Accidental adversaries

, 176

Actor network theory (ANT)

, 34–35, 38–39

Ad hominem argument

, 201

Adaptation process

, 33

Aesthetics

, 91–92

American Philosophical Association (APA)

, 2, 13–14

Delphi report

, 6

Analysis

, 55–56

Andy Fastow’s Critical Thinking

, 83–84

Animal welfare

, 29–30

laws

, 29

Anthropocene

, 29

Archetypes of systems thinking

, 167–185

accidental adversaries

, 176

balancing process with delay

, 179–181

beware of symptomatic solution

, 170–172

eroding goals

, 184–185

escalation

, 182–184

fixes

, 172–174

growth and underinvestment

, 181–182

limits to growth

, 168–170

shifting burden

, 170–172

success

, 177–179

tragedy of commons

, 174–176

Argyris, Chris on problems organizational learning

, 87–88

Arthur Anderson (company)

, 3

Artificial Intelligence

, 139–140

Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB)

, 5

Assumption

, 20

Assurance of learning

, 26–27

ATP products

, 89

Background knowledge

, 24

Baconian empirical method

, 10

Baconian Empirical Probing Method

, 51

Baconian method of critical analysis

, 49–50

Balancing feedback loop

, 150

Balancing mechanisms

, 151

Bandwagon appeal

, 201

Behavior

, 211–213

systems

, 10–11

Behaviorism

, 143–144

Beliefs

, 126, 211, 213

critical thinking model

, 134–137

critical thinking systematically questions our presumed thinking and

, 134–145

fallibility of

, 211

negative beliefs

, 126

neutral beliefs

, 126

OSA and assumptions of cosmic space explorations

, 139

positive beliefs

, 126

sustainability development and related ethical concerns of OSA

, 139–140

systems

, 120

Bias

, 20

Black Swan events

, 152

knowledge amid

, 195–197

Bloom’s higher-order critical thinking skills

, 24

Bloom’s taxonomy of critical thinking

, 21

“Boiled frog” syndrome

, 178

Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)

, 46

Break vicious zero-sum game cycle

, 177–179

Brundtland Report, The

, 139–140

Budget Omnibus Act (1993)

, 184–185

Business

, 5, 211, 213

belief systems in

, 128–129

beliefs at Zingerman’s Delicatessen

, 126–127

critical thinking and business ethics

, 28, 77, 79

industry organizations

, 56

knowledge

, 15

structure of belief systems in

, 119–120

Careful goal-directed thinking

, 69

Cartesian doubting method

, 10

Cartesian dualism and critical thinking

, 193

Cartesian methodic doubt

, 47–48

applying

, 50

Cartesian philosophy of doubt

, 47–48

Cartesian systematic doubt as critical thinking

, 51–52

Cartesian theory

on fallibility of human knowledge

, 189–192

of methodical doubt

, 187–188

Cartesianism

, 189, 192

Cash flow from operations (CFO)

, 46

Center for Critical Thinking

, 1

Certificate of deposit (CD)

, 150

Chaos theory

, 31–34, 148

Circular reasoning

, 201

Citigroup (company)

, 3

Civilization

, 184

Classical dilemmas

, 163

Climate change

, 28

Cognitive cultures, known problems and unknown problems of our

, 209

Cognitive mechanisms, known challenges and unknown challenges of our

, 208

Cognitive skills

, 55–56

Cognitive theorists

, 144

Cognitive unconscious

, 36

Common resource

, 174–176

Company’s strategy

, 104

Compensating feedback mechanisms

, 156

Complex adapting system (CAS)

, 37

Complex consciousness, critical thinking as

, 33–37

Complexity

, 34

as resource for critical thinking, exploring

, 30–39

theory

, 148

Consciousness

, 34–35

Contemporary cognitive science

, 35

Contemporary philosophy

, 188–189

Copernican Revolution

, 189

Corporate capitalism

, 131–132

Corporate ethics

, 117–118

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

, 63

Cosmic space explorations, OSA and assumptions of

, 139

Counteract belief systems, ecofeminist mandates to

, 133–134

Countrywide (company)

, 161

COVID-19 pandemic

, 29

Cray Supercomputer Company

, 162–163

Creativity

, 70–71

creative-thinking skills

, 70

expertise

, 70

motivation

, 70

Credit default swaps (CDS)

, 161

Credit Suisse (company)

, 3

Critical analysis, Baconian method of

, 49–50

Critical constants

, 15

Critical theory

, 16

Critical thinkers

, 14, 24–25

skills of good

, 22

Critical thinking

, 1–2, 4–6, 8, 10, 14, 16–17, 20, 34, 55, 188

advanced principles of critical thinking

, 25

as aesthetically rational design thinking

, 91–92

agenda for critical thinking investigation

, 19

to analyze belief systems

, 134

animal welfare and environmental ethics

, 29–30

applied to HRM

, 140

applying critical thinking concerns of Habermas and others to global efficiency, stability, and justice

, 61–62

applying definitions of critical thinking to organizational inputs, processes, and outcomes

, 57–60

applying definitions of Edward Glaser

, 64–68

approaches to teaching

, 7–8

behavioral component

, 14

beliefs, behavior, business

, 211–213

brief history of

, 41

building strengths and ignoring weaknesses

, 99–103

and business ethics

, 28

in business ethics

, 77–79

Cartesian dualism and

, 193

Cartesian systematic doubt as

, 51–52

Cartesian theory on fallibility of human knowledge

, 189–192

challenge of

, 17–18

changing way

, 103–106

characteristics and process of

, 52–56

as complex consciousness, self-organization, and emergence

, 33–37

core of

, 69

corporate fraudulent thinking

, 2–3

countering structured layers of our thinking and reasoning

, 21

critical need for

, 2

critical thinking–based education

, 108

current problems in management education

, 26–27

defensive routines as lack of

, 89–91

designing models of critical thinking based on history

, 43–44

designing models of critical thinking based on history from renaissance period to current times

, 48

desirable principles of

, 25

difference between thinking and

, 189

domain of

, 21–22

as ecofeminism to counter male dominance

, 29

in education

, 75–76

epistemological assumptions of thinking and reasoning

, 137

epistemological incapacities for understanding and taming market uncertainties

, 200–201

examining structured layers of thinking and reasoning

, 18–30

excessive focus

, 204, 206–207

exploring complexity theory as resource for critical thinking

, 30–39

fallibility and falsifiability of our known ignorance and unknown ignorance

, 207

fallibility and falsifiability of our known knowledge and unknown knowledge

, 206

fallibility of beliefs

, 210–211, 213

foundations for thinking and

, 79–80

fourfold typology of critical thinking domains

, 113–115

good set of working principles for

, 17

Habermas and

, 56–60

higher-order cognitive skills, creativity, and

, 70–71

as higher-order thinking

, 22–24

history and categorization as vulnerability

, 203

immutable and frozen conceptualizations

, 12

input, process, and output skills

, 63

intellectual component

, 14

Kahneman and Tversky on fallibility of human knowledge

, 199

Karl Popper’s theory of fallibility and falsifiability of Knowledge

, 194–195

knowledge amid black swan events

, 195–197

known challenges and unknown challenges of cognitive mechanisms

, 208

known problems and unknown problems of cognitive cultures

, 209

lack of critical thinking in transportation management

, 81–82

major laws of systems thinking

, 152–167

managerial implications

, 37–39

market turbulence, luck, and serendipity

, 202

method

, 42, 93, 109, 134, 137

models

, 10

moral relativism

, 82

norms for

, 63–70

organizational assumptions of our thinking and reasoning

, 138

positive and normative science

, 95

power of structured belief systems

, 126–134

predicts high critical thinking

, 76–77

principles of

, 24–25

problem of critical thinking and global unsustainability

, 27–28

process of critical thinking

, 137–138

questioning and challenging status quo

, 94–95

randomness

, 197

rationale

, 8–9

reflective thinking

, 93–94

representative management thinkers and

, 84–92

rules vs. principle

, 83–84

scope of critical thinking as problem solving

, 26

sense of world

, 93

skills

, 18, 25, 75

skills of good critical thinker

, 22

spiritual intelligence

, 95–99

structure

, 9–12

structure of belief systems in business

, 119–120

students not trained

, 6–7

synthesizing approaches to

, 109–115

systematically questions

, 134–145

theory

, 56

toward working definition of

, 16–17

types of critique and critical thinking prescriptions

, 71–74

valuing knowledge resources hierarchically

, 106–109

viewed etymologically

, 14–16

Criticism

, 191

Critique and critical thinking prescriptions, types of

, 71–74

Critique of authority

, 71–74

Critique of knowledge

, 71–74

Critique of rhetoric

, 71–74

Critique of tradition

, 71–74

Cultural capital

, 178

Deceiving Demon

, 50

Defensive reasoning

, 88

Defensive routines as lack of critical thinking

, 89–91

Defensive Routines theory

, 88

Deming, William Edwards (guru of business management)

, 84–87

Descartes’s laws of motion

, 192

Design thinking

, 92

Designing models of critical thinking based on history

, 43–44

applying Cartesian methodic doubt

, 50

Baconian empirical probing method

, 51

Baconian method of critical analysis

, 49–50

Cartesian methodic doubt

, 47–48

from renaissance period to current times

, 48

socratic questioning technique

, 43

Deterministic psychology theorists

, 144

Dissipative structures

, 32–33

Dividend payments via Debt

, 46–47

Dividend payout

, 46

“Double-loop” learning

, 87–88

Ecofeminism to counter male dominance, critical thinking as

, 29

Ecofeminist mandates to counteract belief systems

, 133–134

Education

, 109–113

critical thinking in

, 75–76

Educators

, 8

Electronic products

, 92

Emancipatory cognitive interest (ECI)

, 61–62

Emergence, critical thinking as

, 33–37

Emotional intelligence (EQ)

, 95–98

Environmental ethics

, 29–30

Epistemic rationality

, 69

Epistemological incapacities for understanding and taming market uncertainties

, 200–201

Equivocation

, 201

Ernst & Young (company)

, 3

Evaluation

, 55–56

Everyday low price (EDLP)

, 176

Evolution process

, 33

Fallibilism

, 187–188

Fallibility

of belief systems

, 210–211, 213

Cartesian theory on fallibility of human knowledge

, 189–192

Kahneman and Tversky on fallibility of human knowledge

, 199

Karl Popper’s Theory of fallibility of knowledge

, 194–195

of known ignorance and unknown ignorance

, 207

of known knowledge and unknown knowledge

, 206

False analogies

, 201

False either/or argument

, 201

Falsifiability

Karl Popper’s Theory of falsifiability of knowledge

, 194–195

of known ignorance and unknown ignorance

, 207

of known knowledge and unknown knowledge

, 206

Fannie May (company)

, 161

Faulty cause and effect

, 201

Feedback loop

, 129

Feedback process

, 149

reinforcing and balancing

, 149–151

Financial byproducts

, 161

Financial institutions

, 46–47

Financial numbers game

, 3

Financial shenanigans

, 3

First Boston (company)

, 3

First-order thinking

, 94

Fixes

, 172–174

continuing series of fixes to stubborn problem

, 172–174

Foundation for Critical Thinking, The

, 1

Fourfold typology of critical thinking domains

, 113–115

Freddie Mac (company)

, 161

Free enterprise capitalist system (FECS)

, 148

applying systems laws to explain

, 166–167

Free-market ideology

, 131–132

General Motors

, 82

Genetic Manipulation methods

, 139–140

Global unsustainability, problem of critical thinking and

, 27–28

Gödel’s theorem

, 194, 197

Growth

, 181–182

Growth, limits to

, 168–170

Habermas

and Critical Thinking

, 56–60

others to global efficiency, stability, and justice, applying critical thinking concerns of

, 61–62

Hasty generalization

, 201

Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory

, 141

Higher-order cognitive skill

, 56, 70

Higher-order thinking, critical thinking as

, 22–24

History

, 197

Homo Sapiens Foundation

, 139

Homophobia

, 29

Human beliefs

, 128

Human consciousness

, 34

Human dignity

potential for realizing human dignity within

, 144–145

in search of human dignity development

, 1190

Human knowledge

Cartesian theory on fallibility of

, 189–192

Kahneman and Tversky on fallibility of

, 199

Human Resource Management (HRM)

critical thinking applied to

, 140

current HRM aspirations and developments

, 140–143

potential for realizing human dignity within us

, 144–145

in search of human dignity development

, 143–144

Human resource planning

, 141

Humanistic person-centered psychology

, 143–144

Humanistic projective psychology

, 143–144

Humans

, 26, 213

IBM

, 82

Industrial Age

, 81

Information processing for critical thinking

, 23

Information technology (IT)

, 101

Infusion approach

, 8

Integrity

, 78–7940

Interpretation

, 55–56

Interrelationships

, 148

JP Morgan (company)

, 3

Just-in-time (JIT)

, 169

Karl Popper’s theory of fallibility and falsifiability of Knowledge

, 194–195

Knowledge

, 32, 56, 101–102, 188–189

knowledge-generating process

, 63

resources

, 106–109

Known challenges of our cognitive mechanisms

, 208

Known knowledge, fallibility and falsifiability of our

, 206

Known problems of our cognitive cultures

, 209

KPMG (company)

, 3

Learning

assurance of

, 26–27

process

, 75

Life

, 2

Limitless production, distribution, and consumption (LPDC)

, 19

Logic

, 22

Lucifer effect

, 82

Male dominance, critical thinking as ecofeminism to counter

, 29

Management education, current problems in

, 26–27

Management theory

, 78

Market turbulence

, 202

Market uncertainties, epistemological incapacities for understanding and taming

, 200–201

Mars Society, The

, 139

Marsh & McLennan (company)

, 3

Masculine speech

, 178

Mathematics

, 22

Mental intelligence

, 95–98

Merrill Lynch (company)

, 3

Mixed approach

, 8–9

Modern management systems

, 212

Modern philosophy

, 188–189

Moral relativism

, 82

Morgan Stanley (company)

, 3

Multibillionaire entrepreneurs

, 139

Mutatis mutandis

, 8–9, 166–167

Mutually exclusive nor collectively exhaustive (MECE)

, 71, 136

Nature

, 37–38

Net nonperforming assets (NPAs)

, 46–47

New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)

, 3, 179

Nonlinear dynamics

, 32

Normative science

, 95

Objective truth

, 213

Organizational assumptions of our thinking and reasoning

, 138

Organizational learning, Chris Argyris on Problems

, 87–88

Outer-Space Adventures (OSA)

and assumptions of cosmic space explorations

, 139

sustainability development and related ethical concerns of

, 139–140

Para-normal phenomena

, 6

Partner’s needs

, 176

Physical intelligence (PQ)

, 95–98

Positive science

, 95

Postmodernist revolution

, 211

Power of our structured belief systems

, 126–134

Prejudice

, 20

Presumed market-related belief systems

, 130–133

Presumption

, 20

Presupposition

, 20

Prevailing system of management

, 15

Problem solving

, 23

scope of critical thinking as

, 26

Problematic “dilemmas”

, 163

Psychology

, 143

Pygmalion effect

, 151

Racism

, 29

Rational design thinking, critical thinking as aesthetically

, 91–92

Reasoning, examining structured layers of thinking and

, 18–30

Reductive reasoning

, 201

Reflective thinking

, 93–94

Reinforcing feedback

loop

, 149–150

processes

, 151

Reinforcing loops

, 150

Renaissance period to current times, designing models of critical thinking based on history from

, 48

Representative management thinkers and critical thinking

, 84–92

Chris Argyris on problems organizational learning

, 87–88

critical thinking as aesthetically rational design thinking

, 91–92

defensive routines as lack of critical thinking

, 89–91

William Edwards Deming

, 84–87

Return on equity (ROE)

, 173

Return on invested capital (ROIC)

, 173

Return on investment (ROI)

, 173

Return on sales (ROS)

, 173

Salomon Smith Barney (company)

, 3

Science books

, 7

Second-order thinking

, 94

Self-organization, critical thinking as

, 33–37

Serendipity

, 202

Short-term gains

, 184–185

Single-loop learning

, 87–88

Skills

, 102

Sluggish system

, 179–181

Socratic method

, 42

to questioning

, 42

Socratic questioning method

, 10, 42, 43–44

applying socratic questioning methods

, 46–47

strategies for using socratic questioning

, 42–43

Speciesism

, 29

Specific, measurable, ambitious, realistic, and time-bound goal (SMART goal)

, 77

Spiritual intelligence (SQ)

, 95, 98–99

Strength

, 102

Structured belief systems

belief systems in business

, 128–129

beliefs

, 127

business beliefs at Zingerman’s Delicatessen

, 126–127

ecofeminist mandates to counteract belief systems

, 133–134

power of

, 126–134

presumed market-related belief systems

, 130–133

symbolic interactionism

, 129

Subjects, objects, properties, and events (SOPE)

, 148

Supposition

, 20

Sustainability development (SD)

, 139

and related ethical concerns of OSA

, 139–140

Symbolic interactionism

, 129

Symbolism

, 198

Symptomatic solution, beware of

, 170–172

Synergism

, 32

Systems

, 33

Systems laws to explain FECS, applying

, 166–167

Systems thinking (see also Critical thinking)

, 11, 14, 148–149, 153, 155

applying systems laws

, 166–167

archetypes of

, 167–185

behavior

, 155

business functions

, 164–166

cause and effect

, 160–161

classical dilemmas

, 163

compensating feedback mechanism

, 159

feedback mechanism

, 157–158

laws

, 152

major laws

, 152–167

problems from yesterday’s solutions

, 152

reinforcing and balancing feedback processes

, 149–151

short-term strategies

, 156–157

small changes

, 162–163

Talents

, 101

Technology

, 115

Thinking, difference between critical thinking and

, 189

Thinking–belief–behavior–impact loops

, 118

Thinking–reasoning–belief systems

, 120

Tim’s locked-in strategy

, 89–90

Total quality management (TQM)

, 15, 84

Tragedy of commons

, 174–176

Transformations

, 104, 143

Transnational corporations (TNCs)

, 128

Transportation management, lack of critical thinking in

, 81–82

United Auto Workers (UAW)

, 179

United States

, 1

healthcare industry

, 179

United States–Al-Qaeda confrontation

, 183

University of New Mexico (UNM)

, 83

Unknown challenges of our cognitive mechanisms

, 208

Unknown knowledge, fallibility and falsifiability of our

, 206

Unknown problems of our cognitive cultures

, 209

Validity testing of critical thinking

, 78

Volitional psychology theorists

, 144

Vulnerability, history and categorization as

, 203

Western business

, 213

Zero-sum game cycle

, 177–179