Index

Citation

(2020), "Index", Buxton, J., Margo, G. and Burger, L. (Ed.) The Impact of Global Drug Policy on Women: Shifting the Needle, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 325-336. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-882-920200041

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2021 Julia Buxton, Giavana Margo, Lona Burger for the editorial matter and selection and 2021 authors for their respective chapters.

License

These works are published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of these works (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode

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INDEX

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate notes.

Abolition

, 266, 268

Abolitionist drug policy reform

, 268

carceral logics and PIC

, 264–266

disproportionality in UK

, 262–264

logical extension of harm reduction

, 266–268

war on drugs

, 259–262

Abstinence-based approach

, 221

Activism

, 5, 8, 34, 39, 41, 44, 242, 260

Addiction

, 88

Advocacy

, 4, 7–8, 45, 115, 143, 147, 178, 223–224, 228, 254, 263, 268, 274

Aftercare services

, 128

Ageing populations

, 60

Agency

, 23, 27–30, 35, 93, 248, 279

Alcohol

, 207

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

, 87

Alternative Development strategies (AD strategies)

, 148

Amphetamine

, 207–208, 231

Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS)

, 13

Annual Report Questionnaire (ARQ)

, 250–251, 254

review process

, 254–255

Anonymous People, The (film)

, 41

Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1986)

, 10

Anti-drugs strategies

, 157

Anti-oppression movement

, 281

Anxiety disorders among women who use drugs

, 72

Assan, Happy (story)

, 191–194

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

, 131

ASWAC

, 75

Auto-ethnography

, 3, 39

Bangkok Rules

, 125, 138

Bill of Rights

, 224

Black and minority ethnic individuals (BAME individuals)

, 262–263

Blood-borne viruses (BBV)

, 50

Buprenorphine

, 80

Cairo Programme of Action

, 26

Cannabis

, 133, 153, 207, 231

Carceral logics

, 264–266

Carcerality

, 264–266

Center for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics (CCL)

, 240

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT)

, 70

Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica (CNMH)

, 170–171

Chemical-based substances

, 10

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA)

, 49

Civil society

, 257–258

Co-occurring disorders

, 69

Coca crops

, 169

Cocaine

, 10, 131, 208, 243

Cocaleras

, 169–170

lives in Putumayo

, 170–172

Coercion

, 10–12, 21

Colombia

, 6, 13, 104–106, 109, 156–157, 169–170, 179–181

Colombian coca fields

lives of Cocaleras in Putumayo

, 170–172

women cultivating coca

, 172–177

Commercial sex, new governance of

, 93–95

Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND)

, 9, 250

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR)

, 256

Committee on Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)

, 256

Community collaborative research board (CCRB)

, 53

Community Service Order Act (CSO Act)

, 125

Community service organisations (CSOs)

, 114–115, 220

Community/communities

, 2, 97, 156

achievements of community paralegal model

, 226–227

gap

, 219

mobilisation interventions

, 56

Comorbidity

, 69

Comunita Incontro Programme

, 138

Contextual assimilation

, 152

Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971)

, 9

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)

, 4, 115

Couples-based HIV prevention interventions

, 55

Criminal justice system (CJS)

, 262, 265

discrimination across

, 118–120

Criminalisation

, 2, 5–6, 79–80, 94–95, 148, 200, (see also Decriminalisation)

criminalisation-based drug policy strategies

, 4

of drug use

, 52

of unauthorised cultivation

, 156

“Criminality”

, 6

Critical drug studies

gender in

, 33–35

as intervention

, 38–40

pleasure in

, 35–38

Critical drug theory

, 240–241

Cultivation

, 4, 9, 13, 106, 266–267

Darknets

, 13

Day Top Programme

, 138

Dealing

, 62

Decarceration

, 267

Decriminalisation

, 94, (see also Criminalisation)

decriminalisation-based policies

, 133–134

drug use

, 259

harm minimisation in

, 96–97

in promoting social justice for women at margins

, 97

sex work

, 259

Deflection

, 225

Demand-and-supply mechanism

, 133

Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE)

, 171

Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP)

, 170

Department of Defence (DOD)

, 11

Depenalisation-based policies

, 133–134

Depression

, 51, 68, 72

among women who use drugs

, 71–72

Deviance

, 32, 150, 271, 281

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

, 68

Discourse

, 271–272

Discrimination

, 263

across criminal justice system

, 118–120

Disproportionality in UK

, 262–264

Double-edged sword of neoliberal power

, 93

Drop-in centres (DICs)

, 194, 221

Drug

addiction

, 69

availability

, 60

control as policy fiasco

, 15–17, 20

cryptomarkets

, 154

drug-related offences

, 103, 125, 261, 264

money

, 108

mules

, 107, 109

offences

, 103

pleasures

, 33, 35–38, 40

possession

, 113

registries

, 76–79

rehabilitation programme

, 138

trafficking

, 7, 28, 104, 108, 159–160, 252

women as drug intermediaries

, 142–143

women as drug sellers/traffickers

, 142

women in drug supply

, 149–151

Drug markets

, 19

women in

, 149–151

Drug policy

, 2, 5, 15–16, 20, 261, (see also Gendering drug policy)

depenalisation-based and decriminalisation-based policies

, 133–134

indicators

, 8, 16

legalisation-based policies

, 133

penalisation-based policies

, 132–133

processes

, 153–154

reform

, 4–5, 7, 12, 41, 57

repressive approach of

, 115

Russia’s approach to

, 113

in Southeast Asia

, 132

Drug trafficking organisation (DTO)

, 159–161

Drug use

, 50–51, 199–200, 275

behaviours

, 114

in comparative harm reduction perspective

, 211–213

in festival settings

, 206–207

Drug users

critical drug theory

, 240–241

drug policy

, 239–240

engaging with policy

, 241–243

happy drug user

, 246–247

professional drug user

, 245–246

recovered/recovering drug users

, 243–244

registry

, 116

sick drug users

, 244–245

as stakeholders

, 239

typography of drug user participation

, 243

DSM-5

, 71–72

Early-onset users

, 62

East-Central Europe (ECE)

, 204

Eastern Europe and Central Asia (EECA)

, 75, 79

Eating disorders among women who use drugs

, 73

Economic

exclusion

, 148

orthodoxy

, 148

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

, 10

Ecstasy

, 131

Edgework

, 60–61

Embodiment

, 33, 35–36, 38, 276

Emotionality

, 277

privileging emotionality and difference as feminist act

, 277–280

Empowerment

, 5, 26, 56–57, 155, 181, 216, 252, 283

Enforcement of criminalisation

, 2

Equality

, 25

‘Ethics of care’

, 40

Eurasian Harm Reduction Association (EHRA)

, 75

European Court of Human Rights (ECHR)

, 115

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)

, 59, 76, 203

European Union (EU)

, 77

Excarceration

, 266

Extrajudicial police practices

, 116–118

‘Female drug user’

, 270

Female participation

in organised crime

, 167–168

in Sinaloa DTO

, 162–163

in Yamaguchi-gumi organisation

, 161–162

Female prison populations

, 134–135

Female sex workers (FSWs)

, 56, 91–92

Femininities

, 3, 273

‘Feminisation of poverty’

, 148

Feminism

, 4, 282

Feminist

auto-ethnography

, 272

movement

, 274, 281

Festivals

, 204–213

Financial vulnerability

, 142, 148

Fiscal austerity

, 98

Framing women

, 23–24

Fraser’s political injustice paradigm

, 99

Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG)

, 185

Freedom of choice

, 97

Fundación Ideas para la Paz (FIP)

, 177

Gender

, 23–24

analysis

, 24–25

in critical drug research

, 33–35

disparity

, 67

equity

, 25

gender-based discrimination

, 116

gender-based stigma

, 115–116

gender-responsive criminal justice

, 197

gender-responsive harm reduction approaches

, 197

norms

, 3

sensitivity

, 30

stratification

, 151

Gender non-conforming people (GNC+ people)

, 264

Gender-based drug policy outcomes

, 249

2016 UNGASS and aftermath

, 252–254

ARQ review process

, 254–255

civil society

, 257–258

leveraging SDGs

, 256–257

leveraging UN Human Rights mechanisms

, 255–256

women

, 250–252

Gender-based violence (GBV)

, 49–50, 69, 108, 126–127, 220

and drug use

, 50–51

and HIV

, 51

‘Gendered addiction’

, 71

Gendered comorbidity

, 70–71

Gendered experiences

, 67

Gendered mental health

, 68–69

Gendered vulnerability

, 67

Gendering drug policy

, (see also International drug policy)

engendering field of drugs

, 26–28

gender

, 23–24

gender analysis

, 24–25

gender backlash

, 31–32

policy making

, 29–30

women as exceptional and ‘abnormal’

, 28–29

Gilbertson, Fiona (story)

, 41–45

Global Commission on Drug Policy (GCDP)

, 12, 261

Governmentality

, 271–272

Grassroots community development

, 43

Hacking’s theory

, 272

1912 Hague International Opium Convention

, 17

Harm

, 1–2

minimisation

, 96–97

Harm reduction

logical extension of

, 266–268

measures

, 210–211

programmes

, 198

services

, 193–194

strategies

, 128

‘Health and wellbeing’

, 2

Health services for women who use drugs

criminalisation

, 79–80

data gaps

, 75–76

drug registries

, 76–79

harm reduction and linkage to healthcare

, 81–83

ignoring women’s needs in programme design

, 80–81

Health-oriented approaches for women who use drugs

, 127–128

‘Hegemonic masculinities’

, 150

Hidden’ populations

access to social justice and legal rights

, 224–225

achievements of community paralegal model

, 226–227

experience and lessons learnt during implementation of SRHS for WWUD

, 227

in HIV prevention

, 220–222

MEWA’s multi-agency approach to reaching

, 222–224

partnership with Mombasa County Attorney’s Office

, 225–226

UNODC

, 219

WWUD

, 220

HIV

in Russia

, 113

testing

, 82

Hong Kong University (HKU)

, 185

House I Live In, The (film)

, 41

Human rights

, 26, 115

and drugs

, 126–127

human rights-based legal framework

, 96–97

Human Rights Council (HRC)

, 255

Human Rights Watch

, 115

Humanitarian Legal Assistance Foundation (HLAF)

, 185

‘HUNT’

, 138

Identity

, 23, 27, 31, 36, 163, 217, 272, 282–283

IDU Care

, 187–188

Illegal drug markets

, 148–149

Illicit drug

crop cultivation

, 13

use impact on women in Zimbabwe

, 143–144

Illicit markets

, 21, 147, 152

Illicit trade

, 1

Impact of drug policy enforcement

, 1–2

Incarceration

, 6, 64, 79, 103–104, 108, 125, 149, 154, 225, 256

Inequality

, 19, 22–23, 110

Informal economies

, 20, 153

Injecting

, 21–22

Institutional racism

, 263

Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi (IGAC)

, 171

Integrated Human Development Programme

, 137

Integrated socio-economic approaches

, 132

Integrating Safety Promotion with HIV Risk Reduction (INSPIRE)

, 55

International drug control

, 1, 15

International drug policy

, 5

CND

, 9–10

coercion and militarisation

, 10–12

drug control as policy fiasco

, 15–17

implementation impacts

, 20–22

legacy of history

, 17–19

record of drug control

, 12–15

unwinnable war

, 19–20

International Drug Policy Consortium (IDPC)

, 261

International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)

, 9

Intersectional approach

, 170

Intersectionality

, 197

Intimate partner violence (IPV)

, 49, 51

JEWEL

, 56

Kenya

, 7, 219

prison and policy in

, 124

women in

, 123

Kenya Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Control Act (1994)

, 124

Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS)

, 123

Kenya’s Drug Control Bill

, 126

Kenyan prison system

best practices implementation in Kenya

, 125–126

correctional services and incarceration of women

, 124–125

health-oriented approaches for women who use drugs

, 127–128

human rights and drugs

, 126–127

linkage and aftercare services

, 128–129

prison and policy in Kenya

, 124

psycho-education and support

, 128

social impact of drug use on women

, 123–124

Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC)

, 192

‘Kindling’

, 69

Kingpin’ strategy

, 150

Labour-Liberal Democrat

, 98

‘Las Empoderadas’

, 181

Late-onset users

, 62

Latin America, women’s incarceration in

, 104–106

Legal agricultural crops

, 156

Legalisation

, 94

LGBTQI community, challenges for

, 194

Lived and Living Experience Executive group (LLEEG)

, 242

Lived experience

, 3, 5, 8, 24, 38, 40–41, 154, 276, 281, 287

Livelihoods

, 6, 39, 148, 156–157, 173, 176, 222, 248

‘Looping effect’

, 276

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

, 206, 209

Mandela Rules

, 125

Marginalisation of women

, 147

Masculinities

, 3, 151–152

Médecins du Monde (MDM)

, 193

Medicalisation

, 275

Medically Assisted Therapy (MAT)

, 126, 128

Medically Assisted Therapy Programme (MATP)

, 221

Medicinal Cannabis Reform Scotland group (MCRS)

, 241, 244, 247

Member retention

, 164–166

Members of County Assembly (MCAs)

, 225

Mental disorders

, 67–68, 70

Mental health

, 67–68

Mental illness

, 67–69

Methadone

, 80

treatment

, 128

Methamphetamine

, 51, 131, 153

3, 4-Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA)

, 153, 203, 206, 208–209, 243

Mexican organised crime

, 160

Militarisation

, 10–12

Money laundering

, 166–167

‘Moral sidestepping’

, 247

Mother’s story about drug use

, 231–237

Mushrooms

, 231

Music festivals

, 7, 204, 206, 209

Muslim Education and Welfare Association (MEWA)

, 220–221, 224, 226

multi-agency approach to reaching hidden populations

, 222–224

Nairobi Outreach Services Trust

, 221

Naloxone

, 198

‘Narco-diplomacy’

, 17

Narcofeminism

, 284–287

Narcotic Act (1994)

, 125

Narcotic and Psychotropic Substance Control Act

, 224–225

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act

, 219

Narcotics

, 1

drugs

, 10

Narcotics Act

, 134

Narcotics Anonymous (NA)

, 87

Narkodispansers

, 76

Narkouchet

, 76, 78

National AIDS and STI Control Program (NASCOP)

, 221

National Authority for the Campaign against Drug Abuse (NACADA)

, 124, 219

National Comprehensive Program for the Substitution of Illicit Crops

, 180

National Health Service (NHS)

, 88

National Police Agency

, 164

Needle syringe programmes (NSP)

, 81, 221

Neoliberal

economic strategies

, 98

governance

, 148

processes

, 147–148

Neoliberalism

, 98, 276

New psychoactive substances (NPS)

, 13–14

Nongovernmental organization (NGO)

, 45, 220

Normalisation theory

, 203–204

Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)

, 160

Office of High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)

, 254–256

Office of United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)

, 132

Older drug users

, 59

Older people who use drugs (OPWUD)

, 59

Older women who use drugs (OWWUD)

, 59, 62

risk and edgework

, 60–61

risk behaviours among

, 62–65

setting scene

, 59–60

‘One size fits all’ policy

, 25

Open Society Initiative for Eastern Africa (OSIEA)

, 192, 223

Opiates

, 10

Opioid Overdose Prevention Programs

, 198

Opioid substitution treatment (OST)

, 79, 81

Organized crime

, 159

next steps in research of female participation in organised crime

, 167–168

Overdose crisis

barriers to care for pregnant women who use drugs

, 199–202

in New York City

, 198

women who use drugs as overdose responders

, 198–199

Panic attacks

, 72

Participation

, 2, 30, 99, 106–109, 241, 258

Partnership for Action in Drugs (PADS)

, 242–243

Pathology

, 275

Patriarchal cultures

, 28

Patriarchy

, 278

Peace Agreement

, 176

Penalisation-based policies

, 132–133

Penitentiary Act (1936)

, 138

People Using Drugs movement

, 191

People who inject drugs (PWID)

, 76, 113–114, 116, 120–121, 220

People who use drugs (PWUD)

, 33, 35, 37, 39, 124, 220–222, 225

Physical reproduction

, 31

Plant supply, women and

, 155–159

Plant-based substances

, 10

Pleasure

, 5, 32–33, 35–36, 61, 260, 277

Police corruption

, 108

Policing

, 2–6, 15, 34, 93–94, 120–121, 265–266

Policy fiasco, drug control as

, 15–17

Policy shift

, 243

2009 Political Declaration and Plan of Action

, 250

Political dimension of justice

, 99

Politicisation

, 215–216

Population of people who use drugs (PWUD)

, 113

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

, 51, 68

among women who use drugs

, 72–73

‘Postclassical mode’

, 71

Poverty

, 82

Pregnancy

, 29, 34, 45, 69, 72, 81, 127, 173, 197, 200–202, 234

Pregnant women who use drugs, barriers to care for

, 199–202

Prison

and policy in Kenya

, 124

prison-based programmes

, 138

system

, 29, 134, 138–139, 217

Prison industrial complex (PIC)

, 264–266

Professional drug user

, 245–246

Programa de Sustitución Integral de Cultivos Ilícitos (PNIS) (see National Comprehensive Program for the Substitution of Illicit Crops)

Prohibition

, 279, 282

prohibition-based drug strategies

, 19–20

Prostitution

, 92

Prostitution Reform Act (PRA)

, 96

Psilocybin

, 209–210, 243

Psycho-education and support

, 128

Psychoactive substances

, 1

Psychotropic Narcotic Act

, 127

Queer feminine identities

, 215–218

Queer sex workers who use drugs

, 217

Queer women

, 216–218

Race

, 4, 20–21, 33, 43, 71, 97, 269, 271, 282

Racial profiling

, 263

Re-framing gendered drug use

, 281

Reach Out Centre Trust (RCT)

, 221

Recognition–redistribution divide

, 97

Recovered/recovering drug users

, 243–244

Recreational drug use

, 7

‘Redistribution’

, 99

Regulation

, 92–94

Representation

, 99

Repression

, 115–116

Repressive approach of drug policy

, 115

Repressive drug policies

, 82

Reproductive hormones

, 68

Resistance

, 61, 97, 126, 158, 220–221, 277, 285

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)

, 176

Right-wing nationalism

, 31

Risk

, 60–61, 275

behaviours among OWWUD

, 62–65

in sex workers

, 93

Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts Manufactures and Commerce (RSA)

, 240

Rural poverty

, 134, 158, 176

Russia

CSO

, 114–115

discrimination across criminal justice system

, 118–120

drug possession

, 113–114

extrajudicial police practices and violence

, 116–118

findings

, 115

policing in

, 114

repression and gender-based stigma

, 115–116

Russian Federation

, 113

sentencing practices in

, 118

WWUD

, 120–121

Scholarly activism

, 32, 38

Scotland case study

, 95

regulating to protect public and rescue women from male violence

, 95–96

Scottish Drug Policy Conversations (SDPC)

, 240–241, 247

Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment model (SBIRT model)

, 53

Security

, 26

Self of Western liberal humanist theory

, 276

Self-medication

, 69

Sex

, 68

challenges for sex workers

, 192–193

work

, 93–95

Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV)

, 223

Sexual and reproductive health services (SRHS)

, 222

experience and lessons learnt during implementation of

, 227

Sexual diversity

, 93

Sexual IPV

, 51

Sexual practices

, 64

Sexuality

, 29, 31, 35, 37, 91, 152, 216, 271, 282

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

, 51

Sharkey, Suzanne (story)

, 85–89

Sick drug users

, 244–245

Sinaloa

, 160

Sinaloa Criminal Groups

scholarly and media coverage of female participation in

, 161

scholarly and media coverage of female participation in Sinaloa DTO

, 162–163

Sinaloa DTO, female participation in

, 162–163

Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs

, 127, 155, 260

1961 Single Convention

, 17

Social control

, 278

Social impact of drug use on women

, 123–124

Social justice

approach

, 92

theories

, 98

Social movement

of peasant women

, 181

of women

, 287

Social reproduction

, 31

Sociological accounts

, 273

Southeast Asia

ASEAN Community

, 131–132

drug policies in

, 132–134

drugs in

, 131

women offenders in

, 134–139

Soviet drug registry

, 77

Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR)

, 158

Standard Minimum Rules

, 125

State violence

, 21, 263, 268

Stigma

, 44

Stress-related disorders

, 72

Structural determinants

, 69

‘Subcultural capital’

, 150

Subjective approach

, 170

Substance abuse, AIDS, and violence syndemic (SAVA syndemic)

, 49–51

community level and structural interventions

, 56

integrated IPV, HIV, and substance use prevention interventions

, 54–55

integrating SBIRT models within continuum of HIV/HCV test-and-treat interventions

, 53

opportunities for future research, interventions, and policies

, 56–57

risk environments fuelling SAVA syndemic

, 52

SAVA syndemic with women

, 52

trauma-informed interventions

, 55–56

Substance knowledge

, 210–211

Substance use

, 69, 86, 123

Supervised injection facilities

, 198

Supply actors

, 20

Supporting for Addiction Prevention and Treatment in Africa (SAPTA)

, 128

‘Suppression regime’

, 15

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 257

leveraging

, 256–257

Syndemic

, 49–52

Synthetic drug markets

, 153

Tanzania National Coordinating Mechanism for Global Fund (TNCM)

, 194

Thailand Institute of Justice (TIJ)

, 135, 138–139

The Omari Project (TOP)

, 221

Therapeutic Communities (TC)

, 138

Trauma

, 275

trauma-focussed integrated intervention

, 55

trauma-informed interventions

, 55–56

trauma-related diagnoses among women who use drugs

, 72–73

Unequal enforcement of drug laws

, 262

2016 UNGASS

, 11, 252–254

United Nations (UN)

, 10, 26, 115, 249

Development Programme

, 126

leveraging UN Human Rights mechanisms

, 255–256

UN Single Convention on Narcotics Drugs (1961)

, 9

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

, 148, 252

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)

, 192

United Nations Fund for Women (UNIFEM)

, 148

United Nations Office at Vienna (UNOV)

, 10

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

, 10, 60, 106, 113, 125, 132, 149, 156–157, 169, 219, 250–251, 261

US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

, 14, 55

Victimisation

, 136

Violence

, 21, 116–118

against children

, 108

‘Vulnerability’

, 28, 71

War on drugs

, 169, 259–262, 277

lives of Cocaleras in Putumayo

, 170–172

Queer feminine identities

, 215–218

women cultivating coca

, 172–177

women in Duterte’s

, 183–188

Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA)

, 103, 106, 110

‘Welfare internationalism’

, 1

Welfarisation

, 93

Who use drugs (WUD)

, 49–50

Woman who uses drugs

, 215

young transgender

, 215

Women

as actors in drug economy

, 147

alcohol

, 207

amphetamine

, 207–208

Angela

, 109

cannabis

, 207

coca growers

, 179

coca leaf production

, 179–180

cocaine

, 208

correctional services and incarceration of

, 124–125

in crime

, 163

cultivating coca

, 172

as drug consumers

, 141–142

as drug intermediaries

, 142–143

in drug policy outcomes

, 250–252

as drug sellers/traffickers

, 142

drug supply and drug markets

, 149–151

drug use patterns in comparative harm reduction perspective

, 211–213

drug use patterns in festival settings

, 206–207

in Duterte’s war on drugs

, 183–188

evaluating impacts of drug policy on

, 257–258

as exceptional and ‘abnormal’

, 28–29

impact of forced eradication

, 174–177

in illicit crop cultivation

, 249

illicit drug use impact on women in Zimbabwe

, 143–144

incarcerated for drug-related offences

, 103

innovation, creativity and autonomy

, 151–153

involvement and participation of

, 106–109

in Kenya

, 123

at locus of intersecting risk

, 52

LSD

, 209

at margins

, 92

market change, future trends and research limitations

, 153–155

MDMA

, 208–209

member retention

, 164–166

methods

, 204–205

money laundering

, 166–167

at music festivals

, 203

neoliberal processes

, 147–148

normalisation theory

, 203–204

as optimal partners

, 163

Orfa

, 109–110

and plant supply

, 155–159

psilocybin

, 209–210

reasons for cultivating coca

, 172–174

rights

, 26

sample characteristics

, 205–206

social impact of drug use on

, 123–124

substance knowledge and harm reduction measures

, 210–211

women and plant supply

, 155–159

women’s incarceration in Latin America

, 104–106

Women Initiating New Goals for Safety (WINGS)

, 53

to identify and tackle GBV among Women WUD

, 53–54

Women offenders in Southeast Asia

, 134

characteristics of women prisoners

, 135–136

female prison populations

, 134–135

pathways to prison

, 136

treatment of women prisoners

, 137–139

Women prisoners

characteristics

, 135–136

treatment

, 137–139

Women who inject drugs (WWID)

, 49

Women who use drugs (WWUD)

, 67, 114–115, 120–121, 144, 220, 269–270, (see also Older women who use drugs (OWWUD))

academic literature on

, 270–271

anxiety disorders among

, 72

depression among

, 71–72

eating disorders among

, 73

experience and lessons learnt during implementation of SRHS for

, 227

feminist readings of

, 273–274

gendered comorbidity

, 70–71

gendered mental health

, 68–69

health-oriented approaches for

, 127–128

mental health

, 67–68

mental health disorders among

, 71

mental illness and substance use

, 69

narcofeminism

, 280–283

narratives of deficit

, 274–277

as overdose responders

, 198–199

privileging emotionality and difference as feminist act

, 281–284

PTSD and trauma-related diagnoses

, 72–73

theory and method

, 275–277

Women’s CoOp (WC)

, 54

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 68, 80, 201

Yakuza

, 159–162, 164, 166–167

Yamaguchi-gumi organisation

, 159–160

scholarly and media coverage of female participation in

, 161–162

Zimbabwe

illegal drug trade in

, 141

illicit drug use impact on women in

, 143–144

women as drug consumers

, 141–142

women as drug intermediaries

, 142–143

women as drug sellers/traffickers

, 142