Africa-EU Migration and Mobility Dialogue of 2007

, 116

African, Caribbean, and Pacific states (ACP states)

, 261–262

African Development Bank (AfDB)

, 165

African Union (AU)

, 266

Alibaba Foundation

, 229

Alternative for Germany party (AfD)

, 6–7, 98

American grand strategy

, 183–184

European security as indispensable issue for

, 187–190

restraining United States

, 185–187

American pacifier

, 184

Amsterdam Treaty

, 89

Ankara Agreement

, 237–238, 251

Antiimmigration

, 97–98

critical analysis of antiimmigration discourses in European Union

, 101–106

discourse

, 98–101

political parties

, 97–98, 101

Apple

, 164–165

Arab Spring

, 5–6, 33

Artificial intelligence

, 86

Automated decision-making

, 86

Balance of Payments Assistance Facility (BoP Assistance Facility)

, 134–135

Balance of power

, 184

Banking Union

, 135–136

Berlin Hyp

, 164–165

Berlin Plus Agreement

, 175–176

Berlin Wall

, 264–265

Biometric data collection

, 86

Blueprint for Green Economy Report

, 159–160

Border control mechanisms of European Union

, 86–87

Border security

, 114

Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo crisis

, 33

Bosnian War

, 32

Brexit

, 17–18, 172, 226, 228, 261–262

European Union and Supranational Unification

, 18–19

and impact on Europe’s supranational journey

, 21

increase in right-wing populism and nationalist tendencies

, 24–27

losses of union and difficulties in reconstitution

, 21–24

United Kingdom and European Union Relations

, 19–21

Brussels Summit

, 238

Brussels Treaty

, 173

Budapest Process

, 116

Business partner

, 236

Cardiff European Council

, 147–148

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

, 20–21, 39

China

, 225–226

Climate Bonds Initiative

, 165

Climate Change

, 146, 148, 150

2020 Climate & Energy Package

, 149–150

Club of Rome

, 147

Cold War

, 183–184, 198–199, 264–265

Common Agricultural Policy

, 20

Common Fisheries Policy

, 20

Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)

, 173

Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)

, 33, 174–176

Communiqué on International Role of Europe

, 138–139

Concentric circles model

, 9

Conference on the Future of Europe

, 4

current problems affecting European integration

, 4–8

new quests in EU

, 9–12

scenarios for future of European Union

, 8–9

Cooperation with non-EU countries

, 114–115

Cooperative security

, 185

Copenhagen Climate Change Conference

, 160

Copenhagen Criteria

, 5, 237–238

Cotonou 2.0

, 266

Cotonou Partnership Agreement (CPA)

, 262, 265

historical background

, 262–266

1980 Coup D’état in Turkey

, 6

COVID-19

, 226

in Europe

, 228–231

and financial problems in European Union

, 37–39

as global health crisis

, 35–37

pandemic

, 7, 37, 39, 152

Credit Agricole

, 164–165

Crimea

, 219–220

Crimean Crises

, 217–220

Critical analysis of antiimmigration discourses in European Union

, 101–106

Critical discourse analysis (CDA)

, 98, 100–101

Criticism

, 120–121

CUFE-CNI Green Bond Index Series

, 163

Cyprus

, 5, 237

DAXglobal Alternative Energy

, 163

Decision on Environment and Development

, 148–149

Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA)

, 201

Defense-based relations in twenty-first century

, 176–178

Degree of manufacturing

, 67, 72

Digital Connectivity

, 50–51

Digital Culture

, 49

Digital Future

, 49–50

Digital Life

, 50

Digital Market

, 46

Digital Shopping

, 50

Digital Single Market

, 46–48

achievements

, 49

benefits

, 46, 48–49

evolution

, 51–56

formation

, 46

strategy

, 48

Digital Transformation

, 51–56

Digital Trust

, 50

Doha Amendment

, 149–150

Draft on Foreigners and International Protection

, 251

Dublin Summit

, 148–149

Dunkirk Treaty

, 173

E-commerce

, 47

Early Warning and Response System

, 37

Eastern Partnership (EaP)

, 120, 201

Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)

, 131

Economic crisis

, 35

Economic developments

, 136–138

Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs)

, 265–266

Emission Trading System (ETS)

, 149–150

Engie

, 164–165

ENVIREG initiative

, 148–149

Environment

, 146–148

Environmental Liability Directive

, 147–148

Epidemic

, 32

EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa

, 116

EU Health Security Committee (HSC)

, 37

Communicators’ Network

, 37

Euro Area

, 137

Euro Plus Pact

, 135

Eurodac

, 91

Euromaidan Crises

, 217–220

Euromaidan Protests

, 198

Euromaidan Revolution in 2014

, 196

Euronext Low Carbon 100 Europe Indices FTSE Environmental Markets Index Series

, 163

Europa A la Charte model

, 8

European Asylum Support Office

, 6

European banks

, 128

European Border Surveillance System (EUROSUR)

, 86

European Central Bank (ECB)

, 132

European Commission

, 47–48, 138–139, 151

European Community (EC)

, 198–199, 262–263

European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR)

, 98

European Council

, 147–148, 174

European debt crisis

, 129–132

European Deposit Insurance Scheme

, 135–136

European Economic and Financial Affairs Council (ECOFIN)

, 133

European Economic and Financial System, new strategy for

, 138–140

European Economic Area (EEA)

, 7

European Economic Community (EEC)

, 8, 17–18, 235–236, 251

European Environment Agency

, 148–149

European Financial Stability and Integration Report (EFSIR)

, 136

European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF)

, 133–134

European Financial Stabilization Mechanism (EFSM)

, 133

European Fingerprint Data Bank (EURODAC)

, 86

European Free Trade Association (EFTA)

, 7, 18–19

European Green Deal

, 146–148, 150, 154

Investment Plan

, 151

European identity

, 85–86

European Integrated Border Management

, 114–115

European integration

, 4, 226

current problems affecting

, 4–8

European Monetary System

, 20–21

European Neighborhood Policy (ENP)

, 199–200, 213

EU–Ukraine relations before Orange Revolution

, 216–217

historical development

, 214–216

Strategy Document

, 214

European Parliament (EP)

, 98, 238

European Police Organization (EUROPOL)

, 86

European Rapid Reaction Force

, 33

European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI)

, 173–174

European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP)

, 172–174

European security as indispensable issue for American grand strategy

, 187–190

European Semester

, 151

European Single Market

, 46

European Stability Mechanism (ESM)

, 133–134

European Union (EU)

, 4, 17–19, 32, 46, 65–66, 85–86, 97–98, 113–114, 129, 146, 148, 150, 172, 186, 196, 213, 226, 235–236, 261–262

attitude of European Union during international crises

, 32–33

border control mechanisms of

, 86–87

countries

, 65–66

COVID-19 pandemic and financial problems in

, 37–39

critical analysis of antiimmigration discourses in

, 101–106

current issues on EU–Turkey relations

, 240–241

enlargement

, 4–5

EU-28

, 66–67, 69

EU–Russia–Ukraine Relations

, 198–203

EU–Turkey relations in light of the strategic compass

, 241–243

EU–Ukraine Summit

, 217

in face of financial crises

, 34–35

in face of security challenges

, 33–34

new quests in

, 9–12

Presidency and Ministry of Foreign Affairs

, 4–5

scenarios for future of

, 8–9

Ukraine Strategy Within Framework of European Neighborhood Policy

, 217–220

European Union Agency for Criminal Justice Cooperation (Eurojust)

, 6

European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol)

, 6

European Union Relations

, 19–21

European Union’s enlargement

, 236

current issues on EU–Turkey relations

, 240–241

EU–Turkey relations in light of the strategic compass

, 241–243

Turkey’s membership process as well-fluctuated history

, 236–240

European Union–Turkey Refugee Deal

, 248

EU–Turkey relations and Turkey’s migration policy

, 250–251

international cooperation in asylum movements and issue linkage as theoretical framework

, 248–250

migration policy of EU states

, 250

and outcomes

, 252–254

Syrian Refugee Crisis

, 251–252

European Volatility index (VSTOXX)

, 136

Europeanization

, 239

Europol

, 90–91, 250

Euroscepticism

, 19–20, 239

Eurosur

, 92–93

Exceptionalism

, 19–20

Externalization of migration policies

, 115–117

Facial recognition

, 86

Family member

, 236

Fifth EC Environmental Action Programme

, 148–149

Fighting Climate Change

, 147–148

Financial crisis

, 128–129

Banking Union

, 135–136

BoP Assistance Facility

, 134–135

EFSF

, 133–134

EFSM

, 133

ESM

, 134

Euro Plus Pact

, 135

to European debt crisis

, 129–132

European Union in face of

, 34–35

mechanisms established and measures against crisis

, 132–133

monitoring economic and financial developments

, 136–138

new strategy for European Economic and Financial System

, 138–140

Financial developments

, 136–138

Fingerprinting

, 86

Finns Party (PS)

, 98–99

Flexible integration model

, 9

FLOs

, 118–119

Foucault’s “Watchtower” expression

, 85–86

Fouchet Plan

, 173

Fratelli d’Italia (FDI)

, 98

Free Trade Agreement (FTA)

, 202–203

Frontex

, 5–6

FRONTEX

, 86, 91–92, 114–115

cooperation with third countries

, 120–121

empowerment and expansion of Frontex’s mandate

, 117–118

engagement with non-EU countries

, 118–120

theoretical framework

, 115–117

Future of European Union

, 4

General Affairs Council

, 238–239

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

, 264

Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)

, 267–268

Geographical proximity

, 66

Georgia’s Rose Revolution of 2003

, 199–200

GIIPS countries

, 129–131

Global Approach to Migration and Mobility (GAMM)

, 116, 120

Global Climate Action Agenda

, 150

Global Risk Report

, 152

Golden Dawn in Greece

, 6–7

Goldman Sachs

, 162

Green Bond Principles

, 165

Green bonds

, 164–165

Green Chip Stocks

, 163

Green Credit Principles

, 163

Green Deal

, 146, 151

Green economics

, 159–160

Green economy

, 160–161

Green Exchanges

, 163

Green financing investment vehicles

, 162

Green industrial revolution

, 153

Green loans

, 162–163

Green policies

, 160

Green transformation

, 153

Green transition

, 146

Greenhouse gas emissions

, 148–149

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 67

Health

, 32

Helsinki Summit

, 33, 237, 251

Herfindahl–Hirschman Index

, 72

Human Rights Abuses

, 39

ICBC

, 164–165

Identity and Democracy (ID)

, 98

Integration policies

, 196

International Capital Markets Association (ICMA)

, 163

International cooperation in asylum movements and issue linkage as theoretical framework

, 248–250

International crises (see also Financial crisis)

, 32

attitude of European Union during

, 32–33

COVID-19 as global health crisis

, 35–37

COVID-19 pandemic and financial problems in European Union

, 37–39

European Union in face of financial crises

, 34–35

European Union in face of security challenges

, 33–34

Human Rights Abuses

, 39

pandemic

, 39–40

International Manufactured Trade

, 65–66

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 264–265

International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC)

, 78

International trade

, 67–69

Iranian Revolution

, 6

Iris scanning

, 86

Islamic Revolution

, 6

Issue Linkage

, 248–250

Jack Ma Foundation

, 229

Joint Return Operations

, 121

Just Transition Mechanism

, 151

Justice and Home Affairs

, 33

Katowice Climate Package

, 150

Khartoum Process of 2014

, 116

Kyoto Protocol

, 149

Kyrgyzstan’s Tulip Revolution in 2005

, 199–200

Leave No One Behind

, 151

Lega Nord

, 6–7

Lega Salvini Premier (LN)

, 98

Liberal hegemony

, 186

Libya crisis

, 33

Lilien index

, 75

Limits to Growth, The

, 147

Linguistic proximity

, 66

Lisbon Strategy

, 129–130, 146

Lisbon Treaty

, 39, 173–176, 239

Lomé Conventions

, 263–265

London Environmental Economics Center

, 159–160

Luxembourg Summit

, 90

Maastricht Treaty

, 20–21, 33, 90, 173

Madrid attack

, 91

Malta

, 5

Manufacturing sector

, 66

Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II)

, 139–140

Marshall Plan

, 175, 183–184

Member States (MSs)

, 114–115

Members of European Parliament (MEPs)

, 98

Migration

, 85–86, 113–114

and Mobility Partnerships

, 120

policy of EU states

, 250

Migration Partnership Framework

, 116

Montreal Protocol

, 148–149

Most-Favored-Nation (MFN)

, 264

Multi-Speed Europe model

, 8

National Front (see National Rally)

National Rally

, 6–7

Nationalism

, 21

Nationalist tendencies

, 24–27

Negotiation Framework

, 238

Neo-isolationism

, 185

Neo-isolationists

, 185

Network of Central Banks and Supervisors for Greening Financial System

, 162

New Enhanced Agreement

, 200

Next Generation EU

, 38–39

9/11 attacks

, 250

No Decoupling, No Discrimination, No Duplication rule (3D rule)

, 175

Non-Proliferation Treaty

, 217

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

, 7–8, 172, 183–184, 198, 216

Partnership for Peace program

, 217

Offshore balancing

, 186

Open strategic autonomy

, 139

Orange Revolution

, 196–197

EU–Ukraine relations before

, 216–217

Organization of African Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS)

, 265

Organized hypocrisy

, 120–121

Pandemic

, 39–40

Paris Agreement

, 150

Paris Climate Summit

, 160

Paris One Planet Summit

, 162

Party for Freedom in the Netherlands

, 6–7

Passenger Name Record program (PNR program)

, 91

Passive activism

, 239

Patriot law

, 91

Pearl Harbor attack

, 186

People’s Democratic Party (HDP)

, 241

Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO)

, 172, 176–177

Petersberg tasks

, 173, 175

PHARE Programme

, 5

Pleven Plan

, 173

Political discourse

, 100–101

Political parties

, 97–98, 101

Polluter Pays Principle

, 147–148

Positive agenda (PA)

, 236

Post-Brexit EU-ACP and UK Trade Relations

, 266–270

Pragmatism

, 19–20

Prague Process of 2009

, 116

Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS)

, 98

Primacists

, 185

Primacy

, 185

Prisoner’s Dilemma

, 248–250

Privileged partnership

, 238

Public Access to Environmental Information

, 148–149

Rabat Process

, 116

Rada

, 198

Rassemblement National (RN)

, 98

Realists

, 186–187

Refugee crisis

, 86

Refugee Deal

, 248–250

Refugee Facility for Turkey

, 116

REPowerEU

, 204

Restrainers

, 185–186

Restraint

, 184

Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact

, 189

Right-wing populism

, 24–27

Rio United Nations Sustainable Development Conference

, 160

Risks

, 120–121

Rule of Colonels in Greece

, 6

“Russia-first” policy

, 199

Russia–Georgia war (2008)

, 201

Russia–Ukraine war

, 196

and implications for EU politics

, 203–205

internal dimensions

, 197–198

regional dimensions

, 198–203

Saarbrücken Treaty

, 87

Schengen Acquis

, 88–89

Schengen Agreement

, 87–88, 250

Schengen Area

, 86–87, 90, 116

Schengen Implementation Action Plan

, 89

Schengen Implementation Agreement

, 87–89

Schengen Information System (SIS)

, 87

Sectoral reallocation

, 75

Security in relations between European Union and United States

, 174–176

Selective engagement

, 185

Selective Europeanization

, 239

Single European Act of 1987

, 4, 87, 147–148

Single Market Law

, 47

Single Market Programme

, 47

Single resolution mechanism (SRM)

, 135–136

Single supervisory mechanism (SSM)

, 135–136

Sleeping Beauty of the Lisbon Treaty

, 176–177

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

, 51

opportunities for

, 51

SNCF

, 164–165

Social Bonds

, 165–166

South African Customs Union (SACU)

, 268

Southern Cyprus

, 238–239

Sovereign democracy

, 200–201

St. Malo Declaration

, 173–174

STABEX

, 263–264

Status Agreements

, 119

Stockholm Declaration

, 147

Strategic Compass (SC)

, 236

Suasion Game

, 248–250

Supranational Unification

, 18–19

Supranationalism

, 18

Sustainable development

, 159

Sustainable finance

, 161

importance

, 161

tools

, 161–166

Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative

, 163

Syrian Refugee Crisis

, 251–252

System of Stabilization of Export Earnings from Mining Products (SYSMIN)

, 263–264

Tampere Process

, 116

Threat

, 97–98

Trade agreements

, 261–262

Trade composition

, 70–81

Trade concentration

, 81

Trade partners

, 69

Trading partners

, 66–67

Traditional finance

, 161

Traditional gravity variables

, 66

Tragedy of the commons

, 146–147

Treaty of Amsterdam

, 90, 147–148

Treaty of Lisbon

, 4, 7, 147–148

Treaty of Rome

, 262–263

Truman Doctrine

, 183–184

Turkey’s membership process as well-fluctuated history

, 236–240

Ukraine

, 214, 216–217

crisis

, 188

Orange Revolution of 2004

, 199–200

social structure and implications

, 197–198

Ukrainian politics

, 196

Unification

, 18

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

, 5

United Kingdom (UK)

, 17–19, 21, 226, 261–262

agenda

, 147

Conference on Trade and Development

, 67

United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP)

, 24–25

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)

, 160

US–European Union Security Cooperation

, 172

ESDP

, 172–174

future of security and defense-based relations in twenty-first century

, 176–178

security in relations between European Union and United States

, 174–176

Valletta Europe-Africa Summit (2015)

, 116

Variable-Geometry Europe model

, 8–9

Warsaw Pact

, 5

Washington Consensus

, 264–265

Western Balkans Risk Analysis Network

, 118

Western European Union (WEU)

, 173

Westernization project

, 236–237

Working Agreements

, 119

World Bank (WB)

, 162–163, 165, 264–265

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 36

World Trade Organization (WTO)

, 264

Xi Jinping

, 229–230

Yaoundé Conventions

, 262

historical background

, 262–266