Index

Citation

Richmond, K.M. (2022), "Index", Marketisation and Forensic Science Provision in England and Wales, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 165-171. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83909-123-020221009

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2023 Karen McGregor Richmond

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INDEX

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate notes.

Abbreviated forensic reporting

, 104–106

Accreditation

, 131–132, 137

Admissibility tests

, 20

Agency

, 9–10

Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO)

, 62, 106

Auopoiesis

, 51–52

Autonomy

, 158–160

Baconian probability

, 26

Balogun v. DPP [2010] EWHC 799

, 109

Bayes’ theorem

, 21–23, 25

Bayesian ‘inference engine’

, 22

Bayesian analysis

, 24–25

Bayesian analytical methods

, 17

Bayesian approach

, 22, 24, 27

Bayesian statistics

, 25

Bayesian turn

, 23–24

Bias

, 131, 146

Bibliometric analyses

, 36

Bio-identification techniques

, 20

Biological substrate

, 160–161

‘Black box’ of DNA profiling

, 47

Blood pattern analysis

, 93

Body Fluids (BF)

, 62

Burglaries

, 69

‘Business-oriented’ approach

, 6

Car thefts

, 69

Case Assessment and Interpretation process (CAI process)

, 27–31, 42–43, 68n22, 69n25

Case fragmentation

, 78–80, 114

Case law

, 109–110

Case pre-assessment

, 28

Case studies

, 30

‘Casework’ model of forensic interpretation

, 42

Cellmark

, 82

Centralisation

, 55n2

Certification

, 130, 139

Chain of evidence

, 45–46

Classical statistics

, 24

Codification process

, 63, 70

Collaboration

, 31

Collaborative co-production of knowledge

, 35

Commercialisation

, 6

of forensic expertise

, 83–88

Commodification of forensic science

, 53–54

economic rationalisation in UK

, 56

forensic productisation

, 64–67

forensic science market

, 60–61

forensic science provision in England and Wales

, 55

FSS

, 56–57

National Forensic Framework Agreement

, 61–64

National Policing Improvement Agency

, 64

procurement

, 61–64

restructuring and DNA analysis

, 57–60

triaging of forensic investigations

, 67–70

Contamination

, 27, 146

‘Contest and communication’ narrative

, 43–44, 96–97

Contextual information

, 22

Criminal Justice Act 1967

, 119

Criminal Justice in Northern Ireland

, 9

Criminal Justice Inspectorate of Northern Ireland (CJINI)

, 10

Criminal justice system (CJS)

, 1, 53, 55, 103, 155

Efficiency Programme

, 129

requirements

, 59

Criminal Procedure Rules (CrimPR)

, 104, 108–109

Cross-disciplinary impermeability

, 36

Crown Prosecution Service (CPS)

, 87–88, 103, 143

strategy advisor

, 120

Customer relations

, 6

Customer requirement

, 28

Daubert criteria

, 133–136

Daubert v. Merrel Dow Pharmaceuticals 509 U. S.

, 20, 579, 134

De-skilling

, 120

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

, 17, 104

analysis

, 57–60

analysts

, 20–21

DNA-17 technology

, 11, 81, 149, 151

DNA-profiling techniques

, 17–19, 21, 26, 33, 37, 57, 147

DNA-testing protocols

, 86

DNA/Bayes techniques

, 18–19

fingerprinting

, 20, 84

matches

, 108

mixtures

, 80–83

mixtures, transfer, and persistence

, 148–154

profilers

, 73

profiling

, 137–139

restructuring

, 57–60, 129

Department for Economy (DfE)

, 3n10

Digital analyte

, 154

biological substrate

, 160–161

DNA mixtures, transfer, and persistence

, 148–154

efficiency

, 157–158

expertise

, 156–157

literature

, 160

regulation and autonomy

, 158–160

standardisation

, 155–156

Disciplinary purity

, 99

Disciplines

, 35

Dlugosz

, 135

Documentary analysis

, 34

Early Guilty Plea Scheme

, 118, 158

Economic rationalisation

, 3

in UK

, 56

Economic rationality

, 6

Efficiency

, 157–158

England and Wales

forensic science provision in

, 55

marketisation and privatisation in

, 4–8

English and Welsh police forces

, 74

‘Enhanced Daubert’ criteria

, 136–137

Epistemological privilege

, 17–21

Epistemological theories of causality

, 22

Epistemology

, 19, 146

European Union (EU)

, 125–127

criminal justice measures

, 132

Directives

, 125–127

Evidence

, 19

Evidential drug identification tests (EDITs)

, 108

Expert Evidence in Criminal Proceedings in England and Wales

, 133–134

Expertise

, 156–157

‘Fall-of-the-cliff’ effect

, 24

‘Fast-track’ scheme

, 84

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

, 83, 153

Feedback

, 31

Fibre analysis

, 75

Firearms classification

, 108

Footwear

, 108

Forensic artefacts

, 98

Forensic DNA-profiling activities

, 145

Forensic examination

, 7, 57

Forensic expertise

, 73

case fragmentation and quoting

, 78–80

commercialization

, 83–88

contest and communication narrative

, 96–97

interdisciplinary theories of expertise

, 97–101

mixtures and low-template DNA

, 80–83

pre-codification forensic analyses within public sector

, 74

restructuring

, 83–88

triaging and forensic science provision in public sector

, 88–95

triaging and privileging of DNA-profiling techniques

, 75–78

Forensic field

, 33

auopoiesis and systems theory of interdisciplinary knowledge

, 51–52

forensic-scientific knowledge

, 40–47

law and science

, 48–51

methods

, 34–40

STS

, 40–47

Studies of Expertise and Experience

, 47

Forensic laboratory

, 8

Forensic market

, 6, 33

Forensic productisation

, 64–67

Forensic reporting

, 43, 95, 110

Forensic Science Northern Ireland (FSNI)

, 3n10, 8–9, 11, 74, 89, 138, 149

informants

, 93

separation between PSNI and

, 94

Forensic science providers (FSPs)

, 34, 53, 74, 129, 149

Forensic science provision

in England and Wales

, 55

in public sector

, 88–95

in Scotland

, 13

Forensic Science Regulator (FSR)

, 108, 130–131

code of practice and conduct and investigation of complaints

, 132–133

regulatory responsibilities

, 131

Forensic Science Service (FSS)

, 3, 5–6, 33, 55–56, 74, 105, 143, 147

forensic experts

, 7

mission statement

, 7

transition and closure

, 56–57

Forensic sciences

, 1, 37, 97, 99

market

, 60–61, 125

marketisation and privatisation in England and Wales

, 4–8

normative basis of

, 145–146

police force forensic science provision in UK

, 12–16

provision in England and Wales

, 3–4

provision in Northern Ireland

, 8–12

Forensic scientists

, 28, 120

Forensic standardisation

, 53

Forensic strategy

, 6, 57

Forensic turn

, 41

Forensic-Scientific Knowledge

, 40–47

Forensic-scientific processes

CAI method

, 27–31

DNA and epistemological privilege

, 17–21

probability and statistical evidence in criminal proceedings

, 21–22

standardisation through probabilistic evidence techniques

, 22–27

Forensics procurement framework

, 132

Friction ridge examination

, 19

Frye standard

, 134

Globafiler-24

, 151

GovCo status

, 8

Historically contingent objectivity

, 142

Home Office

, 6, 34

House of Commons Science and Technology Committee

, 60

Hybrid sets

, 100–101, 112

Hybridisation

, 100

Implicit assumptions

, 36

Indecent images of children (IIoC)

, 108

Individualisation

, 18, 20

Inductive inference

, 23

Informal standardisation process

, 54

Initial Details of Prosecution Case (IDPC)

, 123

Interactional expertise

, 38–39

Interdisciplinary expertise

, 51

Interdisciplinary interactions

, 35

Interdisciplinary knowledge

, 35

systems theory of

, 51–52

Interdisciplinary research

, 35–36

Interdisciplinary theories of expertise

, 97–101

Internal process of enculturation

, 94

Intra-disciplinary studies

, 111

ISO 17025

, 131

Justice system

, 103

case law

, 109–110

CrimPR

, 108–109

lawfulness of SFR

, 125–127

MoJ Efficiency Programme

, 106–108

SFR

, 110–125

SFR and abbreviated forensic reporting

, 104–106

Knowledge transfer

, 51

Kruse ethnographic studies

, 45

Kumho

, 137

Kumho Tires v. Carmichael

, 20

Laboratory Information Management system (LIMS)

, 11

Laboratory translations

, 37

Latent print analysis

, 21

Law

, 37, 48–51

‘Lean Six Sigma’ process

, 10

Legal story-telling theory

, 46

Likelihood ratio

, 22

Lived experience

, 38

Locard Building

, 11

Locus

, 11n38

Low copy number DNA (LCN-DNA)

, 131

Low copy number techniques (LCN techniques)

, 57

Low-template DNA (LT-DNA)

, 80–83

Managerialist techniques

, 6

Market restructuring

, 73

Marketisation

, 33, 73, 76

in England and Wales

, 4–5

Match

, 68n24

McFarland Review

, 8, 60

McKinsey Review

, 8, 60

Meta-expertises

, 100

Metropolitan Police Service (MPS)

, 106

Ministry of Justice Efficiency Programme (MoJ Efficiency Programme)

, 106–108

MIX05

, 82, 153

MIX13 study

, 82, 153

Modernisation

, 6

‘Multiplex’ chemical test

, 11n38

National DNA Database (NDNAD)

, 27, 57, 62, 105, 131

National Forensic Framework Agreement (NFFA)

, 61–64

National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST)

, 82, 153

National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA)

, 64

Natural sciences

, 50

Neo-Weberian methods

, 51, 111

New Scotland Yard

, 34–35

‘Non-compliance’ declaration

, 137–139

Non-match

, 68n24

Non-weighted Dlugosz

, 82, 151–152

Nordic social-democratic model of governance

, 45

Norms of science

, 49

Northern Ireland, forensic science provision in

, 8–12

Northern Ireland Courts and Tribunal Service (NICTS)

, 10

Northern Ireland DNA Database (NIDNAD)

, 89–90

Objectivity

, 129

accreditation

, 131–132, 137

DNA profiling

, 137–139

forensic regulator’s code of practice and conduct and investigation of complaints

, 132–133

forensics procurement framework

, 132

FSR

, 130–131

FSR’s regulatory responsibilities

, 131

‘non-compliance’ declaration

, 137–139

normative basis of forensic science

, 145–146

professional and commercial standards

, 132

quality assurance and Daubert criteria

, 133–136

regulation and ‘Enhanced Daubert’ criteria

, 136–137

regulatory objectivity

, 139–145

Office for Forensic Regulator (OFR)

, 130

‘Omagh bomb’ case

, 9

Ontology

, 145

Partial marketisation

, 1n1

Pascalian probability

, 26

Perception of ‘de-skilling’

, 73

Perseus system

, 10–11

Persistence of DNA on fibres

, 31

Police

, 12, 59

budget holders

, 12

forces

, 53

Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE)

, 113n40

Police and Fire Reform (Scotland) Act 2012

, 12

Police force forensic science provision in UK

, 12–16

Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland (PONI)

, 9–10

Police Scotland forensic support service

, 13

Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI)

, 9, 74

Popperian falsification

, 22

Pre-codification forensic analyses within public sector

, 74

Primary source knowledge

, 38

Privatisation

in England and Wales

, 4–5

of forensic services

, 56

Privileging of DNA-profiling techniques

, 75–78

Probabilistic evidence techniques, standardisation through

, 22–27

Probabilistic reasoning

, 23, 26

Probability

in criminal proceedings

, 21–22

models

, 23

Procurement

, 61–64

Productisation

, 68n22

Professional and commercial standards

, 132

Propositions

, 27

Provision of products

, 61

Public ownership

, 55n2

Public Prosecution Service (PPS)

, 10, 89

Public sector service delivery

, 15

Public understanding

, 38

Qua policing

, 13

Quad

, 11n38

Qualitative methods

, 34

Quality

, 138

Quality assurance

, 133–136

Quality Electronic Document and Records Management system (EDRMS system)

, 11

Queens Counsel (QC)

, 87–88, 120, 143

Quoting

, 78–80

R v. Butler, Henderson & Oyerderin [2010] EWCA Crim LR 1269

, 110

R v. Chorley Justices [2006] EWHC 1795

, 109

R v. Olu, Wilson & Brooks [2010] EWCA Crim LR 2975

, 110

R v. Reed, Reed & Garmson [2009] EWCA Crim LR 2698

, 110, 121–122

R v. T [2010] EWCA Crim LR 2439

, 110

Rational bureaucracy

, 49

Reflexive assimilation

, 39

Regulation

, 136–137, 158–160

Regulatory objectivity

, 2, 139–145

Research

, 2, 37

institutes

, 13

science

, 37

Research and development (R&D)

, 5

Royal Statistical Society

, 24

Rudimentary market

, 60–61

Satellite laboratories

, 12n42

Sceptisism

, 97

Science

, 48–51

Science and Technology Studies (STS)

, 40–47, 50, 99

Scientific method

, 49

Scientific method discourses

, 99–100

Scientific Revolution

, 50

Scottish Crime Campus

, 34

Scottish DNA Database (SDNAD)

, 13n46

Scottish model

, 14

Scottish National Party (SNP)

, 15

Scottish Police Authority (SPA)

, 13–14, 88n6

Second Generation Multiplex (SGM)

, 11n38

SGM Plus

, 11n38, 62

SGM-17

, 149

Semi-structured fieldwork interviews

, 34

Sensitivity of DNA-profiling systems

, 31

Service delivery

, 28

Service Improvement Platform

, 10

Short Tandem Repeat (STR)

, 62

Silo-ing

, 96

Silos

, 96–97

Simple drug tests

, 108

Simple toxicology tests

, 108

SKL

, 45

Small Business Research Initiative (SBRE)

, 3n10

Social science

, 50

Social subsystems

, 51

Social-democratic model of governance

, 47

Sociologists

, 38

Sociology of forensic science

, 44

Source-level attributions

, 113

Staged forensic reporting

, (see Abbreviated forensic reporting)

Standardisation

, 155–156

through probabilistic evidence techniques

, 22–27

State Pathologist’s Department (SPD)

, 10

Statistical evidence in criminal proceedings

, 21–22

Statistical information communication

, 26

Statistical translations

, 23

Sterile corridor

, 13

Streamlined forensic reporting (SFR)

, 69n26, 103, 110–125, 129, 157

lawfulness of

, 125–127

SFR1

, 106, 118–119

SFR2

, 119

Studies of Expertise and Experience (SEE)

, 47

Studies of Scientific Knowledge (SSK)

, 47

Subnormal science

, 98

Suspect population

, 25

Swift and Sure Justice

, 107

SWNWW Tender

, 61, 63

Systems of codification and productisation

, 91

Systems theory of interdisciplinary knowledge

, 51–52

Techno-legal controversy

, 21

Tendering process

, 73, 78

‘Third way’ approach

, 15, 50

Touch DNA

, 150

Touche Ross report

, 6, 57

Trading Fund status

, 8, 60

Transfer of expertise

, 96–97

Transparency

, 46

Triaging

, 52, 73

of DNA-profiling techniques

, 75–78

of forensic investigations

, 67–70

in public sector

, 88–95

Trial by mathematics

, 25

Turn-around-times (TRTs)

, 58, 74

UK criminal justice system (UKCJS)

, 7, 60

Uniqueness

, 18, 20

United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS)

, 108, 131, 144, 154

Volume crime

, 76, 97

Weighted Dlugosz

, 82, 152

West Coast Consortium Tender

, 61, 69