Chairman Peter King (R-NY)

, 110

Hometown Associations (HTAs)

, 113

House Judiciary Chairman James Sensenbrenner (R-WI)

, 110

House of Representatives Bill 4437 (HR 4437)

, 110, 112, 119, 126

Immigrant service organizations

, 113

Immigrant Spring of 2006

, 109–110

Immigration

, 121

Imperialist accumulation

, 16

Intercept, The

, 25–26

Intermediate level campaign endurance

, 123–125

Internal armed conflict

, 146

Internal consistency and reliability for RC surveys

, 45

International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)

, 79–80

Interrupted Time Series analysis (ITS analysis)

, 185, 187, 190–191

Intersectionality

, 3, 38

Labor super-exploitation

, 16

Labor unions

, 113

Latino Community Roundtable (LCR)

, 124

Latinos in Central Valley

, 117–118

Leadership Team (LT)

, 44

Legal estrangement

, 70–71

Logit model

, 153–155

Looting

, 143

Macro-historical processes

, 11–12

Macro-level theorizing of race in social movements

, 12–13

Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front (MRPF)

, 182

Marronnage

, 14–15

Marxist analysis

, 13–15

May Day protests

, 128

McAdam’s approach

, 17–18

Mediating structures

, 89

Memorialization

, 2

Mexican American Political Association (MAPA)

, 127

Microclimates of racial meaning

, 70–71

Mobilization

, 174, 176

in authoritarian Chile

, 180–183

in authoritarian regimes

, 175–177

measuring impact of repression over mobilization

, 183–187

Modesto

, 123–125

Movement for Black Lives (M4BL)

, 27

policy platform

, 16

Music

, 11–12

National Coalition for Reparations in America (N’COBRA)

, 23

National Days of Protests (NDPs)

, 181

National police reform

, 2

Nationalistic grievance

, 143

Neighbors United for a Better East Boston (NUBE)

, 47–48

New England United for Justice (NEU4J)

, 47–48

New Social Movements (NSMs)

, 16, 38

New York Times, The

, 25–26

“No” campaign

, 182

Nonprofit organization

, 88

Nonprofit prison reentry organization

, 88–89, 91

case and methods

, 91–93

findings

, 93–100

Nonviolent civil resistance in authoritarian contexts

, 176–177

OLA RAZA

, 121

Organizational ethnography

, 93

Organizational structures

, 37–39

Organizational theory

, 3, 38

Organizations

, 38–39, 113

Peace fragility

, 148

Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO)

, 146

People Improving Communities through Organizing (PICO)

, 124

People’s Democratic Movement (PDM)

, 181–182

Per Capita GDP

, 149

Perpetual militarism

, 16

Pinochet

, 181–182

Police Practice Inventory (PPI)

, 71

Police violence

, 4, 66

current study

, 72

historical and current persistence

, 67–70

measuring

, 71

methods

, 72–73

results

, 73–79

Policy threats

, 111–112, 119–120

Political Coordinator (PC)

, 44

Political instability

, 147–148

Political opportunities

, 11–12, 17–18

structure

, 111

Political pacification

, 93–94

Political process model

, 17–18

Population

, 148–149

size under threat

, 112–113

Postindustrial neoliberalism

, 16

Poverty

, 66

Power

, 6

Praxis

, 11–12

Preexisting organizations

, 113–114, 120

Prison reentry

, 88–89

Prison rehabilitation nonprofits

, 4

Privatization

, 88

Protest

, 6

campaigns

, 176–177

cycle

, 178

Protest–Repression nexus

, 174

measuring impact of repression over mobilization

, 183–187

mobilization and repression in authoritarian Chile

, 180–183

repression and mobilization in authoritarian regimes

, 175–177

results

, 187–191

time dynamics in

, 177–180

Proto-racialization processes

, 14–15

Qualitative analysis

, 43–44

Qualitative findings

, 45

Race

, 2, 4–5, 38, 72

operation

, 2

in social conflict and social movements

, 1

Racial capitalism

, 13, 17, 20

historical sociology

, 13–17

Racial directions

, 13–14

Racial dynamics

, 13

Racial justice

, 2

Racial/ethnic minority

, 67

Racialized issues

, 3–5

Racism

, 2

Racist police humor

, 70

Radical Black internationalism

, 19–20

Regime durability

, 147–148

Relational coordination survey analysis

, 44–45

Relational Coordination Theory (RCT)

, 38–40

Religious reform

, 143

Reparation movement

, 20–28

Repertoires of contention

, 14–15

Repression

, 6, 174–176

in authoritarian Chile

, 180–183

measuring impact of repression over mobilization

, 183–187

and mobilization in authoritarian regimes

, 175–177

Republic of New Africa

, 20

Resource mobilization

, 11–12

Reverse racism

, 21–22

Revolutionary Action Movement

, 20

Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR)

, 183

Right to the City Alliance (RTCA)

, 38, 41, 43

building

, 45–46

organizational history and structure

, 45–48

organizational structures

, 46–47

socio-structural patterns within

, 53–54

work

, 48–50

Right to the City Boston (RTCB)

, 38, 41, 43, 46

coalition member groups

, 47–48

organizational structures

, 46–47

socio-structural patterns within

, 53–54

work

, 48–50

Right to the City National (RTCN)

, 43

Right to the City Vote (RTCV)

, 46–47

Rough terrain

, 143, 148

RTC membership processes

, 47–48

Safe

, 89, 91–92, 96–97, 101–103

selfish program

, 94–96

staffers’ politics

, 99–100

surrogate representation

, 97–99

Sampling bias

, 142

San Joaquin Valley of California

, 110

comparative case studies

, 117–118

infrastructural dimensions

, 113–115

intermediate level campaign endurance

, 123–125

low enduring mobilization cities

, 118–123

methods

, 115–117

sustained mobilization cities

, 125–130

threats and immigrant collective action

, 111–113

Slave patrol systems

, 66

Snowball sampling technique

, 117

Social identity

, 42–44

Social justice perspective

, 40–41

Social location

, 42–44

Social Movement Organizations (SMOs)

, 37–39, 43, 120

analytic approaches

, 43–45

data collection

, 41–42

organizational and socio-structural frameworks

, 39–40

organizational findings

, 48–53

research methodology

, 40–43

social justice perspective

, 40–41

socio-structural findings

, 53–57

study and accountability

, 57–59

Social movements

, 37–38, 88–89, 177

analysis of racial justice movements

, 3–4

campaign

, 109–110

repression

, 11–12, 17, 20

scholars

, 2–3, 20

scholarship

, 111

theory

, 38

Social position

, 42–44

Social ties and networks

, 11–12

Socio-structural patterns within RTCA/B

, 53–54

Sociological study of Black mobilization

, 17–18

Sociology of social movements

, 12–13

Space as identity

, 5–6

STATA

, 45

Stockton

, 125–130

Storytelling

, 11–12

Strategic Action for a Just Economy (SAJE)

, 46

Surrogate advocacy

, 89

Sustained mobilization cities

, 125–130

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)

, 55

Threats

, 110

Time dynamics in protest–repression nexus

, 177–180

Triangulation

, 72

UC Merced Community and Labor Center (CLC)

, 122–123

United Farm Workers (UFW)

, 120–121

Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP)

, 146

Urban spaces

, 4–5

US Civil Rights Movement

, 17–18

US internal stability

, 19–20

Vicariate of Solidarity

, 174

VOX

, 25–26

Waves of contention

, 178