Index
Beyond Confrontation: Globalists, Nationalists and Their Discontents
ISBN: 978-1-83982-563-7, eISBN: 978-1-83982-560-6
Publication date: 11 August 2020
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
Mullan, P. (2020), "Index", Beyond Confrontation: Globalists, Nationalists and Their Discontents, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 201-214. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-560-620200016
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2020 Phil Mullen
INDEX
Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate footnotes.
Absolute advantage
, 80
Accountability
, 14, 35, 38
Acheson, Dean
, 46
Acquisitions (see M&A)
Administrative state
, 49
Aerospace
, 157
Africa
, 4, 44, 49, 88, 178
Agency
, 3, 36, 47, 153, 166, 170
Agriculture
, 103, 105–106, 157, 161
Airbus
, 125, 135, 176
Allende, Salvador
, 181
Allison, Graham
, xxxvi
Amazon
, 62
Anderson, Benedict
, 180
Angell, Norman
, xviii, xix, 142
Anghie, Antony
, 4–5, 9, 12, 18, 89
Annan, Kofi
, 17–18
Anti-Corn Law League
, 86, 102
Anti-crisis measures
, 92
Anti-democracy
, 182
Anti-politics
, 35–39, 51
Anti-semitism
, 24
Anti-state
, 35–39, 47, 51
APEC [Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]
, xxi
Apple
, xvii, 62, 174, 175
iPhone
, xvii
Apple Inc.
, 146
Aristocracy
, 86
Armed conflict
, 6, 89
Artificial intelligence (AI) (see also Machine learning)
, xxxi, 32, 98
Asgill, John
, 118
Asia
, 4, 44–45, 60, 96, 98, 153
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
, 60
Athens
, 11, 64
Atkinson, Robert
, 153
Audi
, 149
Austerity
, 7, 31, 165, 182
Austria
, 6
Austrian school
, 41, 46–47
Austro-Hungarian Hapsburg empire
, 42
Automation
, 154, 161
Automobile industry (see Car industry)
Autonomy
, 4, 7, 12, 14, 23–24, 38, 178
Autor, David
, 120
Bailouts
, 107–108, 126
Balanced budgets
, 157
Baldwin, Richard
, 70, 91, 94, 135, 144
Balkans
, 18, 26, 60
Bank for International Settlements
, 137, 143
Bank of England
, 7, 13, 74, 140, 176
Banking sector
, 35, 108
Banks
, 25, 31, 35, 62, 100, 144, 158–159, 176
Barber, Tony
, 31
Barroso, José Manuel
, 22
Batteries
, 98
Beck, Ulrich
, xxiv, 168
Beggar-thy-neighbour policies
, xxxii, 91–92, 117
Behind the border. (see Non-tariff barriers)
Belgium
, 112, 175
Berlin Conference
, 88
Berlin Wall
, 27, 57, 113
Bharara, Preet
, 183
Big Bang
, 141
Biosciences
, 161
Blair, Tony
, 33
Blueberries
, xvii
BMW
, 149
Boeing
, 125, 176
Bolshevik Revolution (see Russian Revolution)
Bonefeld, Werner
, 43
Borrell, Joseph
, 65
Borders
, 10, 18, 23, 24, 30–31, 34, 84, 107, 121, 131, 135, 137, 139, 170, 174, 179–180, 182–184
Borrowing
, 153–154, 159–160, 175
Bosnia
, 18
Bourgeoisie
, 77
Boyce, Robert
, 90
Brailsford, Henry
, 5–6, 65
Brandeis, Louis
, 11
Branding
, 100
Brazil
, 106, 137
Bretton Woods
, 9, 25, 45, 47, 99, 132
Brexit
, 21–22, 28–29, 58–59, 70, 85, 87, 171, 177
BRICs
, 149
Britain
, 5–7, 15, 24, 55, 58, 61, 64, 70, 80, 85, 88–90, 92, 171, 180, 182
economic policy
, 90
empire
, 36
EU referendum vote
, 65
imperialism
, 24
outward FDI
, 73
protectionism
, 32, 37, 70, 77
trade
, 88, 132, 141
British East India Company
, 176
Broadcom
, 97
Brown, Gordon
, 142
Brown, Wendy
, 48
Bubbles (see Financial bubbles)
Burma
, 12
Bush, George H W
, 116
Bush, George W
, 116
Business
, 78, 100, 156, 158, 160, 173, 175–176
churn
, 160
dynamism
, 163
R&D
, 97
stateless
, 173–176
Business cycle
, 84, 161
Business investment (see Corporate investment)
California
, 48
Canada
, 15, 93, 110, 112
Capital
, 9, 42, 58, 111, 174
accumulation
, 173
exports
, 73
flows
, 10, 64, 133, 143, 175, 177
imports
, 139–140
investment
, 82–83
markets
, 175
stock
, 90
Capitalism
, 24, 27, 30, 35, 43, 46–47, 52, 59, 71–72, 76, 78, 86, 94–95, 101–103, 115, 142, 158, 160, 162
in crisis
, 46–47
Capitalist breakdown
, 46
Car industry
, 150, 172
Carney, Mark
, 140
Carter, Jimmy
, 17, 116
Cecil, Lord (Robert)
, 45
Central and Eastern Europe
, 41
Central banking
, 35, 100, 158–159
independent
, 25
CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research)
, 178
Change
, 31–33, 146–147, 154
Chartists
, 183
Chemical industries
, 136, 143
Chicago school
, 41, 78
Chile
, 39, 181
China
, xxv–xxxiv, 31, 59–64, 70, 83, 98, 112, 137, 142, 146–147, 167, 170
car market
, 148–149
economic policy
, 90, 95, 126
inward FDI
, 146
protectionism
, 31, 70, 81
trade
, 26, 60–61, 83, 87, 98
Chipman, John
, 79
Christian democracy
, 22
Chrysler
, 108
Churchill, Winston
, 23
Civilisation
, 6, 9
Civilising mission
, 9, 19, 88
Class
, 7, 8, 21, 48, 86, 101–102, 149, 155
Class conflict
, 46
Classical political economy
, 76, 81, 87
Claude, Inis
, 46
Clausewitz, Carl von
, xviii
Clemens, Michael
, 93
Climate change (see also Global warming)
, 19, 26, 29, 168
Clinton, Bill
, 33
Clinton, Hillary
, xxivn, 85
Clive, Robert
, 176
Cloth
, 78–80
Cold War
, 17, 34, 48, 56–59, 64, 73, 84, 95, 113, 142, 145, 180
Colonialism
, 4, 9, 49, 88, 178
Colonies
, 12, 49, 178, 180
Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS)
, 63
Communications
, 34, 141, 161–162, 167
Communism
, 48, 56
Comparative advantage
, 78–80
Competition
, 63, 77, 126–127, 176
Competition authorities
, 63
Complexity
, 47, 127
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
, 127
Congo
, 62
Conrad, Joseph
, 88
Conservator state
, 100, 158
Constitution
, 10, 25
Construction sector
, 161
Consumer products
, 109
Consumer protection
, 109, 117
Consumption
, 76, 83, 137
Containment
, 56, 158
Conventional wisdom
, 34, 80, 82
Corn
, 76, 80–81
Corn Laws repeal
, 80, 86, 102, 183
Corporate dependency
, 158
Corporate investment
, 126, 145, 154
Corporate profits
, 132–134, 149
Corporate taxes
, 59, 126
Cotton
, 76, 81
Council of Europe
, 17
Counteracting forces
, 72, 84
Covid-19
, xiii–xv
Creative destruction
, 72n1, 73n3, 100n1, 118n1, 131n1, 132n2, 153, 160–163
Credit (see also Debt)
, 143, 162
Crisis of profitability
, 72–73, 131
Culture
, 22, 29, 81, 161
of fear
, 157–158
wars
, 95
Currency devaluation
, 107, 116
Current account deficits
, 139
Czechoslovakia
, 43
Daimler
, 149
Davos (see also World Economic Forum)
, 22, 61, 176
Debt
, 5, 34, 50
bubble
, 159
business
, 143
economy
, 133
foreign
, 140
household
, 143
public
, 100
Decay
, 72, 82, 84, 97, 113, 119–120, 132, 140, 146, 152, 154, 156, 161, 165, 178
Decolonisation
, 7n1, 55–56
Deglobalisation
, 69, 81
Delor, Jacques
, 124
Democracy
, xxiii–xxv, 4, 7, 12–14, 16, 18, 24, 27–29, 32–33, 36–39, 47–52, 66, 85, 135, 151, 165–183
Democratic deficit
, 53
Democratic Party (US)
, 28, 85
Democratic peace theory
, 142
Democratic rights
, 19, 49, 51, 180
Demos
, 49–50
Depoliticisation
, 35, 42
Depression (see also Great Depression; Long Depression)
, 44, 46, 91–93, 97, 100, 117, 143, 161
Deregulation
, 100
Destabilisation
, 37, 47, 55, 155, 158
Determinism
, 70, 74, 76–81
Discrimination
, 107, 116–117, 125
Disputes settlement systems
, 10, 26, 43, 61, 106, 110, 175, 176
Division of labour
, 42, 77–78, 178
international
, 30, 132, 135, 166, 183
technical
, 77
Doha round (WTO)
, 3, 109, 113
Dorn, David
, 120
Double government
, 42, 53
Draghi, Mario
, 170
Duisenberg, Wim
, xxiii
Dulles, John Foster
, 49
Dumping of goods
, 107–108
Dunning, John
, 80
Dynamism
, 60, 132, 156, 161, 163
East Asia
, 83, 119, 145, 166
East Asian “Miracle”
, 75
East Indies
, 101
East Timor
, 17
Eastern Europe
, 41, 178
Economic and Monetary Union (see European Union)
Economic crisis
, 55, 57, 131, 136, 158, 166
Economic decay, effect of
, 29, 92, 118
Economic development
, 12, 31, 41, 60, 77, 79, 83, 87, 96, 118, 127, 133, 143, 146, 172, 178
Economic dynamism
, 161
Economic growth
, 34, 47, 69–71, 74–75, 81, 83, 87, 89, 116, 132, 143, 145, 155, 163
Economic policy
, 34, 38, 42, 90, 95, 126, 154–155
counter-crisis
, 159
discrediting of
, 34
fiscal (see Fiscal policy)
industrial (see Industrial policy)
Keynesian (see also Keynesian economics)
, 22, 34, 47–48
monetary (see Monetary policy)
outsourcing of
, 135
Economic renewal
, xxxii, xxxv, 97, 100, 119, 153, 162–163, 165
Economic restructuring
, xxxi, 47, 108, 118, 153, 160, 162, 165
Economic transformation
, xx, xxxv, 119, 153, 155, 161–164, 166
Economicisation
, 29–30
Economics
, 28–30, 32, 41–42, 48, 51–52, 87–88, 96, 121, 165
Economies of scale
, 132
Economist Intelligence Unit
, 28
Edgerton, David
, 178
Education
, 30, 169, 172
Eichengreen, Barry
, 91
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
, 49
Elections
, 13, 28, 50, 171
Electric cars
, 146, 149, 161
Electronic industries
, 137
Embedded liberalism
, 47
Emerging economies
, 119, 146
Emissions control policies
, 168
Empire
, 41–42, 55, 113
Employment
, 18, 35, 80, 100, 117–121, 155, 159–160, 162–163, 174
Energy industries
, 161–163
Engineering industries
, 62, 136
Enlightenment
, 6, 23, 27, 32, 77, 81, 166, 181
Entertainment industries
, 127
Epistocracy
, 29
Equality
, 24
Eucken, Walter
, 43, 52
Europe
, 5, 8, 17, 22–24, 27, 31, 41, 43, 45, 48, 54, 61–62, 95, 110, 125, 144, 147–149, 171–172
European Central Bank (ECB)
, xxiii, 27, 43, 170
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
, xxii, 111
European Commission
, 16, 22, 26–27, 31, 58, 62–63, 65, 108, 111, 124, 126, 170, 182
European Community
, 43, 54, 85
European Council
, 89, 182
European Council of Ministers (the Council of the EU)
, 171
European Court of Human Rights
, 17
European Court of Justice (ECJ)
, 10–11, 63
European Defence Fund
, 65
European Parliament
, 16, 112, 171
European Union (EU)
, xxii, xxv, xxix, xxx, xxxii–xxxiii, 3, 15–16, 27, 31, 50, 59–61, 65, 70, 110–111, 171, 182
Common External Tariff
, 111
Common Security and Defence Policy
, 65
Customs Union
, 85, 111–112
directives
, 171
Economic and Monetary Union
, 43
protectionism
, 31
regulations
, 15
Single Market
, 42
state aid
, 15, 26
Working Time Directive
, 171
Eurozone
, 22, 31, 50, 59, 143, 169–170
crisis
, 31, 59, 170
Evenett, Simon
, 117, 125, 166
Evercore ISI
, 149
Exchange rates
, 47, 90, 142
Expectations, lowering of
, 158
Exports
, 71, 73, 76, 83–84, 91, 92, 107, 119, 136
capital
, 76
goods
, 73–74, 82
incentives
, 123
promotion
, 87
services
, 73–74, 82
Facebook
, 62–63, 176
Factory closures
, 97, 108
Falkner, Gerda
, 10–11
Farming (see also Agriculture)
, 127
Fascism
, 6, 8, 23, 45, 48, 90
Fatalism
, 34, 65, 153–154
Fear (see Culture of fear)
Federal Reserve, central banking system of the US; also the ‘Fed’
, 159
Feld, Lars
, 43
Feudalism
, 101
Finance Capital (Hilferding)
, 132
Financial bubbles
, 143
Financial crash (2008)
, 33, 35–36, 57, 81, 108, 133, 142, 143, 159, 161, 170
Financial crises
, 100
Financial investment
, 160
Financial markets
, 123, 159–160
Financial services
, 141
Financialisation
, 133, 143, 161
Findlay, Ronald
, 64, 91, 106–107, 136, 183
First World War
, 5, 8, 23, 65, 72, 90, 93, 107, 132, 180
Fiscal policy
, 7, 92, 169
Fischer, Joschka
, 18
5G
, xxxi
Ford, Gerald
, 63
Foreign direct investment
, 72–73, 126, 132–134, 141, 145–146
greenfield
, 72n2, 133–134
inward, effect of
, 146
Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act
, 63
Foreign trade (see Trade)
France
, 5–7, 21–22, 26, 54–55, 61, 88, 90, 93, 103, 112, 135, 171, 182
empire
, 110
Franco
, 48
Frankel, Jeffrey
, 75
Frankfurter, Felix
, 11n3
Fraternity
, 24, 166
Free market
, 22, 34, 37, 39, 43, 51–52, 61, 77, 80, 88, 95, 99–100, 102, 122, 157
Free market ideas
, 35–36
Free trade
, 30, 51, 61, 70–71, 80, 86–87, 92–93, 98–99, 101–104, 108, 111, 113, 115, 117, 183
Free trade agreements (FTAs)
, 70, 99, 110
Freedom
, 5, 11, 24–25, 27, 32, 43, 51, 61, 101–103, 106, 109–110, 179, 183
Freiburg school
, 43
French Revolution
, 24
Friedman, George
, 176
Friedman, Milton
, 41
Fritz, Johannes
, 117
Fukuyama, Francis
, 12
Fulton, Bob
, 181
Furedi, Frank
, 95, 179
Furnivall, John Sydenham
, 12
Ganesh, Janan
, 26, 61
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
, 10, 25, 43, 45, 49, 56, 93, 95, 104–107, 109, 112–113, 116–117, 121–122, 125
GDP (gross domestic product)
, 26, 73, 75, 81, 83–84, 108, 132, 137, 141, 147, 160
General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
, 106, 109
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
, xxx, 62
General Electric
, 63
General Motors (GM)
, 108, 149
Genomics
, 98
Geopolitics
, 90, 96, 128, 147
Germany
, 5–7, 9, 18, 26, 28, 44, 61, 90, 92–93, 95, 112, 125, 135, 143, 167, 171
empire
, 110
Gilets jaunes
, 21
GlaxoSmithKline
, 62
Glencore
, 62
Global commodities
, xxxii
Global frameworks under strain
, xxv–xxviii
Global supply chain (GSCs)
, 134
Global Trade Alert (GTA)
, 121
Global trade slowdown
, 81–84
Global value chain (GVCs)
, 82–84, 134
Global warming
, 123, 168
Globalisation
, xx–xxi, 3, 18, 23, 32–36, 38, 41, 47, 69–70, 72–73, 80, 98, 113, 131, 142, 144, 166–168, 181–182
Globalisation 1.0
, 132
Globalisation 2.0
, 134–139
Globalism
, xiii–xiv, xix–xx, xxxii–xxxiii, xxxv, 18, 21–39, 44–46, 48, 51–53, 65–66, 79, 124–125, 132, 167–171, 181–182
Globalists: The End of Empire and the Birth of Neoliberalism (Slobodian)
, 36
Gold standard
, 7, 91–93
Google
, 62–63, 176
Governance
, 3, 6, 13, 17, 21, 39, 47, 59, 104, 168, 170, 177
Governments
, 4, 13, 15, 18, 35, 82, 89, 92, 97, 116, 122, 141, 158, 169
Great Depression (1930s)
, 12, 91–92, 104, 155
Great Moderation
, 143, 160–161
Great War
, 5, 44, 46n2
Greece
, 8, 26–27, 31, 143, 182
Green growth
, 116
Greenfeld, Liah
, 24
Greenspan, Alan
, 32–33, 35–36, 158
Grossman, Gene
, 75
Grossmann, Henryk
, 72
Grotius, Hugo
, 101
Growth (see Economic growth)
Gulf War (see Iraq invasion (1990))
Halikiopoulou, Daphne
, 23, 169
Hansen, Alvin
, 94
Hanson, Gordon
, 120
Harding, Rebecca
, 87
Harley, Knick
, 75
Hayek, Friedrich
, 37–38, 41–43, 45–46, 48, 51–52
Health
, 116, 122, 124, 158, 169
and safety regulations
, 122
Healthcare
, 18, 100
Heart of Darkness (Conrad)
, 88
Held, David
, xx–xxi
Helpman, Elhanan
, 70, 75
High-speed trains
, 146
Hilferding, Rudolf
, 132
Hitler, Adolf
, 44, 48, 95, 170
Hobson, John
, 132
Hoffmann, Stanley
, 169
Holocaust
, 6, 8
Honda
, 141
Honeywell
, 63
Hoover, Herbert
, 5
Howe, Anthony
, 102
Huawei
, 62–63, 146
Hull, Cordell
, 95
Human agency
, 3, 36
Human rights
, 13, 16–19
Humanity
, 19, 29, 32, 156, 179, 181
Hungary
, 59, 167, 182
Huskisson, William
, 80
IMF (International Monetary Fund)
, xxix, 9, 22, 27, 34, 43, 45, 54–56, 70, 74–75, 82–83, 100, 147, 177
Imperialism
, 24, 72, 132, 180–181
Imperialism: A Study (Hobson)
, 132
Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (Lenin)
, 132
Imperialist nations
, 24
Import tariffs
, 30, 92, 101–104, 116, 121
Imports
, 26, 30, 70, 72, 75–76, 80–81, 103, 107, 117, 121, 126
capital
, 71
goods
, 71, 83
services
, 71
Income
, 35, 71, 75, 91, 100, 119, 140, 154, 161, 163
India
, 85, 106, 128, 178
Industrial policy
, xxvii, xxxii, xxxv, 15, 98, 100, 107–108, 122–125, 147, 155, 162–164
Industrial revolution
, 70, 169
Industrialists
, 86
Inequality
, 27, 41, 165
income
, 119
Information and communications technologies
, 141
Infrastructure
, 56, 60, 83, 141, 155, 162, 164
Innovation
, 71, 74–75, 118, 155–156, 163
wars
, 98
Insecurity
, 160–161
Insolvencies
, 158
Instability
, 32, 58
Institutions
, 3–4, 6, 8, 13–18, 22, 25, 27, 36, 38, 43, 50–57, 64, 66, 108, 113, 159, 164, 176, 179, 183
Intel
, 62
Intellectual property (IP)
, 61, 109
intellectual property rights (IPR)
, 126
theft
, 98
Interconnectedness
, xviii–xx
Inter-war years
, 41, 48, 90–91, 96
Interest rates
, 92, 159
low
, 36, 155–156, 159
negative
, 159
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
, 168
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
, 43
International cooperation
, 7, 45, 47, 54, 59, 125, 142, 152, 183
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
, 9–10
International Criminal Court (ICC)
, 26
International division of labour (see Division of labour)
International law
, 4, 6–7, 9–11, 15–19, 32, 50, 54, 56, 169
International order
, xvii–xix, xxv–xxxi, 3–19, 22–23, 25, 42–46, 48, 50, 53–61, 64–65, 96, 98–99, 103, 113, 124–125, 144, 147, 165, 167, 177
International relations
, 4, 9–11, 58–59, 90, 104, 125, 143–144, 151, 176
neoconservatism
, 48
neorealism
, 58
International Whaling Commission
, 16
Internationalisation
, 9, 69, 73–74, 84, 131–150, 161, 178
capital flows
, 143, 175
international economic cooperation
, 104, 142
trade flows
, 122, 173
Internationalisation 1.0
, 132, 141
Internationalisation 2.0
, 139–144
Internationalism
, 23, 131, 165–183
Internet
, 64
Inventions
, 156, 162
Investment
, 82–83, 153, 155, 182
business
, 71, 82, 94, 97, 154–155, 162
financial
, 160, 186
incentives
, 107, 126
international
, 140
public
, 166
Inward investment controls
, 63, 127, 141, 143
Iran
, 62, 144
nuclear deal
, 62
sanctions against
, 101
Iraq
, 14, 18, 60
Iraq invasion (1990–01 Gulf War)
, 60
Iraq invasion (2003)
, 26
Ireland
, 26, 59, 126, 180, 182
Irish famine
, 17
Iron
, 76
Irwin, Douglas
, 71
Islam
, 180
Ismay, Lord (Hastings)
, 56
Isolationism
, 21, 86, 178, 181
Italy
, 5, 31, 90, 93, 112, 125, 143, 180, 182
Jaguar Land Rover
, 149
Japan
, 5, 14, 44, 56, 63, 90, 93, 95–97, 104, 113, 127, 147–149
Jevons, William Stanley
, 88
Jobs
insecurity
, 155
and investment
, 120, 153
technology, effect of
, 119
trade, effect of
, 119
Johnson, Lyndon
, 116
Juncker, Jean-Claude
, 22–23, 27, 182
Juridification
, 9–10, 19
Kagan, Robert
, 48
Kant, Immanuel
, 9, 32
Kellogg-Briand Pact
, 14
Kennan, George
, 56
Keohane, Robert
, xxii
Kershaw, Ian
, 44n1
Keynes, John Maynard
, 7, 46, 92–93
Keynesianism/Keynesian economics
, 22, 34, 41, 48, 99
Kissinger, Henry
, 19
Knowledge (and the economy)
, 70
Kosovo
, 17, 26, 169n1
Krugman, Paul
, 75, 91
Kuwait
, 60
Labour
, 30, 77, 79–80, 111, 135, 166, 171, 183
Labour Party (UK)
, 33
Labour theory of value
, 88
Lagarde, Christine
, 34, 74
Laissez-faire ideas
, 35, 46, 102
Lamy, Pascal
, 124
Landowners
, 76, 86, 107
Law
, 4, 10–11, 13
League of Nations
, 5–6, 14, 42, 45, 54, 170
Legalism
, 38, 51
Lenin, Vladimir
, 132, 180
Levitt, Theodore
, xx
Leyen, Ursula von der
, 22, 65
Liberalisation
, 81, 99, 100
trade
, 60, 70, 87, 101, 106, 113
Liberalism
, 11–12, 27, 31, 43, 48, 52, 66, 104
Liberty
, 11, 24–25, 37, 43, 166
Libya
, 14, 18
Lind, Michael
, 153
Liquidity
, 133, 159
Living standards
, 31, 82, 149, 162
Lloyd George, David
, 5–6
Loans
, 31
Long Depression
, 113, 121, 132, 136, 139, 142, 145, 150, 152–153, 156, 158, 160
Luce, Edward
, 27
Lundan, Sarianna
, 80
M&A (mergers and acquisitions)
, 133–134
Machine learning
, 161
Machinery (for production)
, 49, 72, 77, 83, 136, 153
Macron, Emmanuel
, 21–22
“Made in China 2025”
, 98
Manchuria
, 14
Mandate System (League of Nations)
, 9
Manufacturing
, 83, 119–120, 136, 143, 149, 157, 161, 174
Marginal utility-based theory of value
, 88
Marginalist revolution
, 88
Market fundamentalism
, 36
Market system
, 66, 101, 143, 163
Marshall Plan
, 34
Marx, Karl
, xxxiii, 88, 160
Marxism
, 48
Mazower, Mark
, 57
Mazzini, Giuseppe
, 180
McNair, Lord (Arnold Duncan)
, 9
Medicines industry
, 128
Menger, Carl
, 41, 88
Mercantilism
, xxxi–xxxii, 65, 76, 132, 166
Mercedes-Benz
, 149
Mergers (see M&A)
Mexico
, 110
Microsoft
, 62
Middle East
, 178
Migration
, 59, 95, 171
Militarisation
, 65
Militarism
, 8, 90, 97
Military
, 10, 14, 18, 25–26, 37, 39, 49, 55–56, 65, 89, 94, 143, 169, 176
Mill, John Stuart
, 81, 102
Mining
, 62, 161
Mises, Ludwig von
, 41–42, 46
Missouri v Holland ruling
, 15
Mitrany, David
, 96
Mixed economy
, 34, 47–48
Mobility
, 161
Mobility-as-a-service
, 149
Monetarism
, 22
Monetary policy
, 7, 52, 164
quantitative easing
, 159
ultra-low interest rates
, 156
unconventional mechanisms
, 36
Monnet, Jean
, 53
Monopolies
, 101
Mont Pelerin Society
, 42
Montesquieu
, 81
Most favoured nation (MFN)
, 45, 91, 107, 112
Motorola
, 63
Mounk, Yascha
, xxiii, 27
Multifibre Arrangement
, 107
Multilateralism
, 61, 98, 177
Multinational business
, 73, 120, 134, 174, 176–177
Murky protectionism
, 122–124, 128
Mussolini, Benito
, 48
Myopia
, 32
Nanotechnologies
, 161
Nation state
, 3–4, 23–25, 12, 16–17, 33–36, 38, 42, 44–47, 51, 66, 96, 100, 107, 109, 119, 126–127, 142, 152–153, 167–168, 171, 174–175, 177, 179, 182–183
National developmentalism
, 153
National independence
, 180
National political activity
, xxii
National security
, 26, 62–63, 86, 141
National self-determination
, 18, 34, 180
National socialism
, 44, 48
National sovereignty
, xxiii
Nationalism
, 6, 8, 21–24, 27, 46, 51, 94–95, 115, 137, 179–181
Third World
, 180
Navarro, Peter
, 98
Nazism
, 41
Negative nominal interest rates
, 159
Neoclassical economics
, 102
Neoliberalism (see also Ordoliberalism)
, 4, 22, 36–38, 41–52, 181
‘renaissance’ (1980s onwards)
, 34, 141
Netherlands
, 93, 112, 182
New Deal
, 12, 13, 93
New normal
, 35, 159
New Zealand
, 104, 112
Newman, Abraham
, 144
Nigeria
, 62
Night watchman role
, 47
Nissan
, 141
Nixon, Richard
, 116
Non-tariff barriers (NTBs)
, xxxi–xxxii, 122
sanitary and phytosanitary rules
, 122, 124
technical barriers to trade
, 30, 122, 124
behind the border
, 106, 122, 124, 126
Norman, Montagu
, 7
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
, 86, 97, 99, 110, 115, 126
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
, 26, 56–57
Nuclear fusion
, 161
Nuremburg war crimes trials
, 10
Nye, Joseph
, xxii, 103
O’Neill, Paul
, 63
O’Rourke, Kevin
, 75, 183
Obama, Barack
, 26, 127
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)
, 54, 81, 100, 118, 120, 137, 139, 141, 147, 156, 162, 172
Oil
, 97, 147
Opium War
, 103
Order
, 3–4, 7, 14, 23, 25, 32, 37, 48, 53, 56–58, 60, 66, 113, 144, 175, 177
Ordoliberalism
, 43, 52
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
, 54
Ormerod, Paul
, 172
Osborne, George
, 61
Ottoman empire
, 9, 42
Outsourcing of production
, 135
Over-accumulation
, 160
Overindebtedness
, 160
Overseas earnings
, 133–134
Patents
, 127, 174
Patriotism
, 23
Pax Americana
, 55
Pearl Harbor attack
, 97
Peloponnesian War
, 165
Perpetual peace
, 9, 58
Peru
, 104
Peterloo Massacre
, 17
Peugeot
, 108
Pharmaceuticals
, 127
Pinochet, Augusto
, 39, 52
Poland
, 41, 167, 182
Political independence
, 6, 49, 178, 180
Political renewal
, 153
Politicisation
, 86
Politics
, 6, 8–10, 21–39, 48, 51, 96
Popular pressures
, 48, 50
Populism
, 22
Porter, Patrick
, 144
Portugal
, 26, 31, 78–79, 143
Post-war boom
, 34, 56, 59, 73, 116, 132, 158
Post-war order
, 4, 45–46, 53–66, 103, 144, 151
Pound, Ezra
, 6
Poverty
, 70, 117
Precarious employment
, 35
Precaution
, 124–125
Precautionary principle
, 125
Preferential trade agreements (see also Free trade agreements)
, 110
Privacy
, 62
Private property
, 41
Prodi, Romano
, 58
Production
domestic
, 70, 72, 81, 96, 102–103, 117, 120, 137
international
, 73, 83, 145
outsourcing
, 135
Production decay, 152 (see also Decay)
Productivity
diffusion
, 156, 162
slowdown
, 156
Profitability
crisis
, 132
falling
, 131
Profits, corporate
, 132–133, 149
Progress
, 23–24, 27, 31–32, 53, 65, 76, 80, 88, 94, 98, 115, 119, 128, 153, 160–161, 163, 166, 178
Protectionism
, xix–xx, xxxi–xxxiii, 22, 30–32, 36, 61–62, 70, 75, 76–77, 81, 85, 87, 89, 90–98, 101, 103, 105–113, 115–128, 141, 162, 182
Public debt
, 100
Public infrastructure
, 141, 162
Public procurement
, 108, 158
Public spending
, 41, 100, 155, 158, 162, 169
Public-private partnerships
, 158
Purchasing power parity (PPP)
, xxvin5
Qualcomm
, 97
Quantitative easing (QE)
, 36, 159
Quotas
, 92, 101, 107, 111, 116, 121, 124, 126
R&D (research and development)
, 97, 108, 122, 174
Racism
, 24
Rajan, Amin
, 90
Rawls, John
, 116
Reagan, Ronald
, 26, 99
Recessions
, 29, 34, 132, 143, 160–161
cleansing role of
, 161
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (US)
, 93, 95
Referendum
Britain (2016)
, 65
Greece (2015)
, 278
Regional segregation
, xxxi
Regional trade agreements (see also Free trade agreements)
, 107, 111
Regulation (see State)
Reissl, Severin
, 36
Renault
, 108
Reparations
, 5, 90
Resource allocation
, 70
Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
, 18
Restructuring (see Economic restructuring)
Revolution of 1688 (‘Glorious Revolution’)
, 12
Ricardo, David
, 76, 78–81, 102
Risk
, 50, 54, 94, 144, 173
Risk management
, 128
Rivalries
, xviii, xxvi, xxiv, 24, 94, 139, 142-144, 146, 147, 152, 165–166
intra-Western
, 60
West-East
, 60
Robbins, Lionel
, 37, 95
Robotics
, 98, 161
Rodrik, Dani
, 181–183
Rolls Royce
, 62, 181
Roman Republic
, 11
Romania
, 167
Romer, David
, 75
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (FDR)
, 12–13, 93, 95
Röpke, Wilhelm
, 43
Rosenboim, Or
, xx–xxi, 44, 66, 95
Ruggie, John
, 47
Ruggiero, Renato
, 25
Rule of law
, 3–4, 11–14, 18, 26, 58–60, 165, 167, 182
Rules
, 3, 7, 12–13, 15, 25–26, 50, 58–59, 61–64, 177
Rules-based international order
, xxviii, 3–19, 99, 147
Russia
, 5
Empire
, 42
Russian Revolution
, 41, 44, 132
Rustow, Alexander
, 46
Rwanda
, 17–18
Safety
, 116, 122, 124, 128, 158
Samsung
, 146
Samuelson, Paul
, 117
San Francisco
, 45
Sanctions
, 14, 62, 101, 117, 144
Sanitary and phytosanitary rules
, 122–123
Schäuble, Wolfgang
, 28, 50
Schonhardt-Bailey, Cheryl
, 86
Schuman, Robert
, 53
Schumpeter, Joseph
, 160
Science
, 125, 157
Scotland
, 173, 181
Scramble for Africa
, 88
Second World War
, 3, 7–8, 10, 14, 23–24, 42, 44, 48, 53, 64, 90–91, 94–95, 99, 110, 115, 142, 157, 166, 179–180
Secular stagnation
, 94, 143, 161
Security
, 24, 93, 95, 124, 155, 161–162, 176
Self-determination (see National self-determination)
Serbia
, 14
Service industries
, 123
Services sector
, 141
Short-termism
, 155, 164
Silicon Valley
, 62
Skilling
, 163
Skills
, 163
Skinner, Andrew
, 77
Slavery
, 17
Slobodian, Quinn
, 36, 42, 50, 52
Sluga, Glenda
, 180
Slump
, 41, 44, 83
1930s
, 46, 59
Smartphone market
, 146
Smith, Adam
, 76–79, 81, 95, 102, 115, 173
Smoot-Hawley Act (US)
, 90
Social media
, 63
Socialism
, 34, 48, 50
Solar power
, 146
Somalia
, 14
South Korea
, 96, 146, 149
Southern Europe
, 31
Sovereignty
national
, 3, 10, 16, 18–19, 33–34, 41–42, 44, 53, 63, 66, 153, 165–183
popular
, 13, 16, 23, 48, 179, 182–183
Soviet Union (USSR)
, 23, 34, 48, 56, 59, 96, 110
Spain
, 31, 90, 104, 125, 135, 143, 173
Sparta
, 64
Specialisation
, 70, 77–79, 84, 135, 178
Stability
economic
, 158–159
geopolitical
, 57
Stagflation
, 34
Stagnation
, 3, 35, 94, 118, 143, 157, 159, 161
Stalinism
, 41
Start-up
, 145, 156
State
discrediting of
, 34
intervention
, 34, 36, 38, 42, 46–47, 51, 62, 92, 97, 99–101, 104, 116, 122, 147, 157–160, 170
regulation
, 77, 88, 102
spending
, 100
State aid
, 15, 26, 107–108, 125, 152
State internationalisation
, 141–142
State socialism
, 48
State subsidies
, 26, 125, 162
Status quo
, 3, 21, 32, 57, 59, 64, 79, 118, 142, 147, 153, 156, 169
Steam power
, 77
Steel industry
, 116
Steuart, James
, 118
Stigler, George
, 78
Stock market crash 1929
, 90
Stockhammer, Engelbert
, 36
Strange, Susan
, xxii, 101
Structural reform
, 162
Suez crisis
, 55
Support for those affected
, 143
Supranational bodies
, 3, 17, 53, 169, 171
Supranationalism
, 168
Supreme Court (US)
, 11–13, 15
Sustainability
, 124
SWIFT
, 144
Switzerland
, 22
Syria
, 14, 18, 22
Taiwan
, 96, 145–146, 169n1
Tariff protectionism
, 91, 94, 121
Tariffs (see Import tariffs)
Taxation
, 37, 76, 117, 119, 125, 153, 157
Technical barriers to trade (see Non-tariff barriers)
Technical services
, 49
Technocratic governance
, 59
Technological change
, 78, 117, 157, 162
Technological exhaustion
, 156
Technology
, 61, 96, 98, 119, 146, 154, 167
effect of
, 119
Telecommunications
, 39, 62, 146
Terrorism
, 180
Tesla
, 149
Textiles
, 105–107
Thatcher, Margaret
, 37, 99, 141
Thatcherism
, 37
The Emergence of Globalism: Visions of World Order in Britain and the United States, 44, 1939–1950 (Rosenboim)
The Great Illusion (Angell), xviii
, 142
The left
, 21, 34
The Retreat of the State (Strange)
, xxii, 39
The Retreat of Western Liberalism (Luce)
, 27
The right
, 17, 43, 48, 155, 180, 183
The Road to Serfdom (Hayek)
, 37
Third way politics
, 21
Third World nationalism
, 180
“Third world” development
, 146
Thucydides
, xvii, xxv, xxxvi, 165
TINA (‘there is no alternative’)
, xxvii, 50
Tokyo round (GATT)
, 105, 109
Tokyo war crimes trials
, 10
Tooze, Adam
, 151, 173
Toyota
, 141, 149
Trade
, 3, 30, 54, 60, 62, 69–98, 120–121
effect of
, 119
deficits
, 139
determinism
, 70, 74, 76–81
finance
, 107, 123, 126
wars
, 65, 70, 82, 86, 89–90, 94, 96–97–98, 115
Trade Facilitation Agreement
, 109
Trade-related intellectual property rules (TRIPs)
, 109
Trade-related investment measures (TRIMs)
, 109
Training
, 162–163
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)
, 60, 86, 113, 127
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership
, 127
Transformation (see Economic transformation)
Transnational business
, 22, 124, 173–174
Transport
, 83, 91, 102, 157, 161–162, 168, 172
Trump, Donald
, 21–22, 25–26, 28, 31, 56, 60–62, 64, 85–87, 96–98, 106, 112, 115, 127, 144, 167, 183
Trust, lack of
, 6
Trusteeship System (UN)
, 9
Tucker, Paul
, 13
Tumlir, Jan
, 10–11, 43, 49–50
Tusk, Donald
, 89
Ukraine
, 41
UN (United Nations)
, xxix, 45
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
, 26
UN Charter
, 17–18, 45, 49
UN General Assembly
, 17, 22, 55
UN Human Rights Council
, 17
UN Security Council
, xxix, 4, 17–18, 26, 55
Uncertainty
, 32, 73, 157–158
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development)
, 25, 135
Unemployment
, 29, 92, 117–121, 143
Unilateralism
, 61
United Kingdom (UK) (see Britain)
United States (USA)
, xxv–xxxiv
economic policy
, 90
imperialism
, 180
outward FDI
, 73
protectionism
, 30–31
trade
, 93, 98, 120, 136
United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement
, 126
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
, 18
Uruguay round (GATT)
, 105–106, 109
USSR (see Soviet Union)
Varoufakis, Yanis
, 28
Vasilopoulou, Sofia
, 23, 169
Venezuela
, 62
Vernon, Raymond
, 34, 73, 120, 136, 173–174
Versailles Treaty
, 5
Vietnam
, 113, 181
Viner, Jacob
, 103–104
Volkswagen
, 149, 172
Voltaire
, 110
Volvo
, 149
Wade, Robert
, 72
Wages
, 86–87, 119, 157
Walras, Léon
, 88
Walt, Stephen
, 43, 57–58
Walter Eucken Institute
, 43
Walter Lippmann
, 46n2
Walter Lippmann Colloquium
, 46
War
, 4–14, 42–44, 56–59, 65, 89–92, 94–96, 165, 183
debts
, 90
Warfare
, 4, 6, 44, 90, 95
Washington, George
, 54
Wealth
, 41, 69–71, 74, 76, 173
Wealth of Nations (Smith)
, 77, 115, 173
Weaponisation
, 87–89
Welfare
, 9, 48–49, 158, 163, 169
dependency
, 158, 163
state
, 48, 158
Welfarism
, 34
Western Europe
, 48, 57–58, 65, 104
WhatsApp
, 63
Williamson, Jeffrey
, 93
Wilson, Woodrow
, 5–6, 46n2
Wine
, 78–80
Working class
, 21
militancy
, 8
World Bank
, xxiv, 9, 38–39, 43, 45, 50, 56, 75, 106, 173
World Economic Forum
, 22, 61
World Health Organization
, xiii
World War I (see First World War)
World War II (see Second World War)
WTO (World Trade Organization)
, xxi
Appellate Body
, 10, 109
Disputes Settlement Body
, 10
Xi Jinping
, 61
Zombie businesses
, 156, 162
Zombie economy
, 100, 156–157, 159
Zombification
, 159–160, 162
- Prelims
- Part I: A World of Rules
- Chapter 1: Making the Rules-based International Order
- Chapter 2: Globalism against Politics
- Chapter 3: The Anti-democratic Roots of Neoliberalism
- Chapter 4: From Post-war Order to Disorder
- Part II: Myths about Trade
- Chapter 5: The Obsession with Trade
- Chapter 6: Trade Becomes Weaponised
- Chapter 7: Free Trade Illusions
- Chapter 8: The Rise and Rise of Protectionism
- Part III: Internationalism Starts at Home
- Chapter 9: Internationalisation: Sustaining Atrophy
- Chapter 10: The Battle Starts at Home
- Chapter 11: Internationalism, National Sovereignty and Democracy
- References
- Index