References

Robert McLean (University of the West of Scotland, UK)
Chris Holligan (University of the West of Scotland, UK)
Michael Pugh (University of the West of Scotland, UK)

The Contemporary History of Drug-Based Organised Crime in Scotland

ISBN: 978-1-83549-653-4, eISBN: 978-1-83549-652-7

Publication date: 7 October 2024

Citation

McLean, R., Holligan, C. and Pugh, M. (2024), "References", The Contemporary History of Drug-Based Organised Crime in Scotland (Emerald Advances in Historical Criminology), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 105-120. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83549-652-720241009

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2024 Robert McLean, Chris Holligan and Michael Pugh. Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited


Abrams, 2010 Abrams, L. (2010). Oral history theory (2nd ed.). Routledge.

Albanese, 2014 Albanese, J. S. (2014). Organized crime: From the mob to transnational organized crime. Taylor & Francis Group. ProQuest Ebook Central. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/open/detail.action?docID=1864814

Alexander, 2009 Alexander, D. (2009, August 10). Exclusive: France's biggest ever drug haul was heading to Scotland. Daily Record.

Alexander, 2014 Alexander, D. (2014, November 2). Revealed: Property and Taxi Tycoon meets drug baron and crime clan member. Daily Record.

Alexander, 2017 Alexander, D. (2017, February 19). Ex-crime lord Grant Mackintosh says ex-RBS banker cousin is now the family black sheep. Daily Record.

Andell and Pitts, 2018 Andell, P. , & Pitts, J. (2018). The end of the line? The impact of county lines drug distribution on youth crime in a target destination. Youth & Policy. https://www.youthandpolicy.org/articles/the-end-of-the-line/

Barnes et al., 2011 Barnes, T. , Elias, R. , & Walsh, P. (2011). Cocky. Milo Books Ltd.

Bartie, 2010 Bartie, A. (2010). Moral panics and Glasgow gangs: Exploring the new wave into Glasgow hooliganism, 1965–1970. Contemporary British History, 24(3), 385408.

Bauman, 1989 Bauman, Z. (1989). Modernity and the holocaust. Polity Press.

BBC, 1993 BBC . (1993, July 4). On the record: Tony Blair interview. (Transcript from transmission). https://www.bbc.co.uk/otr/intext92-93/Blair4.7.93.html. Accessed on May 9.

BBC, 2015 BBC . (2015, March 25). Martin Toner murder trial: Widow ‘knew’ body found was husband. BBC News.

BBC, 2017 BBC . (2017, December 11). Scottish court hears of ‘sophisticated’ crime gang. BBC News.

BBC, 2018a BBC . (2018a, November 26). Derek Brockwell: ‘Career criminal’ wins sentence severity appeal. BBC News.

BBC, 2018b BBC . (2018b, January 22). The downfall of Scotland's most dangerous crime gang. BBC News.

BBC, 2018c BBC . (2018c, May 11). Gangster jailed over high-speed chase through Glasgow. BBC News.

BBC, 2019 BBC . (2019, May 9). Drug users in Scotland ‘consume most cocaine’ in one session. BBC News.

BBC, 2021 BBC . (2021, May 7). Hitman convicted of murdering T2 Trainspotting actor Bradley Welsh. BBC News.

BBC, 2022 BBC . (2022, March 4). Man jailed for murder of dad near Glasgow play park. BBC News.

BBC, 2023a BBC . (2023a, January 27). Fugitive Gillespie brothers may have been killed in Brazil. BBC News.

BBC, 2023b BBC . (2023b, August 11). Scots fugitive jailed for 10 years for drugs and gun offences. BBC News.

BBC iPlayer, 2023 BBC iPlayer . (2023). Ice cream wars. BBC iPlayer.

BBC News, 1997 BBC News . (1997). Low-key campaign in Paisley after Labour MP's suicide. Tuesday, November 4. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/paisley_by_election/19585.stm

BBC News, 2012 BBC News . (2012, April 16). Kevin ‘Gerbil’ Carroll: Gangster ‘killed in 25 seconds’. BBC News.

Boyle, 1977 Boyle, J. (1977). A sense of freedom. Pan Books.

Black, 2020 Black, D. C. (2020). Review of drugs – Evidence relating to drug use, supply and effects, including current trends and future risks. Home Office, UK government.

Bramley-Harker, 2001 Bramley-Harker, E. (2001). Sizing the UK market for illicit drugs. US department of Justice.

Broadhurst and Wa, 2009 Broadhurst, R. , & Wa, L. K. (2009). The transformation of Triad “Dark Societies” in Hong Kong: The impact of law enforcement, socio-economic and political change. Security Challenges, 5(4), 138.

Campana and Varese, 2018 Campana, P. , & Varese, F. (2018). Organized crime in the United Kingdom: Illegal governance of markets and communities. British Journal of Criminology, 58(6), 13811400. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azx078

Campana and Varese, 2020 Campana, P. , & Varese, F. (2020). Studying organized crime networks: Data sources, boundaries and the limits of structural measures. Social Networks, 69, 149159.

Casey et al., 2009 Casey, J. , Hay, G. , Godfrey, C. , & Parrot, S. (2009). Assessing the scale and impact of illicit drug Markets in Scotland. Scottish Government.

Census, 2022 Census . (2022). Rounded population estimates. Scottish Government.

Clark, 2021 Clark, A. (2021). ‘There is nothing there for us and nothing for the future’: Deindustrialization and workplace occupation, 1981–1982. Labour History Review, 86(1), 3761.

Clark, 2023 Clark, A. (2023). ‘People just dae wit they can tae get by’: Exploring the half-life of deindustrialisation in a Scottish community. The Sociological Review, 71(2), 332350.

Clark and Gibbs, 2020 Clark, A. , & Gibbs, E. (2020). Voices of social dislocation, lost work and economic restructuring: Narratives from marginalised localities in the ‘New Scotland’. Memory Studies, 13(1), 3959.

Collins, 1999 Collins, C. (1999). Applying Bakhtin in urban studies: The failure of community participation in the Ferguslie Park partnership. Urban Studies, 35(1), 7390.

Coomber, 2006 Coomber, R. (2006). Pusher myths: Re-situating the drug dealer. Free Association Books.

Crocker et al., 2019 Crocker, R. , Webb, S. , Skidmore, M. , Garner, S. , Gill, M. , & Graham, J. (2019). Tackling local organised crime groups: Lessons from research in two UK cities. Trends in Organised Crime, 22, 433449.

Cullen, 1996 Cullen, D. (1996). Public inquiry into the shootings at Dunblane Primary School. HM Government.

Daily Record, 1996 Daily Record . (1996, August 21). Gun gangster gets 6 years for pinching Lion King cake; M&S guard threatened. Daily Record.

Daily Record, 1999 Daily Record . (1999, December 15). Suspect in killing gunned down outside nightclub. Daily Record.

Daily Record, 2003 Daily Record . (2003, July 2). 9 Murders linked to Costa Crook. Daily Record.

Damer, 2018 Damer, S. (2018). A social history of Glasgow Council Housing, 1919-1956. Edinburgh University Press.

Davies, 1998 Davies, A. (1998). Street gangs, crime and policing in Glasgow during the 1930s: The case of the Beehive Boys. Social History, 23(3), 251267.

Davies, 2013 Davies, A. (2013). City of gangs: Glasgow and the rise of the British gangster. Hodder & Stoughton.

Dean and Platt, 2016 Dean, H. , & Platt, L. (2016). Social advantage and disadvantage. Oxford University Press.

Densley et al., 2022 Densley, J. , McLean, R. , & Brick, C. (2022). Contesting county lines: Case studies in drug crime and criminal entrepreneurialism. Springer Publishing.

Densley et al., 2018 Densley, J. , McLean, R. , Deuchar, R. , & Harding, S. (2018). An altered state? Emergent changes to illicit drug markets and distribution networks in Scotland. International Journal of Drug Policy, 58, 113120.

Densley et al., 2019 Densley, J. , McLean, R. , Deuchar, R. , & Harding, S. (2019). Progression from cafeteria to à la carte offending: Scottish organised crime narratives. Howard Journal of Crime and Justice. https://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12304

Deuchar, 2013 Deuchar, R. (2013). Policing youth violence: Transatlantic connections. Trentham/IOE.

Deuchar et al., 2020 Deuchar, R. , McLean, R. , Harding, S. , & Densley, J. (2020). Deficit or credit? A comparative, qualitative study of gender agency and female gang membership in Los Angeles and Glasgow. Crime & Delinquency. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128718794192

Deuchar et al., 2021 Deuchar, R. , McLean, R. , & Holligan, C. (2021). Gangs, drugs and youth adversity. Bristol University Press.

Dickie, 2007 Dickie, J. (2007). Cosa Nostra: The definitive history of the Sicilian mafia. Hodder.

Dickie, 2012 Dickie, J. (2012). Mafia brotherhoods: Camorra, mafia, 'ndrangheta: The rise of the honoured societies. Hodder.

Documentary City, 2022 Documentary City . (2022, July 14). Glasgow's drug war - the Lyons vs the Daniels - Scottish gangland documentary . YouTube.

EMCDDA, 2019 EMCDDA . (2019). European drug report 2019. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.

Farrington et al., 2006 Farrington, D. , Coid, J. , Harnett, L. , Jolliffe, D. , Soteriou, N. , Turner, R. , & West, D. (2006). Criminal careers and life success. Home Office.

Ferlie, 2017 Ferlie, E. (2017, March 29). The new public management and public management studies. In Oxford research encyclopaedia of business and management. https://oxfordre.com/business/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.001.0001/acrefore-9780190224851-e-129. Accessed on January 15, 2024.

Ferris, 2005 Ferris, P. (2005). Vandetta: Turning your back on crime can be deadly. Black and White Publishing Limited.

Ferris and McKay, 2001 Ferris, P. , & McKay, R. (2001). The Ferris Conspiracies. Black and White Publishing Limited.

Ferris and McKay, 2002 Ferris, P. , & McKay, R. (2002). Deadly divisions: The spectre chronicles. Black and White Publishing Limited.

Ferris and McKay, 2010 Ferris, P. , & McKay, R. (2010). Villains: It takes one to know one. Black and White Publishing Limited.

Findlay, 2008 Findlay, R. (2008). The Iceman: The rise and fall of a crime lord. Barlinn Limited.

Findlay, 2010 Findlay, R. (2010, January 17). Crime clan godfather vows bloody revenge for slain hoodlum at secret summit. Sunday Mail.

Findlay, 2012a Findlay, R. (2012a). Caught in the crossfire: Scotland's deadliest drugs war. Birlinn Limited.

Findlay, 2012b Findlay, R. (2012b, June 24). Searing new book lifts lid on the bitter gangland war between the Daniel and Lyons crime clans. Daily Record.

Findlay, 2018a Findlay, R. (2018a). Acid attack: A journalist's war with organised crime. Barlinn Limited.

Findlay, 2018b Findlay, R. (2018b, May 29). The Lyons v the Daniels, politics, Glasgow City Council and the shooting that stunned a city. Glasgow Live.

Findlay, 2018c Findlay, R. (2018c, May 28). Chirnsyde and the Lyons v Daniels, how a youth club became a playground for Glasgow's most notorious gang war. Glasgow Live.

Galeotti, 2018 Galeotti, M. (2018). The vory. Yale University Press.

Gibbs, 2018 Gibbs, E. (2018). The moral economy of the Scottish coalfields: Managing deindustrialization under nationalization c.1947–1983. Enterprise and Society, 19(1), 124152.

Gibbs, 2021 Gibbs, E. (2021). Coal country: The meaning and memory of deindustrialization in Postwar Scotland. Series: New historical perspectives. University of London Press.

Gilmour, 2007 Gilmour, A. (2007). The trouble with Linwood: Compliance and Coercion in the car plant, 1963–1981, Journal of Scottish Historical Studies, 27(1), 7593.

Giommoni et al., 2020 Giommoni, L. , Gundur, R. V. , & Cheekes, E. (2020). International drug trafficking: Past, present, and prospective trends. In Oxford research encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice. OUP.

Gootenburg, 2012 Gootenburg, P. (2012). Cocaine's ‘Blowback’ north: A commodity chain pre-history of the Mexican drug crisis. JSTOR.

Gray, 1989 Gray, A. (1989). A history of Scotland: Modern times. Oxford University Press.

Gun Control Network, 2024 Gun Control Network . (2024). US UK comparative data. https://gun-control-network.org. Accessed on May 7.

Gundur, 2022 Gundur, R. (2022). Trying to Make It: The Enterprises, Gangs, and People of the American Drug Trade. Cornell University Press.

Hales and Hobbs, 2010 Hales, G. , & Hobbs, D. (2010). Drug markets in the community: a London borough case study. Trends in Organised Crime, 3, 1330.

Hallsworth and Young, 2008 Hallsworth, S. , & Young, T. (2008). Gang talk & gang talkers: A critique. Crime, Media, Culture, 4, 175195.

Handley, 1950 Handley, J. E. (1950). The position of catholics in social and economic history. The Innes Review, 1(2), 100.

Handley, 2001 Handley, J. E. (2001). Irish in Scotland. Cork University Press.

Harding, 2020 Harding, S. (2020). County lines: Exploitation and drug dealing among urban street gangs. Bristol University Press.

Harding et al., 2019 Harding, S. , Deuchar, R. , Densley, J. , & McLean, R. (2019). A typology of street robbery and gang organization: Insights from qualitative research in Scotland. British Journal of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azy064

HM Advocate, 2022 HM Advocate . (2022, July 27). James Scott McDonald & Raymond Anderson v Her Majesty Advocate, p. 9.

HM Government, 2023 HM Government . (2023). The fit and proper test. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/money-laundering-regulations-apply-for-the-fit-and-proper-test. Accessed on May 10, 2024.

Hobbs, 2013 Hobbs, D. (2013). Lush life: Constructing organised crime in the UK. Oxford University Press.

Hobbs and Antonopoulos, 2013a Hobbs, D. , & Antonopoulos, G. A. (2013a). ‘Endemic to the species’: Ordering the ‘other’ via organised crime. Global Crime, 14, 2751.

Hobbs and Antonopoulos, 2013b Hobbs, D. , & Antonopoulos, G. A. (2013b). How to research organised crime. In L. Paoli (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of organized crime. Oxford University Press.

Holligan et al., 2016 Holligan, C. , McLean, R. , & Deuchar, R. (2016). Don't you know Glasgow's the stab capital of the world? Understanding the narratives about weapon carrying among working-class teenage boys in Glasgow. Critical Criminology, 25(1), 137151.

Holligan et al., 2020 Holligan, C. , McLean, R. , & McHugh, R. (2020). Venturing capitalism: Exploring county lines drug distribution in Scotland. Journal of Youth Studies. Special Issue: Street Gangs, Group Offending and Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225420902850

Holligan et al., 2019 Holligan, C. , McLean, R. , & Rice, G. (2019). Scotland's drug criminality: Organised crime group (s) and illegal governance. Deviant Behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2019.1697417

Jeffery, 2011 Jeffery, R. (2011). Glasgow's godfather: The astonishing inside story of Walter Norval, the city's first crime boss. Black & White Publishing.

Johnson, 2007 Johnson, G. (2007). The Devil: Britain's most feared underworld taxman. Mainstream Publishing.

Kaplan and Dubro, 2012 Kaplan, D. E. , & Dubro, A. (2012). Yakuza: Japan's criminal underworld. University of California Press.

Katz, 1988 Katz, J. (1988). Seductions of crime. Basic Books.

Kefauver, 1951 Kefauver, E. C. (1951). Special Committee on organized crime in interstate commerce. Resolution passed May 2nd. https://stoppredatorygambling.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Kefauver-Committee-Final-report.pdf

Kennedy, 2018 Kennedy, C. (2018). Vengeance, violence, and vigilantism: An exploration of the 1891 lynching of eleven Italian-Americans in New Orleans (Vol. 149). Honors Theses. University of Mississippi. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis/149

Kirby and Nailor, 2013 Kirby, S. , & Nailor, L. (2013). Reducing the offending of a UK organized crime group using an opportunity-reducing framework—A three-year case study. Trends in Organised Crime, 16, 397412.

Lambert, 2023 Lambert, T. (2023). A history of Glasgow. Local Histories. https://localhistories.org/a-history-of-glasgow/. Accessed on September 11, 2023.

Levi, 2016 Levi, M. (2016). Thinking about organised crime structure and threat. The RUSI Journal, 159(1), 614.

Lombardo, 2013 Lombardo, R. M. (2013). Fighting organized crime: A history of law enforcement efforts in Chicago. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 29(2), 296316.

MacDonald, 2011 MacDonald, C. (2011, September 1). The Radical Thread - Liberalism and the rise of Labour in Scotland 1886 - 1924. Mémoire(s), identité(s), marginalité(s) dans le monde occidental contemporain. https://doi.org/10.4000/mimmoc.681

Mares, 1999 Mares, D. (1999). Globalization and gangs: The Manchester case. Foccal, 35, 135155.

Matza, 1964 Matza, D. (1964). Delinquency and drift. Prentice-Hall.

May and Hough, 2001 May, T. , & Hough, M. (2001). Drug markets and distribution systems. Addiction Research and Theory, 12(6), 549563.

McAlpine, 2006 McAlpine, J. (2006, December 17). This is a nasty stink you cannot just ignore, Jack. The Times.

McCabe, 2017 McCabe, G. (2017, December 11). Torture gang broke victim's leg, shot him three times, doused him in bleach and rolled him naked down a hill. Daily Record.

McCabe, 2022 McCabe, G. (2022, March 4). Scots fugitive Jordan Owens jailed for murder of Glasgow playpark victim Jamie Lee. Daily Record.

McGivern, 2016 McGivern, M. (2016, July 5). Death of ruthless gangland boss Jamie Daniel will mark the end of Scottish crime clan era . Daily Record.

McGivern, 2018 McGivern, M. (2018, November 28). See inside Paisley ‘Breaking Bad’ pill factory after ‘Blue Plague’ gang busted. Daily Record.

McIvor and Johnston, 2004 McIvor, A. , & Johnston, R. (2004). Dangerous work, hard men and broken bodies: Masculinity in the clydeside heavy industries. Labour History Review, 69(2), 135152.

McKay, 2002 McKay, R. (2002). Armed Candy: A true-life story of organised crime. Black and White Publishing Limited.

McKay, 2006a McKay, R. (2006a). Murder Capital: Life and death on the streets of Glasgow. Black and White Publishing Limited.

McKay, 2006b McKay, R. (2006b). The last godfather: The life and crimes of Arthur Thompson. Black and White Publishing.

McKay, 2007 McKay, R. (2007). The last godfather: The life and crimes of Arthur Thompson. Black and White Publishing Limited.

McKay, 2010 McKay, R. (2010). McGraw: The untold story of Tam ‘The License’ McGraw. Black and White Publishing Limited.

McKay, 2017 McKay, R. (2017, May 18). The Lyons v the Daniels, the incredible inside story of Glasgow's gang wars. GlasgowLive.

McLean, 2017 McLean, R. (2017). An evolving gang model in contemporary Scotland. Deviant Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1272969

McLean, 2018 McLean, R. (2018). Discovering young crime gangs in Glasgow. Gang organisation as a means for gang business. Unpublished doctoral thesis. University of the West of Scotland.

McLean, 2019a McLean, R. (2019a). Gangs, drugs and disorganised crime. Bristol University Press.

McLean, 2019b McLean, R. (2019b). Glasgow's evolving urban landscape and gang formation. Deviant Behavior, 40(5), 498509.

McLean, 2024 McLean, R. (2024). Change and continuality: A contemporary history of drug-based organised crime in the west of Scotland since the 1980s. Unpublished thesis. Strathclyde University.

McLean et al., 2017 McLean, R. , Holligan, C. , & McPhee, I. (2017). Market testing and market policing: Illuminating the fluid micro-sociology of the illegal drug supply enterprise in liquid modernity. Deviant Behaviour, 40(5), 485497.

McLean et al., 2019a McLean, R. , Deuchar, R. , Harding, S. , & Densley, J. (2019a). Putting the ‘Street’ in gang: Place and space in the organisation of Scotland's drug selling gangs. British Journal of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azy015

McLean et al., 2019b McLean, R. , Robinson, G. , & Densley, J. (2019b). County Lines: Criminal networks and evolving drug markets in Britain. Springer Publishers.

McPhee, 2013 McPhee, I. (2013). The intentionally unseen: Illicit & illegal drug use in Scotland: Exploring ‘drug talk’ in The 21st century. Lambert University Publishers.

McPhee et al., 2019 McPhee, I. , McLean, R. , Deuchar, R. , & Holligan, C. (2019). Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: The strange case of the two selves of clandestine drug users in Scotland. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 19(2), 133146.

McSweeney et al., 2008 McSweeney, T. , Turnbull, P. , & Hough, M. (2008). Tackling drug markets and distribution networks in the UK: A review of the recent literature. UKPDC.

Miller, 2015 Miller, J. (2015). In every scheme there is a team: A grounded theory of how young people grow in and out of gangs in Glasgow. Unpublished Thesis. University West of Scotland.

Morselli, 2003 Morselli, C. (2003). Career opportunities and network-based privileges in the Cosa Nostra. Crime Law Society Change, 39(4), 383418.

Moyle and Coomber, 2015 Moyle, L. , & Coomber, R. (2015). Earning a score: An exploration of the nature and roles of heroin and crack cocaine user-dealers. British Journal of Criminology, 55(3), 534555.

Mulholland, 2021 Mulholland, J. (2021, March 5). Scots gangsters lose freedom appeal bid after claim jury ‘made their mind up’. Daily Record.

Murray, 1984 Murray, C. (1984). Losing ground: American social policy 1950–1980. Basic Books.

National Crime Agency, 2013 National Crime Agency (NCA) . (2013). Serious organised crime strategy. Home Office and HM Government.

National Crime Agency, 2020 National Crime Agency (NCA) . (2020). NCA and police smash thousands of criminal conspiracies after infiltration of encrypted communication platform in UK's biggest ever law enforcement operation. National Crime Agency.

National Records of Scotland, 2023 National Records of Scotland . (2023). Drug-related deaths in Scotland in 2022. Scottish Government.

National Society for the prevention of Cruelty to Children, 2023 National Society for the prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) . (2023, July 12). Protecting children from county lines. https://learning.nspcc.org.uk/child-abuse-and-neglect/county-lines#:∼:text=County%20lines%20is%20a%20form%20of%20criminal%20exploitation,the%20law%20and%20a%20form%20of%20child%20abuse. Accessed on November 03, 2023.

New York Times, 1993 New York Times . (1993, August 15). War on organized crime. New York Times, 1.

O’Mahoney, 2003 O’Mahoney, B. (2003). Essex boys: A terrifying expose of the British drugs scene. Transworld Publishers.

Paisley Daily Express, 2021 Paisley Daily Express . (2021, May 29). Crime clan thug caged for raping young girls. https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/crime-clan-thug-jailed-raping-24210204

Panorama, 1996 Panorama . (1996). Drug rule. BBC Documentaries.

Parker, 2000 Parker, H. (2000). How young Britons obtain their drugs: Drugs transactions at the point of consumption. In M. Hough & M. Natarajan (Eds.), Illegal drug markets: From research to prevention policy. Criminal Justice Press.

Parker et al., 1998 Parker, H. , Bury, C. , & Egginton, R. (1998). New heroin outbreaks amongst young people in England and Wales. Home Office.

Paterson, 2022 Paterson, K. (2022, September 14). Liz Truss & Paisley: The town that made a prime minister. Holyrood. https://www.holyrood.com/news/view,liz-truss-paisley-the-town-the-made-a-prime-minister. Accessed on May 7, 2024.

Pearson and Hobbs, 2001 Pearson, J. , & Hobbs, D. (2001). Middle market drug distribution. Home Office.

Peniston-Bird, 2008 Peniston-Bird, C. (2008). Oral history: The sound of memory. Routledge.

Phillips et al., 2019 Phillips, J. , Wright, V. , & Tomlinson, J. (2019). Being a ‘Clydesider’ in the age of deindustrialisation: Skilled male identity and economic restructuring in the West of Scotland since the 1960s. Labor History, 61(2), 151156.

Picarelli, 2012 Picarelli, J. T. (2012). Osama bin Corleone? Vito the Jackal? Framing threat convergence through an examination of transnational organized crime and international terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 24(2), 180198.

Pitts, 2008 Pitts, J. (2008). Reluctant gangsters: The changing face of youth crime. Routledge.

Plummer, 2001 Plummer, K. (2001). Documents of life: An invitation to a critical humanism. Sage.

Pudney et al., 2006 Pudney, S. , Badillo, C. , Bryan, M. , Burton, J. , Conti, G. , & Iacovou, M. (2006). Estimating the size of the UK illicit drug market. In N. Singleton , R. Murray , & L. Tinsley (Eds.), Measuring different aspects of problem drug use: Methodological developments. Home Office.

Pugh, 2014 Pugh, M. (2014, June). Centralism versus localism? Democracy versus efficiency? The perennial challenges of Scottish local government organisation. History and Policy.

Pugh, 2016 Pugh, M. (2016). Civic borders and imagined communities: Continuity and change in Scotland's municipal boundaries, jurisdictions and structures - From nineteenth-century “General police” to twenty first-century “community empowerment”. Études Écossaises, 18, 2949.

Pugh and Connolly, 2014 Pugh, M. , & Connolly, J. (2014, September 5). Written submission to Scottish Government on draft community empowerment bill. National Records of Scotland.

Pugh and Connolly, 2016 Pugh, M. , & Connolly, J. (2016). A review of contemporary linked challenges for Scottish local government. Scottish Affairs, 25(3), 317336.

Rafanell et al., 2017 Rafanell, I. , Mclean, R. , & Poole, L. (2017). Emotions and hyper-masculine subjectivities: The role of affective sanctioning in Glasgow gangs. NORMA: International Journal for Masculinity Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/18902138.2017.1312958

Rahman et al., 2022 Rahman, M. , McLean, R. , Deuchar, R. , & Densley, J. (2022). Who are the enforcers? The motives and methods of muscle for hire in West Scotland and the West Midlands. Trends in Organized Crime, 122.

Rannoc, 2019 Rannoc, T. (2019). Van Wars: The real story of the brutal Glasgow Ice-Cream Van Wars. Independently Published.

Rege, 2016 Rege, A. (2016). Not biting the dust: Using a tripartite model of organized crime to examine India's Sand Mafia. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 40(2), 101121.

Reinarman, 1979 Reinarman, C. (1979). Moral entrepreneurs and political economy: Historical and ethnographic notes on the construction of the cocaine menace. Contemporary Crises, 3, 225254.

Renfrewshire Council, 2014 Renfrewshire Council . (2014). Paisley, the untold story: Paisley Town Centre Asset Strategy & Action Plan. https://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/media/2088/Paisley-The-Untold-Story/pdf/PaisleyUntoldStory.pdf?m=1460044670430. Accessed on May 7, 2020.

Reuter and Greenfield, 2001 Reuter, P. , & Greenfield, V. (2001). Measuring global drug markets: How good are the numbers and why should we care about them? World Economics, 2(4), 159173.

Reynolds, 2020 Reynolds, G. (2020). ‘County lines’ in the countryside: Exploring the extent of out- of-county drug dealing in the county of Cumbria. Unpublished thesis. University of Lancaster.

Rhodes, 1994 Rhodes, R. A. W. (1994). The hollowing out of the local state: The changing nature of the public service in Britain. The Political Quarterly, 65(2), 138151.

Robertson, 1984 Robertson, I. (1984). Single parent lifestyle and peripheral estate residence: A time-geographic investigation in Drumchapel, Glasgow. The Town Planning Review, 55, 197213.

Robinson et al., 2019 Robinson, G. , McLean, R. , & Densley, J. (2019). Working county lines: Child criminal exploitation and illicit drug dealing in Glasgow and Merseyside. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 63(5), 118.

Ruggiero, 2010 Ruggiero, V. (2010). Unintended consequences: Changes in organised drug supply in the UK. Trends in Organized Crime, 13, 4659.

Scott and Hughes, 1980 Scott, J. , & Hughes, M. (1980). The anatomy of Scottish capital: Scottish companies and Scottish capital, 1900–1979. Routledge.

Scottish Courts & Tribunals, 1986 Scottish Courts & Tribunals . (1986, August 1). McIntosh v HM Advocate, High Court of Judiciary, 169(29). Ross, Lords Robertson, Sutherland.

Scottish Courts & Tribunals, 2011 Scottish Courts & Tribunals . (2011). McDonald J. S & Anderson R v Her Majesty Advocate, Court of Appeal, Criminal division, case 319/08.

Scottish Courts & Tribunals, 2022a Scottish Courts & Tribunals . (2022a). McDonald J. S. & Anderson R v Her Majesty Advocate, Court of Appeal, Criminal division, case 319/08.

Scottish Courts & Tribunals, 2022b Scottish Courts & Tribunals . (2022b). McDonald J. S. & Anderson R v Her Majesty Advocate, 07/27/2022, P1-32.

Scottish Government, 2008 Scottish Government . (2008). The road to recovery: A new approach to tackling Scotland's drug problem. Scottish Government.

Scottish Government, 2009 Scottish Government . (2009). Letting our communities flourish: A strategy for tackling serious organised crime in Scotland. Scottish Government.

Scottish Government, 2015 Scottish Government . (2015). Scotland serious organised crime strategy. Scottish Government.

Scottish Government, 2016 Scottish Government . (2016). Scotland serious organised crime strategy annual review. Scottish Government.

Scottish Government, 2023 Scottish Government . (2023). Suspected drug deaths in Scotland. Scottish Government.

Segel, 2010 Segel, G. M. (2010). Is the UK stepping toward transnationalism? The serious organized crime agency. In E. Aydinli (Ed.), Emerging transnational (in) security governance: A statist-transnationalist approach (pp. 84–101). Taylor & Francis Group.

Sergi, 2015 Sergi, A. (2015). Divergent mind-sets, convergent policies: Policing models against organized crime in Italy and in England within international frameworks. European Journal of Criminology, 12(6), 658680.

Shapiro, 2021 Shapiro, H. (2021). Fierce chemistry: A history of UK drug wars. Amberley Publishing.

Shapiro and Siegel, 2012 Shapiro, J. , & Siegel, D. (2012). Moral hazard, discipline, and the management of terrorist organizations. World Politics, 64.

Shelley and Picarelli, 2005 Shelley, L. I. , & Picarelli, J. T. (2005). Methods and motives: Exploring links between transnational organized crime and international terrorism. Trends in Organized Crime, 9, 5267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-005-1024-x

Sillitoe, 1956 Sillitoe, P. (1956). Cloak without dagger. Cassell.

Silvester, 2021 Silvester, N. (2021, November 3). The Glasgow crime story of the murder of Martin Toner. Glasgow Times.

Silvester, 2022 Silvester, N. (2022, November 21). Glasgow crime story of gangland figure murder ‘The Gerbil’. GlagsowLive.

Silvester, 2023 Silvester, N. (2023, February 19). The Glasgow crime story of Jamie Daniel. Daily Record.

Sims, 1920 Sims, E. W. (1920). Fighting crime in Chicago: The crime commission. Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, 11(1), 2128.

Sky, 2020 Sky . (2020, July 3). EncroChat: What it is, who was running it, and how did criminals get their encrypted phones? Sky News.

Smolíková and Smolík, 2011 Smolíková, S. , & Smolík, J. (2011). Actors of Columbian drug trade : Development and transformation. Obrana a Strategie, (1), 053068.

Snelders, 2021 Snelders, S. (2021). Drug smuggler nation: Narcotics and The Netherlands, 1920–1995. Manchester University Press.

Squires, 2000 Squires, P. (2000). Gun culture or gun control? Firearms and violence: Safety and society. Routledge.

Squires et al., 2008 Squires, P. , Silvestri, A. , Grimshaw, R. , & Solomon, E. (2008). Street weapons commission: Guns, knives and street violence. Centre for Crime and Justice Studies.

Sunday Time, 2006 Sunday Time . (2006, December 17). This is a nasty stink you cannot just ignore, Jack’.

Sutherland, 1937 Sutherland, E. (1937). The professional thief. University of Chicago Press.

The Herald, 1993a The Herald . (1993a, September 28). Man jailed on drugs charge.

The Herald, 1993b The Herald . (1993b, December 8). Courier trapped with drugs worth £400,000 is jailed.

The Herald, 1993c The Herald . (1993c, February 20). Murder trial adjourned.

The Herald, 1994a The Herald . (1994a, March 16). Second man accused.

The Herald, 1994b The Herald . (1994b, March 16). Mans murder might have been revenge killing.

The Herald, 1995a The Herald . (1995a, March 29). Man who survived earlier shooting may have been lured to his death in Glasgow. The drug war killing field widens.

The Herald, 1995c The Herald . (1995c, March 18). Police turn up heat on drugs and guns.

The Herald, 1995d The Herald . (1995d, April 29). Man in court charged with murder attempts.

The Herald, 1995e The Herald . (1995e, October 3). Two jailed for Paisley shootings.

The Herald, 1995f The Herald . (1995f, April 11). Man accused.

The Herald, 1995g The Herald . (1995g, March 16). Crime count that wont add up.

The Herald, 1995h The Herald . (1995h, June 23). Newspaper not intimidated by fire-bomb.

The Herald, 1995i The Herald . (1995i, July 28). Mother in appeal to find killer.

The Herald, 1996a The Herald . (1996a, October 19). Business set up to revitalise Ferguslie Park has itself been accused of criminal activity estate that is also a battleground.

The Herald, 1996b The Herald . (1996b, May 25). Gang fears mount in wake of gun death.

The Herald, 1997 The Herald . (1997, August 13). Jury clears man over gangland execution.

The Herald, 2003 The Herald . (2003, October 16). 70 years and apos; jail for gang who killed the wrong man.

The Herald, 2017 The Herald . (2017, December 10). The Celtic skipper, the drug dealer gunman, and the gang of nine.

The Herald, 2019 The Herald . (2019, April 28). Lyons and Daniels - inside a very Scottish gang feud.

The Urban Historian, 2018 The Urban Historian . (2018, August 7). The “Newshot”, Fleming & Ferguson, Paisley 1943’. https://www.theurbanhistorian.co.uk/the-newshot-fleming-ferguson-paisley-1943/. Accessed on May 7, 2024.

Thrasher, 1927 Thrasher, F. (1927). A study of 1,313 gangs in Chicago. Chicago University Press.

UK Parliament, 2006 UK Parliament . (2006, February 27). Scottish National Party victory in Milton by-election. https://edm.parliament.uk/early-day-motion/30140/scottish-national-party-victory-in-milton-byelection

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2005 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) . (2005). World drug report 2005. United Nations. https://www.unodc.org/pdf/WDR_2005/volume_1_web.pdf

United Nation on Drug and Crime, 2021 United Nation on Drug and Crime (UNODC) . (2021). World drug report. United Nation.

United States Supreme Court, 2008 United States Supreme Court . (2008). District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570.

Von Lampe, 2016 Von Lampe, K. (2016). Organized crime. Sage.

Wacquant, 2000 Wacquant, L. (2000). Deadly symbiosis: When Ghetto and prison meet and mesh. Sage Journals, 3(1).

Wacquant, 2008 Wacquant, L. (2008). Urban outcasts: A comparative sociology of advanced marginality. Polity.

Wacquant, 2010 Wacquant, L. (2010). Crafting the neoliberal state: Workfare, prison fare and social security. Sociological Fourm, 25(2), 197220.

Wagstaff and Maynard, 1988 Wagstaff, A. , & Maynard, A. (1988). Economic aspects of the illicit drug market and drug enforcement policies in the United Kingdom. HM Government.

Walker, 2022 Walker, A. (2022, July 25). Glasgow gangster Robert Daniel jailed after DNA found at crime scene. Scottish Sun.

Walsh et al., 2010 Walsh, D. , Bendel, N. , Jones, R. , & Hanlon, P. (2010). Investigating a ‘Glasgow Effect’ Why do equally deprived UK cities experience different health outcomes? Glasgow Centre for Population Health.

Williams, 1994 Williams, R. (1994). Medical, economic and population factors in areas of high mortality: The case of Glasgow. Sociology of Health & Illness, 16(2).

Wilson, 2024 Wilson, C. (2024, April 23). Trading crime for culture? Activating territorial stigma through cultural regeneration in Paisley. Urban Geography. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2024.2333698

Wilson and Hernstein, 1985 Wilson, J. Q. , & Hernstein, R. (1985). Crime and human nature. Simon and Schuster.

Windle, 2013 Windle, J. (2013). Tuckers firm: A case study of British organised crime. Trends in Organised Crime, 16, 382396.

Windle and Briggs, 2015 Windle, J. , & Briggs, D. (2015). ‘It's like working away for two weeks’: The harms associated with young drug dealers commuting from a saturated London drug market. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 17(2), 105119.

Wright, 2018 Wright, V. (2018). Tinkering at a local level: Unemployment, state intervention and community agency in Ferguslie Park, Paisley c. 1972–1977. Scottish Labour History, 53, 192211.