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Libraries and the Global Retreat of Democracy: Confronting Polarization, Misinformation, and Suppression

ISBN: 978-1-83982-597-2, eISBN: 978-1-83982-596-5

ISSN: 0065-2830

Publication date: 4 November 2021

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(2021), "Index", Taylor, N.G., Kettnich, K., Gorham, U. and Jaeger, P.T. (Ed.) Libraries and the Global Retreat of Democracy: Confronting Polarization, Misinformation, and Suppression (Advances in Librarianship, Vol. 50), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 257-264. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0065-283020210000050013

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2022 Emerald Publishing Limited

INDEX

“Aboutness”
, 93, 100–101, 103

of information resources
, 93

Academic libraries (see also Public libraries)
, 30, 184, 197, 198–199

and democracy
, 75

and political information
, 187–188

of American South
, 200–201

Activists/activism
, 63, 69, 77, 185, 187

African American (see also Black American)
, 63, 64, 67, 69, 113, 194

Alternative facts (see also Biased/inaccurate news; Disinformation; Fake news; Mal-information; Misinformation; Propaganda)
, 110

American Association of University Professors (AAUP)
, 185

American Libraries magazine
, 215–216

American Library Association (ALA)
, 70, 111, 144, 213

American South
, 184, 186

academic libraries of
, 200–201

challenging stereotypes about
, 185, 201

politics of
, 188–191

Anti-vaccination
, 175, 218, 250

Artificial intelligence (AI)
, 49, 122

Asian Americans
, 67

Associated Press Fact Checker
, 215

Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL)
, 94, 110

Asylum policy
, 135

implications for right to asylum at US-Mexico Border
, 141–143

legal and historical framework for asylum
, 135–137

in the US
, 137–138

recommendations
, 146

“zero tolerance” policy
, 137, 142

Asylum seekers
, 4, 134, 138

implications for information professionals
, 143–145

information contexts
, 138

information landscapes
, 140–141

information practices
, 138–140

Authoritarianism
, 11, 186

authoritarian populism
, 19

and disinformation
, 251–253

Autocratic behavior
, 2, 248
Biased/inaccurate news (see also Alternative facts; Disinformation; Fake News; Mal-information; Misinformation; Propaganda; Truthiness)
, 48–49

Biden, Joseph
, 62, 73, 75, 77, 78, 188

Black Americans (see also African Americans)
, 2, 71, 235

Black Lives Matter
, 11

Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA)
, 142

Bots
, 51, 249

Brexit (see United Kingdom—EU referendum)
Capabilities approach
, 236–237

fostering
, 18

Cell phones
, 139

Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
, 66, 250

Civic discourse
, 111

Civic education
, 76, 114, 227, 252

Civic engagement
, 3, 110, 115, 227, 228

libraries’ role in promoting
, 113–116, 196

student political engagement
, 184

Civic initiatives
, 227–228

Civic learning (see Civic education)

Civic reinvigoration
, 114

Civil rights (see also Racial justice)
, 69, 197

Climate change
, 13, 214–215, 216

related disasters
, 135

Clinton, Hillary
, 92

Cognitive factors
, 110–111

Columbia Journalism School
, 67

Committee on Work with the Foreign Born (CWFB)
, 114

Communication
, 12, 14, 18, 248, 249

inherently emotional
, 113

mass communication
, 220

online communication
, 15, 67–68

Communitarian intolerance
, 19

Confidence-building measures
, 74–75

Confirmation bias
, 117

Connected Learning Research Network (CLRN)
, 240

Conservative communities
, 70–71

Conspiracy theories
, 175, 213, 247, 250–251

Container collapse
, 93, 102, 104

and misinformation
, 96

Coronavirus (see COVID-19 global pandemic)

COVID-19 global pandemic
, 1, 12, 22, 134, 138, 145, 165, 186–187, 236, 236, 249, 250, 252

consequences of
, 70

ineffective response to
, 72

demands to avoid precautions
, 66

related misinformation
, 52, 55, 174–176, 247, 250

CQ Press Library
, 197–198

Credibility

of sources
, 96

tasks
, 103

Critical race theory (CRT)
, 70–71, 73, 74, 75

Critical theory (see Critical race theory)

Critical thinking
, 171

Cultural

capital
, 229

competence
, 53–54, 120

literacy
, 53

norms
, 2

Cultural intelligence (see Cultural—competence)

Currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose test (CRAAP test)
, 116

Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
, 137
Data

analysis
, 192–193

smog
, 116

Democracy
, 1, 2–3, 10–11, 13, 20, 63–64, 164, 186, 226, 233

and academic libraries
, 75

“actually existing” democracy
, 14–16

American democracy
, 63–64, 67

arsenals of
, 213, 252

challenges for library and information practitioners and educators
, 72–73

challenges of theory
, 73

confidence-building measures
, 74–75

characteristics of retreat from
, 11–13

democracy-enhancing ideas for increasing access
, 237–239

democracy-enhancing tools for evaluation and assessment
, 239–240

formal
, 14

formal democratic citizenship
, 16

fractured
, 185

global analysis of
, 10

heuristics
, 65–66

implications for
, 102–103

information brokers for
, 212–213

liberal democracy
, 19

librarians’ role in
, 4

and libraries
, 76–77

and mass media
, 67

and neoliberalism
, 19–23

and online misinformation
, 92–97

past and present challenges to American democracy
, 67

pre- and post-election America
, 72

reimagining libraries’ roles within framework of
, 236–237

roles of mental models, heuristics, and perceptions in decision-making
, 65

and school libraries
, 75

threats to
, 21, 67–68, 252–253

Democracy Index
, 63, 227

Democratic culture
, 10, 228, 236

libraries’ role in promoting
, 227–228

reimagining libraries’ role in enhancing within communities
, 228–229

Democratic politics
, 15

Democratic practices
, 62

Democratization
, 11, 14

Democrats
, 185

Demographics
, 69

Detector Media
, 173

Digital literacy
, 53, 110, 111, 116–117

Digital security
, 171

Digitized information (see also Information—digital)
, 102, 103–104

Disabled individuals
, 185

Disinformation (see also Alternative facts; Biased/inaccurate news; Disinformation; Fake news; Mal-information; Misinformation; Propaganda; Truthiness)
, 50, 110, 112, 164, 248–253

Diversity
, 72, 114, 226, 237, 240

lack of
, 76
Echo chambers
, 118

Economic capital
, 229

Economic insecurity
, 12, 249

Egalitarianism
, 11

Electoral College
, 64

Electoral process
, 12

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
, 214

Equality
, 11, 13, 14, 15, 19, 23, 71, 252

fostering of
, 17–18, 164

inequality
, 12, 14, 17, 54

Equity
, 52, 72, 192, 236

Ethnic/racial minorities (see also African Americans; Asian Americans; Black Americans; Indigenous people; Latinx people)
, 67, 71, 77, 185, 235

European Union (EU) (see also United Kingdom—EU referendum)
, 96

Executive Office for Immigration Review
, 134

Expeditious Appeal Asylum and Exclusion Act
, 136
Facebook
, 113, 176, 186, 250

Fact checking
, 62, 102, 116

Fake news (see also Alternative facts; Biased/inaccurate news; Disinformation; Mal-information; Misinformation; Propaganda; Truthiness)
, 46–48, 95, 110, 112, 164–166, 213

ecology of
, 48

false claims
, 214

misinformation and disinformation
, 50

misleading/ambiguous news
, 49

spread of
, 51–52

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
, 113

Filter bubbles
, 118

Financial de-regulation
, 13

First Draft News
, 121

“5G” wireless data networks
, 175, 248, 250

Flat Earth Wiki
, 218

“Foot Solider Project for Civil Rights”
, 197

Forbes, 216

Fox News
, 216

Fractured democracy
, 185

“Free” market de-politicized politics
, 12

Freedom
, 20–21

of expression
, 135

Freedom to Read Foundation
, 46
Gates, Bill
, 175, 250–251

Gender and sexual minorities
, 69

Drag queen story times
, 219

LGBTQ+ people
, 185

Trans people
, 197

Global warming (see Climate change)

Google
, 186, 213

Google Earth
, 170

Google Maps
, 170

Google search engine
, 93, 98, 191

Google snippet
, 93, 101
Healthcare
, 121

Heuristics
, 65–66, 103

in decision-making
, 65, 95, 101

Homelessness
, 70

Human rights
, 2, 13, 19, 110, 135–136, 141, 146

Hurricane Maria
, 52, 145

Hybrid warfare
, 165, 166
Identity
, 12

Ideological shift
, 47

Illiberalism
, 19

Immigrants
, 67, 113–114, 134, 185

Anti-immigrant sentiment (see also Xenophobia)
, 134

Immigration Act (1990)
, 136

Immigration and Nationality Act (INA)
, 135

Inclusion
, 72, 228–229, 237

Indigenous people
, 71

Individual freedom
, 19

Information
, 112–113

access to as a “linchpin” right
, 141, 143

avoidance
, 117–118

brokers for democracy
, 212–213

cognitive barriers to processing
, 117–119

in contemporary society
, 110

digital (see also Digitized information)
, 101, 102, 227

disorder
, 110, 112

distortion
, 112

education
, 70

groupishness
, 118

overload
, 118–119

online format vs. physical format (see also Container collapse)
, 92–92

precarity
, 140

science
, 164

Information literacy
, 46, 111, 171, 175, 187, 212, 227, 251, 252

critical information literacy
, 110, 111, 53

and instruction to combat misinformation
, 97–98, 102–103

and need for new approaches
, 116–117

programs
, 164

key for democracy
, 252

radical information literacy skills
, 187

skills
, 95, 217

Information professionals (see also Librarians)
, 52–53, 55–56, 110

Information technology (IT)
, 142

Informed citizenry
, 93–94

InfoWars
, 216

Institutional policies
, 75

Interlanguage
, 77–78

International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA)
, 116, 227

International Research and Exchange (IREX) (see also Learn to Discern project)
, 168

Internet (see also Communication—online communication; Literacy—digital literacy, Media—online media)
, 212, 218, 248–249
Journalism

ethics and standards of
, 173, 219

news
, 54

roles in spreading misinformation
, 219

teachers
, 169
Kleptocracy
, 11

Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS)
, 168
Laissez-faire
, 19–20

Latinx people
, 69

Learn to Discern project (L2D project)
, 168–169

Learn to Discern in Schools (L2D-S)
, 169–172

Learning

interest-driven learning (see also Civic education; Information—education; Library/libraries—information education and critical theory)
, 227

interactive learning tools
, 212

structured civic learning
, 226

LGBTQ+ people (see Gender and sexual minorities)

“Liberal” press
, 185

Liberalism
, 12, 19

Libguides, see LibGuides

LibGuides
, 110, 120, 195–196

Librarians (see also Information professionals)
, 97–98, 117, 164, 212–213, 220, 236, 252

information brokers for democracy
, 212–213

progressive
, 70–71

role in democracy
, 4, 253

Trump presidency
, 215–218

Librarianship
, 77, 212, 218, 219

Library and information science (LIS)
, 46, 53, 54, 77, 110, 111, 117, 120, 164, 233

Library Bill of Rights
, 72, 114

Library/libraries (see also Academic libraries; Public libraries)
, 1, 3–4, 10, 13–14, 97–98, 115–116, 120, 164, 212, 213, 226–227, 239

and “actually-existing” democracy
, 16–17

and challenging social problems
, 70

and combating misinformation
, 97

contemporary democracy
, 16–17

cross-library approach
, 74–75

democracy-enhancing ideas for increasing access
, 237–239

democracy-enhancing tools for evaluation and assessment
, 239–240

fostering capabilities
, 18

fostering equality
, 17–18, 164

information education and critical theory
, 70

instantiating public spheres
, 18

legal concerns in libraries supporting democracy
, 76–77

locus of community
, 18

Massachusetts Library System
, 120

Of/By/For people approach
, 229–232

programming
, 18, 119–122

and promotion of democracy
, 74

related referenda
, 62

role in promoting civic engagement
, 113–116, 227, 228

role in promoting democratic culture
, 227–228

role reimagining in enhancing democratic cultures within communities
, 228–229

roles reimagining within framework of democracy
, 236–237

types of users
, 5

“Listen, Read, Look, Talk, Argue, Think, and Vote” campaign
, 114

Literacy

critical information literacy
, 53

cultural literacy
, 53–54

digital literacy
, 53, 111, 212

information professionals and
, 52–53

media literacy
, 53, 110, 111, 116, 169, 171

metaliteracy
, 54

news literacy
, 54

visual literacy
, 53, 171

Locus of community
, 18
Magazines
, 100

Mal-information (see also Alternative facts; Biased/inaccurate news; Disinformation; Fake news; Mal-information; Misinformation; Truthiness)
, 110, 112

Marginalized communities (see Marginalized groups)

Marginalized groups
, 46–47, 52, 185, 219, 229, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238

Media
, 3

evaluation skills development
, 46

media literacy
, 53, 110, 111, 169, 171

media studies
, 220

online media
, 139

Media Driver
, 173

“Mediaznayko”
, 174

Mental models

in decision-making
, 65, 68

mental models vs. facts
, 65

Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP)
, 134

Ministry of Education and Science
, 172–173

Misinformation (see also Alternative facts; Biased/inaccurate news; Disinformation; Fake news; Mal-information; Propaganda; Truthiness)
, 50, 92, 94, 110, 112, 186, 213, 221

container collapse and
, 96

and Coronavirus
, 174–176

and democracy
, 93

elections impacted by misinformation
, 55, 92, 96–97

impact on elections
, 47, 96–97

informed citizenry
, 93–94

political impact of
, 94–96

and public libraries confronting
, 75–76, 97–101
National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP)
, 115

National Association of Colored Women (NACW)
, 63

National Conversation Project
, 120

Nationalism (see also White nationalism)
, 12, 186

Neoliberalism
, 19–23, 184

Neutrality
, 217

News

literacy (see also Communication; Media)
, 54, 173–174

media
, 185

misleading/ambiguous news
, 49

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
, 139, 174

Non-refoulement
, 136

North Georgia College and State University (NGCSU)
, 111
Oligarchy
, 11

OneWorld Press
, 176

Orange Revolution
, 166
Pandemic-related misinformation (see COVID-19 global pandemic-related misinformation)

Partisanship
, 220

“Plandemic” documentary
, 113, 250

Polarization
, 118, 186

extreme polarization
, 226–227

public libraries confronting
, 75–76

Policy

decisions
, 213

libraries and
, 213

makers
, 185

mechanisms
, 22

public policies
, 19

Political

awareness
, 110

decisions
, 2, 213

equality
, 19

information
, 111, 184–187–188, 194, 198

information literacy
, 110–111, 119–122

impact of misinformation
, 94–96

perceptions
, 192

Political science
, 191

LibGuides designed for
, 195

Politico
, 197

Politics
, 213

“Big man” politics
, 67–68

of American South
, 188–191

Politifact, 215

Popular Referendum
, 67

“Post-truth,” 94

era
, 110

politics
, 94

Postmodern warfare
, 166

Pragmatism

Pragmatic library approach
, 77–78

theory of
, 3

transnational rediscovery of
, 73–74

President of United States (POTUS)
, 184, 185–186

2016 election of
, 47, 48, 64, 92, 94, 96–97, 122, 186, 187, 188, 201, 212, 220

2020 election of
, 1, 55, 66, 68, 73, 74, 122, 186, 187, 188, 191, 196, 197, 201

elections of
, 188–190

Professional

ethics
, 219

organizations
, 116

reporting
, 164

“Progressive left”
, 185

Propaganda (see also Alternative facts; Biased/inaccurate news; Disinformation; Fake news; Mal-information; Misinformation; Truthiness)
, 48

ProPublica
, 144

Proteflazid
, 176

Public health
, 22

Public libraries (see also Academic libraries; Libraries)
, 227, 229, 232, 238

Addison Public Library
, 145

and democracy
, 76

Hartford Public Library
, 145

Public spheres,18
QAnon
, 113, 213, 250
Racial justice
, 69, 71, 120

REFORMA Children in Crisis group
, 144

Refugee (see also Asylum policy; Asylum seekers)
, 136, 169

Regional Press Development (RPD)
, 173–174

Researching Students Information Choices project (RSIC project)
, 93

findings
, 99–101

research design
, 98–99

study
, 98

Return on Investment (ROI)
, 76

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)
, 96–97

Roosevelt, Franklin D.
, 64–65
School libraries

and democracy
, 75

Second World War
, 11

Sense-making approach
, 119

Sexual harassment
, 15

Shared intentionality
, 118

Social capital
, 229

Social infrastructure
, 231

Social justice (see also Racial justice; Civil rights)
, 62, 72, 73–74, 79

Social media
, 92, 95–96, 186, 112, 113, 218, 220, 248, 252–253

Social networks
, 170

Stop Fake program
, 167

Syrian Civil War
, 138
Temporary Protected Status
, 136

Theory of Everything
, 20

Time magazine
, 100

Tribalism
, 12

Trolling
, 110

Trump, Donald
, 62, 64, 95, 184

Trump regime
, 184, 185–187, 201

presidency
, 12–13, 217

“Trumping”
, 186

Truthiness (see also Alternative facts; Biased/inaccurate news; Disinformation; Fake news; Mal-information; Misinformation; Propaganda)
, 110

Twitter
, 186, 250, 251
Ukraine

challenges of training during pandemic
, 176–177

COVID-19 related misinformation
, 174–176

information literacy programs in
, 165–166

IREX and Learn to Discern project (L2D)
, 168–169

Learn to Discern in schools (L2D-S)
, 169–172

other Ukrainian programs
, 172–174

Russian propaganda and misinformation relating to
, 166–167

UN Convention and Protocol
, 135–136

United Kingdom (UK)

EU referendum (Brexit)
, 1, 94, 96–97, 166

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
, 134

United States

Department of Homeland Security
, 134

Department of Justice
, 142

USAID
, 168

US Capitol attack
, 1, 78, 113, 178, 185, 247–248, 252

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
, 110, 135

Urban Libraries Council
, 228

URL
, 93, 99, 100–101, 103, 191
Video games
, 174

Virtual museums
, 170

VK.com (Russian social network)
, 176
Wall Street Journal
, 216

Washington Post Fact Checker
, 215

White nationalism
, 185

White supremacy
, 188, 247

World Health Organization (WHO)
, 121
Xenophobia (see also Immigrants—anti-immigrant sentiment)
, 114, 134
Youth
, 227, 234

innovative information and media literacy programs for
, 166, 173

and libraries
, 226

in of/by/for approach
, 239

services programming
, 239
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