Citation

(2020), "Index", Fée, D., Colenutt, B. and Schäbitz, S.C. (Ed.) Lessons from British and French New Towns: Paradise Lost?, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 219-226. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83909-430-920201021

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2021 Emerald Publishing Limited

---

INDEX

Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate notes.

Abercrombie Greater London Plan (1944)

, 1

Aesthetic qualities

, 106–107

Agency for the Environment and Energy Control (ADEME)

, 69

‘Agora’

, 189

Algerian war crisis

, 2

All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG)

, 24

Alur Act (2014)

, 67

Architectural Association (1950s)

, 52

Architectural Review (AR)

, 46

Architectural uniformity

, 51

Architecture

, 199–200

‘Areas’ comprehensive development plan

, 107–112

Art Trust

, 168

Artist-consultants

, 177

Arts Council

, 169

Arts funding

, 166

Athens Charter

, 174

Axe majeur

, 178

Balanced communities

, 36, 54

challenge of building

, 48–49

Bare-knuckle boxing

, 53

BAVO art

, 168

Birchwood

, 11

contextualising

, 77–79

ways of knowing

, 81–85

Bottom-up approach

, 205

Bretton Wood School

, 204

Britain

, 79, 146–147, 153, 198

British Garden City Movement

, 2

British New Towns

, 1–3, 46, 200–201, 206

challenge of building ‘balanced’ communities

, 48–49

cutting-edge experiments to fraught legacy

, 3–5

design-driven stereotypes of New Towns

, 51–52

land-banking over compulsory purchase orders

, 55–57

NTB

, 49–51

programme

, 118

renewing New Towns experiment

, 5–7

suburban dystopia

, 49–51

British New Towns: A programme without a policy, The (Aldridge)

, 118

British Urban Development Services Unit (BUDSU)

, 130–132, 138

Bureau central d’études pour les équipements d’outre mer (BCEOM)

, 135, 140

Business Improvement Districts (BID)

, 170

Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations

, 177

Capitalist realism

, 36–37

‘Catchment areas’ of schools

, 94

Centenary Committee

, 161–162

Central Milton Keynes (CMK)

, 202

Centralism

, 188

Centre for London

, 24

Cergy-Pontoise

, 90–91, 93, 95–96

‘City of Art and History’ label

, 179

Civic identity

, 160

‘Colour chart’

, 190

Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE)

, 53

Communal value

, 208

Community

, 201

Compulsory Purchase Orders (CPO)

, 56

land-banking over

, 55–57

Conceived space

, 78

‘Conceived-perceived-lived’ elements

, 79

Conseil constitutionnel

, 66

Conservation policies

, 198

Conservative model

, 52

Consultants

, 93

Contemporary art

, 177–178

Coopération

, 135

Copropriétés

, 94

Cordunet Act (1919)

, 2

Council estates

, 53–55

‘Creative’ contemporary city

, 178

Criticism

, 47

Cross-Channel analysis

, 8

Curators

, 160

‘Daily reality’

, 78

Days of the New Town (2016)

, 11, 80–81, 85

Days of the New Town: Birchwood at 50

, 80

Décentralisation

, 65

Délégation à l’aménagement du territoire et à l’action régionale (DATAR)

, 134

Delouvrier, Paul

, 102

Demographic homogeneity

, 51

Densification

, 67

Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG)

, 21

Departments of Environment (DoE)

, 131, 133

Departments of Trade (DoT)

, 131

Deposits and Consignments Fund

, 174

‘Deprived’ neighbourhoods

, 179

Developers

, 9, 21–22, 27, 29, 31, 167–168

Development corporations

, 23n7, 56, 77–78, 82, 84, 151–152

Devolution

, 65

Direction des affaires économiques et internationales

, 135

DOCOMO International

, 199–200

Dragon’s Alley

, 190

Ebbsfleet

, 21, 23–24, 28–30

reconciling policy ambition with circumstance

, 31–32

spatial layout and design

, 31

Ebbsfleet Development Corporation (EDC)

, 21, 25, 30

Eco-region

, 67–68

Eco-towns

, 20, 26

prospectus

, 25

Ecole nationale d’administration

, 135

‘Ecological Approach’

, 78

Écoquartiers

, 68–69

‘Edge City’

, 30

Egalitarian ethos

, 37

Employment self-containment

, 125

England’s local government framework

, 118–119

English New Towns

, 188

Environment

, 103

Environmental qualities

, 106–107

Établissements publics d’aménagement (EPAs)

, 66, 134

Everyday life

, 91–93, 95

Évry

, 189

Évry 1

, 189–191

Evry Pyramides

, 191

Experts

, 51

Facts about the New Towns: A socio-economic digest (Clegg and Davies)

, 118

France

, 184

New Towns in

, 62, 130

French Fifth Republic

, 2, 63

French Garden Cities Association

, 185

French local authorities

, 66–67

French New Towns

, 1–3, 62, 184, 188–189

awkward connection

, 70–71

cutting-edge experiments to fraught legacy

, 3–5

different planning agenda

, 66–68

experiment

, 62–63

housing and demographic context (2020)

, 63–65

new cities, laboratories for public art

, 175–176

new national governance structure

, 65–66

new urban forms

, 68–70

public art heritage and patrimonialisation in New Towns

, 178–180

public art in

, 174

renewing New Towns experiment

, 5–7

use of art in urban planning

, 176–178

Garden Cities

, 9, 20, 23, 31

theory

, 185–186

Garden Communities (2018)

, 24–25

Garden Settlements

, 20

Garden Towns

, 26

Garden Villages

, 26

Go East: Unlocking the Potential of the Thames Estuary (Adonis & Rogers)

, 24

Governance

, 151–152

Grandes Villes et Systèmes de parcs (1906)

, 186

Grands ensembles

, 70, 177

Greater London Regional Planning Committee

, 1

‘Greater Paris’

, 185

area

, 62, 64

New Towns

, 2

Green Back Yard

, 168–169

Grenelle consultation

, 68

Grenelle II Act (2010)

, 67

Groeikernen in Dutch

, 205

Groupe Central des Villes Nouvelles (GCVN)

, 62, 130, 134, 136, 138, 175–176, 178

Groupement d’intéret économique (GIE)

, 135

Groupement d’intéret économique Amenageurs et développeurs en France (GIE ADEFRANCE)

, 136

Groupement D’Intéret Économique Villes Nouvelles de France (GIEVNF)

, 13, 135–136

GIEVNF/ADEFRANCE in practice

, 136–138

Harlow

, 144–146, 151–152, 203

Civic Society

, 204

New Town

, 54n2

Water Gardens by Bill Mitchell

, 165

Hauntology

, 36–37

‘Health’

, 38

Healthy by Design: The Healthy New Towns Network Prospectus

, 28

Healthy New Towns (HNT), 27. (see also New Towns)

Ebbsfleet

, 28–32

influential actors facilitating new garden communities

, 23–25

planning for health

, 26–28

recent government criteria for new settlements

, 25–26

reinvigorated mechanisms for planning new settlements

, 22–23

transferable lessons from New Towns

, 21–22

twenty-first century garden city learning from New Towns

, 30–31

Helicopter specialists

, 48

Heritage

, 178–180

as driver of re-evaluation, regeneration and growth of New Towns

, 201–206

modernism

, 198–201

movement

, 200

New Towns

, 206–208

‘Heterotopias’

, 188

Hierarchical polycentrism

, 68

High Environmental Quality (HQE)

, 69

Homes and Communities Agency (HCA)

, 48

‘Homes Fit for Heroes’

, 20

‘Hope’

, 38

House of Commons

, 47

Housing

, 56, 61–62, 145

history

, 76–77, 80

ministry

, 24–25

Identity

, 106

Industrial decentralisation

, 53

Institut d’aménagement et d’urbanisme de la région d’Ile de France (IAURIF)

, 136

Institut d’aménagementet d’urbanisme de la région parisienne (IAURP)

, 133–134

Institute for Planning Paris Region

, 62

International New Towns Association (INTA)

, 134

International planning consultancy

, 130

Jizan announcement

, 132

Kent Thameside Association

, 29, 32n9

L’allée du Dragon

, 177

L’art dans les villes nouvelles. De l’expérimentation à la patrimonialisation

, 178

l’Axe majeur

, 180

‘La décentralisation’

, 65

Labour

government

, 132

policy

, 32

Land and Technical Agency for Greater Paris region

, 62

Land nationalisation

, 56

Land-banking over compulsory purchase orders

, 55–57

Landmark operations

, 189

Landscape

, 83

Le droit à la ville

, 184

Le Pas Du Lac, Erasmus Park

, 108

Le Vaudreuil

, 191–193

Lefebvre, Henri

, 75, 78–79

Lefebvrian analysis

Birchwood

, 77–79

Days of the New Town

, 80–81

ways of knowing Birchwood

, 81–85

ways of knowing New Town

, 78–80

Les cités-jardins d’Ile-de-France: une certaine idée du bonheur

, 5

Letchworth Garden City

, 1, 40

Liberalism

, 37, 41

Lifting the Burden (White Paper)

, 6

Local media

, 50

Localism

, 23

Locally-Led Garden Cities

, 5

prospectus

, 25

Locally-Led Garden Villages, Towns and Cities

, 5, 25

Loi of devolution relative à l’organisation décentralisée de la République

, 65

Loi portant nouvelle organisation territoriale de la République

, 65

Loi relative aux droits et libertés des communes, des départements et des régions

, 65

Loi relative aux libertés et responsabilités locales

, 65

London

, 117

London Community Builders

, 152

London New Towns

, 117–118

occupational structure

, 124

population size and growth

, 119–122

self-containment

, 124–127

social balance

, 123–124

London’s New Towns: A study of self-contained and balanced communities (Thomas)

, 118

Macron government

, 67

Maintenance

, 53

Master plans

, 3, 12–13, 27, 30, 39–40, 69, 139–140, 149, 169, 193

Memorials

, 160

to public art

, 161–162

Middle class

, 92–93

‘Millennium Towns’

, 20

Milton Keynes

, 90–91, 93, 95–97, 119, 121, 202

model

, 56

Rose in Campbell Park

, 161

shopping centre

, 203

Milton Keynes Development Corporation (MKDC)

, 133

Ministère de l’Equipement

, 134–135

Ministry of Culture

, 175

Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government (MHCLG)

, 22

Modern architecture

, 40, 174, 199

Modern British Sculpture

, 162

Modernism

, 38, 51–52, 198–201

Modernist architecture

, 200

Modernist heritage

, 201

Montignyle-Bretonneux municipality

, 105

Municipal land-banking

, 56–57

N10 ‘Dividing Line’

, 105–106

National bidding process

, 68

National Cultural Heritage Agency

, 205

National Design Guide

, 22

National Health Service (NHS)

, 21

National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF)

, 6, 22

Nature

, 83

Navarrenx

, 75–76

Necessary Amendments: Homes for the People

, 169

Neighbourhood

, 94

Neighbourhood Planning Act (2017)

, 23

Nene Park

, 204

New Brutalism

, 42

New partnerships

, 25

New Public Development Corporations

, 25n4

New Town Blues (NTB)

, 42–43, 49–51

New Town Development Corporations (NTDC)

, 21, 23, 30, 40, 131

New Town Heritage Research Network

, 8, 201, 208

New Town programme (1946)

, 40

New Town Story, The (Schaffer)

, 8

New Town Utopia

, 77

New Towns, 4, 7, 9, 20–21, 31–32, 35, 38–39, 47, 51, 53–55, 130, 144, 183–184, 206–208. (see also Healthy New Towns (HNT); ‘Small Towns’)

of Britain

, 77

BUDSU

, 130–132

building programme in Britain

, 79

built reality

, 150–153

comparison

, 148–150

decline, fall and afterlife

, 132–133

distinct identity as being new town

, 150

GIEVNF

, 135–136

GIEVNF/ADEFRANCE in practice

, 136–138

governance

, 151–152

hauntology

, 36–37

impact and legacy

, 27

of Mourenx

, 75–76

movement policy

, 36–37

novel architecture and urban formats

, 153

plan delivery

, 152–153

plans

, 144–148

post-war spirit

, 37–39

private consultancies

, 139–140

public art and

, 162–166

public art heritage and patrimonialisation in

, 178–180

self-containment

, 151

stories

, 138–139

theory

, 55

transferable lessons from

, 21–22

twenty-first century garden city learning from

, 30–31

Villes Nouvelles programme

, 133–135

vision

, 41–43

New Towns Act

, 117

New Towns Act (1946)

, 22–23

New Towns Association (NTA)

, 131

New Towns Bill

, 39

New Towns Come of Age

, 39, 118

New Towns Committee (1946)

, 21

New Towns Program (1971)

, 189

New Towns:The British experience (Evans)

, 118

Night spots

, 110–111

Notes on the New Town (1962/1995)

, 75–77, 83

‘NOTRe’ law

, 107

‘Oakwood’s New Landscape’ (1983)

, 83

Occupation

, 123, 127

Office for Artworks of the Undersecretary of Fine Arts

, 174

Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

, 131

Painting walls in tonal pallets

, 177

‘Paradise’

, 7

Paris

, 102

plan

, 188

region

, 102, 187

suburbs

, 186–187

‘Parkway Dreams’

, 204

Participatory process

, 205

Patrimonialisation

, 175, 179–180

Peaceful Path: Building Garden Cities and New Towns (Ward)

, 8

Pedestrian Town Centre

, 203

‘People’s Archive’

, 80

Perceived space

, 78

Peterborough Development Corporation (PDC)

, 204

Plan(ning)

, 77, 80, 144, 152

concept

, 61–62

delivery

, 152–153

for health

, 26–28

policy

, 20–21

regulations and tools

, 6

reinvigorated mechanisms for planning new settlements

, 22–23

PLUi

, 106

Point, The

, 203

Policy Exchange

, 24

Population size and growth

, 119–122

Positive planning

, 56–57

Post-2010 planning

, 6

Post-war

New Towns

, 20, 41, 199

planning system

, 139

spirit

, 37–39

UK New Towns

, 35

urban planning

, 163

‘Prairie planning’

, 46

Prefabrication

, 153

Prior Urbanisation Zones (ZUP)

, 187

Private consultancies

, 139–140

Private realm

, 91

Production of Space, The

, 76

Prospectuses

, 25–26

Public art

, 159–161, 174

heritage and patrimonialisation in New Towns

, 178–180

from memorials to

, 161–162

and New Town

, 162–166

in New Towns today

, 166–169

Public realm

, 44, 166, 205

Public spaces

, 175–178

Pyramides neighbourhood

, 180

Pyrénées-Atlantiques

, 75

Queens Gate Shopping Centre

, 204

Regeneration

, 3, 8, 24, 201–206, 209

Regional comparison

, 118–119

Regional planning

, 2

Reith Committee

, 117

Representations of space

, 78

Residents

, 94, 96

Right-to-Buy scheme

, 54–55

Risley Moss Nature Reserve

, 84

Rotterdam

, 205

Royal Ordnance Factory

, 81

Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (SQY)

, 5, 12, 101n1, 102

area’s attractiveness

, 111–112

area’s urban planning quality in question

, 109–110

finding hubs for

, 103

founding principles

, 103–105

main centre for

, 104–105

night spots

, 110–111

original urban planning principles in real-life conditions

, 105–107

regional dynamics

, 109

through residents’ eyes

, 107–112

“Say it in pictures” photo testimonial operation

, 108n7, 109

SCET-Coopération

, 140

SCET-International

, 140

Schéma directeur d’aménagement et d’urbanisme

, 184

Schéma directeur d’aménagement et d’urbanisme de la région parisienne (SDAURP)

, 62, 187–188

Schuler bridge

, 106

Sculpture

, 160–162

Sculpture Symposium

, 193

SDAURIF

, 67

SDRIF

, 67–68

Seed-capacity funding

, 26

Self-containment

, 118, 124–127, 151

Self-sufficiency

, 103

Sense of place

, 78, 82

Sept-Mares district

, 103–104

SERETE (French engineering consultancy)

, 132

Silver T-square Prize

, 179n3

‘Small Towns’. (see also New Towns)

distinctive identity

, 106

districts organised into hierarchies of

, 103–104

Social balance

, 123–124

Social democracy remnants

, 37

Social planning

, 35

Social policy

, 47

Social realism

, 174

Société centrale pour l’équipement du territoire

, 140

Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB)

, 198

Socio-spatial practices

, 91

community life

, 94–95

private domain

, 92–94

public domain

, 95–96

Southgate Estate in Runcorn

, 166

Spatial practice

, 78

Spatial Strategy for the Paris region

, 62

Special Sub-committee of the Greater London Council’s General Purposes Committee

, 152

SRU Act (2000)

, 67

Stevenage City Centre in New Towns

, 200

Stevenage shopping centre

, 42

Stevenage Town Centre Gardens, Women with Doves from

, 164

Sub-regional spatial strategies (SCOT)

, 67

Suburban dystopia

, 49–51

Suburban neurosis

, 51

Suburban urbanity

, 90–91

city and region

, 97–98

socio-spatial practices

, 91–96

Sustainability

, 67

Sustainable Communities Plan

, 22, 29

Sustainable Communities: Building for the Future

, 5

Tactic

, 92

Tangible Utopias

, 185

Thames Gateway Strategy

, 29

Thamesmead

, 144, 146–148, 151

Committee

, 152

master plan

, 153

Thatcher, M.

, 6

Top-down

approach

, 205

paternalism

, 166

Totem

, 179

Town and Country Planning Act (1947)

, 56, 198

Town and Country Planning Association (TCPA)

, 21–22

healthy place principles

, 27

Town centre

, 151

Town planning

, 175, 178

Town Planning Act (1947)

, 41

Trappes municipality

, 105

Twentieth century

, 184

UK New Towns programme

, 7, 46, 130

UK planning

consultants

, 139–140

system

, 41

Unlocking Growth in Cities (2011)

, 6

Unwin: Hampstead Garden Suburb

, 186

Urban design paradigms

, 144

Urban extensions

, 66, 68, 70

Urban formats

, 153

Urban history

, 184

Urban planning

, 102, 184, 187

use of art in

, 176–178

‘Urban reality’

, 78

Urban renewal

, 7

Urban sustainability

, 8

Urban Task Force (UTF)

, 53

Urbanism

, 200

URBED

, 24

Utopia(s)

, 38, 184

Évry

, 189–191

French New Towns

, 188–189

Garden City

, 185–186

Le Vaudreuil

, 191–193

from reconstruction to national prospective

, 186–188

Val de Reuil

, 180

Value-added tax (VAT)

, 207

‘Ville et Pays d’Art et d’Histoire’ label (‘VPAH’ label)

, 106–107

Ville nouvelle

, 70, 90–91, 96–98

EPA

, 136, 138

policy

, 130

programme

, 132–135

Villes Nouvelles de France (VNF)

, 135

‘Virtuous circle’

, 112

‘Visual design schemes’

, 177

Walk-about

, 190

Warrington New Town Development Corporation

, 78, 80

‘Weiterbauen’ task

, 208

Welwyn Garden City

, 120–121

Welwyn Hatfield

, 126

Wider South East (WSE)

, 118

Work/housing balance

, 3

XPlain

, 203

ZAD

, 63

ZUP

, 70