Index
Political Identification in Europe: Community in Crisis?
ISBN: 978-1-83982-125-7, eISBN: 978-1-83982-124-0
Publication date: 13 April 2021
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2021), "Index", Machin, A. and Meidert, N. (Ed.) Political Identification in Europe: Community in Crisis?, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-124-020211018
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2021 Amanda Machin and Nadine Meidert
INDEX
Acts of citizenship
, 70
Administrative culture
, 165–168
Affective discourses
, 114
Affective populism (see also Populism)
, 105–106
Affective theory
, 114
Africa, Caribbean, Pacific countries (ACP countries)
, 10
Aganaktismenoi protestors
, 120
Agonism, xix
Algeria
, 10
Allianz für Fortschritt und Aufbruch (ALFA)
, 82
Alternative für Deutschland (AfD)
, 76
Anglo-French-Israeli attack
, 9–10
Antagonism, xix
Anti-establishment
, 77, 79, 84, 88
Anti-EU arguments
, 105
Anti-fascism
, 8
Anti-immigration
, 42, 137, 148, 150–151
Anti-liberal resentments
, 155
Anti-mainstream
, 79, 84
Anti-migration arguments
, 105
Anti-populism, xix
Anti-populist discourse
, 112
Anti-quota arguments
, 105
Anti-Soros arguments
, 105
Anti-TTIP movement
, 63–65, 67
Arrogance, xx
Associate citizenship
, 45–46
Austerity
, 13, 33, 112, 120–121, 152–154
Australia
, 151
Austria
, 17, 77, 151, 169
Authoritarian populism
, 15
Baltic
, 7
Behaviouralist approach
, 94
Belonging
, 22–23, 25–26, 52, 54–56, 85–87, 95, 98, 103, 181
Benelux
, 9
Berlin
, 6, 10, 63, 76–77, 80–83
Böckenförde Dilemma
, 86–87
Boundaries
, 78, 128–129
Bretton–Woods system
, 152
Brexit
, 45–46, 147–148, 154
as anomaly
, 149–150
as disorder
, 150–152
as opportunity
, 156–158
as protest
, 154–156
as symptom
, 152–154
Britain
, 6, 10, 119, 148–150, 153–154, 156, 158, 173
Brussels system
, 172
Brussels Treaty Organisation (BTO)
, 8–9
Bureaucracy, European Commission as
, 163–164
Bureaucrats
, 167–168
ideal images of bureaucrats of European Commission
, 168–171
Buying time
, 11
Buying Time: The Delayed Crisis of Democratic Capitalism (2014)
, 152
Cabinets
, 174
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND)
, 9
Canada
, 8, 55
Canadian dual-nationality citizens
, 54
Capitalism
, 111–112, 143
Catholicism
, 135
CDU
, 78
Churchill, Winston
, 8
Citizenship (see also Supranational citizenship)
, 43, 49
acquisition of supranational citizenship
, 55–57
crisis of EU citizenship
, 47–49
EU citizenship for European demos
, 51–53
evolution of EU citizenship
, 43–45
post-Brexit implications
, 45–47
Civic identity
, 71
Class
, 128
data, methods and analytical framing
, 129–131
working-class boundaries against immigrants and people taking advantage
, 131–136
working-class boundaries towards wealthy and politicians
, 137–141
Classic social identity construction theories
, 77
Cleavage
, 154–155
Climate change
, 16, 157
Cold War
, 8
Collective identities
, 2, 113
Colonialism
, 34, 36
Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
, 11
Common Market
, 152–153
Common Market Studies
, 7
Communal violence
, 25
Communication
, 81, 88, 100, 120
Communism
, 12–13
Community Law
, 43, 46
Conflict studies
, 62
Congress of Europe
, 10
Constitutional Convention
, 13
Constitutional patriotism
, 26
Coronavirus
, 11, 15–16, 181
Cosmopolitan families
, 53
Council
, 14, 46
Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
, 30n5
Criminalisation of migration
, 31
Crimmigration
, 31
Crisis
, 1–2, 4, 13–14, 32, 115
out of Africa
, 10–11
building on ruins
, 7–8
communism
, 12–13
end of ‘trente glorieuses’
, 11–12
and integration
, 6–7
lasting crisis of monetary integration
, 14–15
migration panic
, 15
themes
, 5
Western Europe’s Geopolitical Predicament
, 8–10
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
, 112–113, 115
Cross-boundary relations
, 85
CSU
, 78
Cultural theory
, 165–166
Culture
, 86, 165
Cursed Soldiers
, 101
Dauerkrisen
, 6
De Gaulle
, 7, 9–10
De-industrialisation
, 136, 152–153
Decolonisation
, 10, 34
Delors presidency
, 11
Democracy and the Foreigner (Honig)
, 24
Democratic
, 43
capitalism
, 152
deficit of EU
, 64
elitism, xx
institutions
, 50
politics
, 52
representation
, 172
Demoi
, 52–53, 58
Demos
, 51–53
Denmark
, 11, 13
Derivative citizenship
, 49
Deutsche Reichspartei (DRP)
, 77
Dialogue circles
, 76–77, 81
Directorates-General (DG)
, 170
Discourse(s)
, 76–78, 112–113
analysis
, 118
creating affective atmospheres in political discourse
, 113–116
emergence of new identities through public discourse
, 118–122
on Greek crisis
, 113
Domestic policy
, 11
Donald Trump
, 151
Douglas’s typology grid
, 166
Dublin Convention
, 30
Economic elite
, 128
Economic inequality
, 152
Economic orthodoxy, xvii
Economic recession
, 23, 32–33
Elections
, 11, 57, 119, 155
Elites
, 88, 99, 120–121, 181
Emic
, 6
Emotions
, 3, 94–95, 100
in constructing ideologies and identities
, 113
creating affective atmospheres in political discourse
, 113–116
emergence of new identities through public discourse
, 118–122
emotional underpinnings of migration policies
, 103–106
in politics
, 94
re-examining resentment
, 116–118
Empire
, 150
Empty chair
, 7
Enacted citizenship
, 65
Enacting European citizenship
, 62
in protest
, 63–66
Environmental degradation
, 16
Equality
, 136
Ethnicity
, 86
Ethno-majoritarian impulse
, 150
Ethno-majoritarianism
, 150–151
Etic
, 6
EURAFRICA
, 10
Euro
, 14, 152–153
Eurobarometer
, 11, 51
Eurocommuters
, 53
Eurocrisis
, 7, 17
Europe
, 6–8, 153, 179–180, 182
for Citizens
, 75, 81
diversity
, 70
identity in
, 22
European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM)
, 9
European Border, securitising
, 27–31
European Central Bank
, 17
European Citizen Initiative (ECI)
, 63
European citizens
, 62
simplistic ideas of
, 66–68
European citizenship
, 3, 68–71
European Commission
, 162–163
as bureaucracy
, 163–164
characteristics
, 164
ideal images of bureaucrats of
, 168–171
loyalty in
, 164–165
European Community (EC)
, 6, 11, 26
European Constitution
, 13
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
, 27
European Council
, 162
regulation
, 29
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
, 27, 30n5
European crises
, 3
of democratic legitimacy
, 62, 64
European Defence Community
, 9
European democratic crisis
, 66
European demos, EU citizenship for
, 51–53
European dynamic
, 17
European Economic Area (EEA)
, 55
European External Action Service
, 11
European foreign policy
, 11
European Green Deal
, 16
European identification
, 3, 76, 181
European identity
, 23, 180
and migration
, 25–27
refugee crisis and
, 31–34
European integration
, 3, 6, 9, 12–13
European migration management policies
, 35
European Nuclear Disarmament (END)
, 9
European Parliament (EP)
, 14, 41
European People’s Party (EPP)
, 14
European Political Cooperation
, 11
European space
, 29
European Union (EU)
, 7, 27, 41, 112, 147
citizenship
, 42, 45
crisis of
, 47–49
for European demos
, 51–53
evolution
, 43–45
Europeanisation of migration
, 22
Europeanist
, 169
Euroscepticism
, 78, 172
Eurostat
, 11–12
Eurozone
, 14, 18, 118
Evil populism, xix
Exclusion
, 24–25
Executive federalism
, 14
Far-right
, 76
identifying populism
, 79–80
methodology
, 81–82
parties
, 31, 76–78, 156
people
, 82–88
resurgence of far-right in Germany
, 77–79
FIDESZ ruling party
, 104n8
Force de frappe
, 9
Fortress Europe
, 29
Fouchet Plan
, 9
France
, 9–11, 13, 16, 17, 28, 54, 69, 77, 84, 128–130, 173–174
Free movement
, 15, 29, 32, 43, 47–48
Freedom Party
, 151
French
, 55, 119
anti-racism
, 135
workers
, 134
Front National
, 151
FRONTEX
, 104
Ganser, Daniele
, 85
Gauland, Alexander
, 80
Gaullist
, 15
General Election
, 119, 149
Geographical representation
, 172
Geopolitical predicament
, 8–10
German Democratic Republic (GDR)
, 12, 80
Germany
, 76, 104
resurgence of far-right in
, 77–79
Globalisation
, 12, 22, 42, 54, 58, 154–156
Greece
, 3, 8, 18, 85, 112–113, 118, 173
Greek crisis (see also Refugee crisis)
, 3, 112–113, 115–116, 118
Green, Alternative, Libertarian vs. Tradition, Authority, Nation opposition (GAL/TAN opposition)
, 10
Green Party
, 16
Hague Congress of Europe
, 10
Hanson, Pauline
, 151
Heath, Edward
, 6
Hierarchy, xvi
Hitler
, 8, 84, 103
Höcke, Björn
, 80
Holocaust
, 8
Holocaust Memorial
, 80
Homo economicus model
, 114
Human rights
, 23, 27, 30–31, 35, 51
Hungary
, 103–106
Hybridity
, 23, 36
Identification, xviii
Identitarian Movement
, 76, 78
Identity, xv, xvii
in Europe
, 22
feeling
, 96–98
and migration
, 23–25
themes
, 5
working class and
, 141–142
Ignorance, xx
Illegal Wars
, 85
Imagined Communities (Anderson)
, 23
Immigrants
, 127–130
Immigration laws
, 34
Inability to Mourn, The
, 8
Inclusion
, 24
Indo-China
, 10
Inequality
, 152
Inside/outside
, 22, 24, 36
Integration
, 6–7
Interests
, 22, 83, 86, 156
Intergovernmental image
, 170
Internal market
, 42
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
, 112
Interpretations
, 158
Interpretative frames
, 79
Iraq
, 11, 32, 63
Ireland
, 11, 13
‘Iron Curtain’ speech
, 8
Islam
, 84, 133–134
Italy
, 9, 17, 77, 169
Ius domicili
, 49
Ius sanguinis
, 49
Ius soli
, 49
Jobbik
, 151
Kaczyn´ski, Jarosław
, 100n5
Kreisau Initiative
, 81–82
Krisenkreuzung
, 7
Labour migration
, 22
Labour Party
, 11
Law and Justice party
, 100–102
Le Pen, Marine
, 82
Left Party
, 130n4
Lexiteer
, 154, 157
Liberal elites
, 154
Lisbon Treaty
, 13
Lithuanians
, 15
LKR
, 78n3
Loyalty in European Commission
, 164–165
Lucke, Bernd
, 78n3
Maastricht Treaty
, 13
Macro-regions
, 7, 17
Market citizenship
, 53
Marshall Plan
, 12
Marxism, xviii
Marxist ideology
, 131
Mechanical solidarity
, 154
Member of the European Parliament (MEP)
, 45
Member State
, 7, 11, 15, 42–45, 49–50, 53, 172, 174
Memory as security policy
, 100–103
Merkel, Angela
, 78, 84
Migration
, 22
European identity and
, 25–27
identity and
, 23–25
as opportunity for European identity
, 34–36
refugee crisis and European identity
, 31–34
securitising European Border
, 27–31
Militarism
, 9
Monetary integration, lasting crisis of
, 14–15
Multiculturalism
, 105
Nation state
, 3, 6, 24, 26, 50–52, 162
National citizenship
, 44
National Democratic Party (NPD)
, 77
National Health Service
, 171
National identity
, 23, 181
National Socialist Underground (NSU)
, 78
Nationalism
, 6, 150–151
Nationalist
, 169–171
Nations and Nationalism from 1780 (Hobsbawm)
, 23
Naturalised immigrants
, 55
Neo-Nazis
, 80
Neoliberal capitalism
, 154
Netherlands
, 11, 13, 28, 69
New Europe
, 11
NGO
, 7, 31, 35
Nice Treaty
, 13
9/11
, 78, 84
Nordic model
, 128
Normality, xx
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
, 8–9, 12
Northern Ireland
, 155
Norway
, 3, 78, 128–129, 137, 143, 181
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)
, 35
Old Europe
, 11
Ontological security
, 98
Ontological security theory (OST)
, 94, 97–98
Open method of coordination
, 14
Opt-in citizenship
, 46
Orbán, Viktor
, 105
Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)
, 8
Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
, 27
Organisational culture
, 165–167
Orient
, 180
Otherness
, 24
Outreach
, 11, 157
Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the Occident (PEGIDA)
, 76, 78
Pedagogy of pride
, 102
Pedagogy of shame
, 102
People, The
, 3, 77, 80, 82–88
Permissive consensus
, 64
Phenomenography
, 65
Pink Tide, xix
Platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented Migrants (PICUM)
, 33
Pluralism
, 36, 86
Poland
, 100–103
Poland and Hungary Assistance for the Restructuring of the Economy (PHARE)
, 12
Poles
, 15, 101–103
Political bureaucrat
, 168
Political discourse, creating affective atmospheres in
, 113–116
Political emotions
, 182
Political identification
, 182
Political identity, xv
Political license
, 158
Political participation
, 63
Political populism
, 94
Politicisation, xvii
, 63
Populism, xix–xxi
, 3, 94
affective approach to
, 95–96
emotional nature
, 95
feeling identity
, 96–98
Hungary
, 103–106
identifying
, 79–80
as ideology
, 96
Poland
, 100–103
securitisation of feelings
, 98–100
Populists
, 96
Post-Brexit implications
, 45–47
Post-communist transition
, 12
Post-industrial capitalism
, 153
Post-national model
, 26
Post-war crisis
, 8
Post-war integration process
, 10
Prawo i Sprawiedliwos´c´ (PiS)
, 100–101
Pro-Europe
, 42, 76, 170
Protest
Brexit as
, 154–156
enacting European citizenship in
, 63–66
European citizenship
, 68–71
simplistic ideas of European citizen
, 66–68
Public discourse, emergence of new identities through
, 118–122
Public opinion
, 11–12, 150
Public sphere
, 12, 22–23, 106, 111, 114, 156–157
Purely Professional
, 169
Qualitative empirical research framework
, 65
Racism
, 135
Rebordering
, 16
Rechtsstaat
, 47
Recognition
, 128–129, 136
Referendum
, 147–148
Refugee crisis
, 15, 22–23, 78
and European identity
, 31–34
Refugees
, 29–31, 33, 35, 84, 181
REMINDER project
, 55
Representative bureaucracy
, 162, 171–173
administrative culture
, 165–168
European Commission as bureaucracy
, 163–164
evidence on representativeness
, 173
ideal images of bureaucrats of European Commission
, 168–171
loyalty in European Commission
, 164–165
problems in
, 173–175
Republicanism
, 135
Resentment, re-examining
, 116–118
Resistance fighter
, 79
Resistance movement
, 84
Restorative Circles for Citizens in Europe
, 81
Right-wing populism
, 17, 80, 148, 150
Right-wing populist movement
, 155
Rottmann case
, 45
Russia
, 12, 84
Scandinavia
, 10
Scapegoating
, 25
Scepticism
, 139
Schengen Agreement
, 22
Schengen crisis
, 7
Schrödinger’s Nazis
, 80
Scotland
, 155, 157
Second Cold War
, 9
Second Country Nationals (SCN)
, 45, 49
Second World War
, 6–7, 76–77, 80, 102–103
Securitisation
of feelings
, 98–100
of migration
, 35
Security
, 22, 27, 98
Self-organised ECI (sECI)
, 63
Shared meanings and stories
, 80
‘Shopping list’ approach
, 95
Single currency
, 13, 16
Single Market
, 12, 26, 44, 58
Slovakia
, 17
Snowball method
, 130
Social constructivism
, 114
Social identity, xv
Social media
, 78, 95–96
Social policy
, 11
Socialism
, 135
Socioeconomic approach
, 29
Soviet threat
, 9
Spain
, 16, 77, 120, 151, 163
SPD
, 78
Spitzenkandidat mechanism
, 14
Sputnik
, 85
Standort Deutschland
, 13
Standort Europa
, 13
Suez
, 9–10
Supranational citizenship
acquisition of
, 55–57
national citizenship
, 54–55
regime
, 42–43
Supranational European citizenship regime (SECR)
, 55–56
Supranational European project
, 41
Symbolic boundaries
, 129, 181
Syntagma Square
, 120
Syrian conflict
, 33
Tabloid press
, 149
Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States (TACIS)
, 12
Territorial planning
, 7, 17
There Is No Alternative dogma (TINA dogma), xvi, xx
Third Country Nationals (TCN)
, 45, 49, 56
Tilly, Charles
, 78
Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)
, 62
European-wide protest actions
, 65
proponents and opponents
, 63
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership agreement (TTIP agreement)
, 181
Transmigrants
, 53
Transnational families
, 53
Transnationalism
, 53
Treaty of Amsterdam
, 22, 29
Treaty of Lisbon
, 43
Treaty of Maastricht
, 43
Treaty of Paris
, 43
Treaty of Rome
, 43
Treaty of the European Union (TEU)
, 44
Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
, 44
Trebnitz
, 76, 81
Trente glorieuses
, 8, 11–12
Trust dictatorship
, 83, 88, 118
Turkey
, 8, 32
Two-by-two table
, 166
Two-tier human rights system
, 35
UK Independence Party (UKIP)
, 149
UK’s Trades Union Congress
, 11
Union citizenship
, 44
United Kingdom (UK)
, 45
United Nations (UN)
, 11
‘Us-versus-them’ narrative
, 24
USA
, 8–9
USSR
, 8
US–UK attack on Iraq
, 11
Vienna Convention
, 45–46
Vietnam War
, 10
Vox
, 151
Weidel, Alice
, 82
Welfare benefits
, 131–133, 136
Welfare state
, 137, 141
Weltanschauung
, 85
Western Balkans
, 12
Western Europe’s Geopolitical Predicament
, 8–10
Western European Union
, 9
Western Union
, 9
Wirtschaftswunder
, 8
Working class
, 128–129
boundaries against immigrants and people taking advantage of welfare benefits
, 131–136
and identity
, 141–142
towards wealthy and politicians
, 137–141
Xenophobia
, 24, 28, 106
Xenophobic
attacks
, 151
reactions
, 32
Yom Kippur War (1967)
, 11
Yugoslav wars
, 11
Zambrano
, 45
- Prelims
- Introduction: Moments of Crisis, Decision and Critique
- Chapter 1: Identity and Europe: Integration Through Crisis and Crises of Integration
- Chapter 2: Identity and Migration: From the ‘Refugee Crisis’ to a Crisis of European Identity
- Chapter 3: Identity and Citizenship: The Search for a Supranational Social Contract
- Chapter 4: Identity and Protest: Towards a Multiplicity of European Citizenship
- Chapter 5: Identity and the Far-Right: People Talking About ‘The People’
- Chapter 6: Identity and Security: The Affective Ontology of Populism
- Chapter 7: Identity and Emotion: Resented and Resentful in Crisis-Ridden Greece
- Chapter 8: Identity and Class: Boundary Drawing in Norway
- Chapter 9: Identity and Brexit: Five Readings of the Referendum
- Chapter 10: Identity and Representation: Representative Bureaucracy in the European Union
- Conclusion: Politics, Processes and Passions of Identification in Europe
- Index