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Prelims

Ayodeji Emmanuel Oke (Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria & University of Johannesburg, South Africa)
Seyi Segun Stephen (Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria)
Clinton Ohis Aigbavboa (University of Johannesburg, South Africa)
Deji Rufus Ogunsemi (Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria)
Isaac Olaniyi Aje (Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria)

Smart Cities: A Panacea for Sustainable Development

ISBN: 978-1-80382-456-7, eISBN: 978-1-80382-455-0

Publication date: 5 April 2022

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Citation

Oke, A.E., Stephen, S.S., Aigbavboa, C.O., Ogunsemi, D.R. and Aje, I.O. (2022), "Prelims", Smart Cities: A Panacea for Sustainable Development, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. i-xx. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80382-455-020221016

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:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2022 Ayodeji Emmanuel Oke, Seyi Segun Stephen, Clinton Ohis Aigbavboa, Deji Rufus Ogunsemi and Isaac Olaniyi Aje

Half Title Page

SMART CITIES

Title Page

SMART CITIES: A PANACEA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

BY

AYODEJI EMMANUEL OKE

Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria & University of Johannesburg, South Africa

SEYI SEGUN STEPHEN

Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria

CLINTON OHIS AIGBAVBOA

University of Johannesburg, South Africa

DEJI RUFUS OGUNSEMI

Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria

And

ISAAC OLANIYI AJE

Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2022

Copyright © 2022 Ayodeji Emmanuel Oke, Seyi Segun Stephen, Clinton Ohis Aigbavboa, Deji Rufus Ogunsemi and Isaac Olaniyi Aje. Published under an exclusive license by Emerald Publishing Limited.

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No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the text, illustrations or advertisements. The opinions expressed in these chapters are not necessarily those of the Author or the publisher.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-80382-456-7 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-80382-455-0 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-80382-457-4 (Epub)

Dedication Page

To God

Who Made All Things Beautiful

Contents

List of Tables and Figures xv
About the Authors xvii
Preface xix
Part 1: General Introduction of the Book
1 General Introduction 3
Introduction 3
Definition of Smart Cities 4
Evolution of Smart Cities 5
Concept of Smart Cities 6
Reasons for Smart Cities 7
Characteristics of a Smart City 7
Resilient City System, Economically Beneficial City 7
Objective of the Book 8
Conclusion 8
References 9
Part 2: Concept of Smart Cities
2 Introduction to Smart Cities 13
Introduction 13
City and Smart City 14
History of City and Smart City 14
Definition of City and Smart City 15
Construction Industry and Smart Cities 16
Characteristics of Smart Cities 17
Economy 17
Environment 18
Society 18
Smart City Frameworks 18
Technology Framework 19
Human Framework 19
Institutional Framework 20
Features of Smart City 20
Conclusion 21
References 22
3 The Smart City Process 23
Introduction 23
The Conceptualisation of Smart Cities 25
Smart City Definitions 26
Traits of Smart City Areas 27
Smart Environment 27
Smart Economy 28
Smart Governance 28
Smart Living 28
Smart People 28
Smart Mobility 29
The Smartisation Process of a City 29
The Content of Smartisation Process 30
Development of Wireless City 30
Development of Smart Family 30
Smart General Administrations and Improvement of Social Administration 31
Development of Smart Transportation 31
Improvement of Smart Medicinal Treatment 31
Development of Smart City Administration 32
Development of Green City 32
Development Smart Vacationer Focus 32
Sustainability and ICT in Smart Cities 32
Smart Cities Drivers 33
Inadequate Infrastructure 34
Growing Stress 34
Growing Urbanisation 34
Growing Environmental Challenges 34
Growing Economics Competition 35
Growing Expectations 35
Rapidly Improving Technology Capabilities 35
Smart City Barriers 35
Lack of a Smart City Visionary 36
Lack of Citizen Engagement 36
Lack of Integrated Services 36
Lack of ICT Know-how 37
Lack of Finance 37
Siloed, Piecemeal Implementations 37
Smart Cities Benefits 38
Enhanced Sustainability 38
Enhanced Liveability 38
Enhance Workability 39
Conclusion 39
References 39
4 Smart City Theories and Models 45
Concept of Smart City 45
Smart City Theories and Models 46
Energy and the Environment 48
Mobility 49
Economy 49
Governance 49
Society 49
Technology Framework 50
Digital City 50
Virtual City 51
Information City 51
Intelligent City 51
Ubiquitous City 52
Human Framework 52
Creative City 53
Learning City 53
Humane City 53
Knowledge City 54
Institutional Framework 54
Conclusion 55
References 55
Part 3: Smart Cities Stakeholders
5 Smart Cities Team Members 59
Introduction to Smart Cities Team Members 59
Definitions of Smart City 60
Characteristics of Smart Cities 61
Management of Smart Cities 64
Stakeholders Involved in the Management of Smart Cities 65
Technological Management of Smart Cities 67
Management of Government Policies of Smart Cities and Education of Smart Citizens 68
Conclusion 69
References 69
6 Smart City Team Partnership 71
Introduction 71
Definition of Smart Cities 72
Smart Cities Development 73
Economy 73
Environment 74
Society 74
Problems of Smart Cities 74
Opportunities in Smart Cities Projects 75
Features of Smart Cities 76
Team Members, People and Participant Involved in the Creation of Smart Cities in Some Countries 76
United States of America 77
India 79
Australia 79
United Kingdom 80
Europe (London and Dublin) 82
Conclusion 83
References 83
Part 4: Sustainable Development (SD)
7 Sustainable Development: Definition and Principles 87
Introduction 87
The Term: Sustainable Development 89
The Contradictory Discourse of Sustainability in SD 89
Development and Sustainability 89
Contemporary Challenges of the Concept of SD 91
Drivers of SD 92
Innovation and SD 92
Thinking about Innovation and Technology 93
How Companies Manage Innovation 94
Barriers to Smart Cities Development 94
Further Barriers to Smart Cities Development 95
Economic Sustainability 95
Social Sustainability 96
Environmental Sustainability 96
Same Objective but Different Challenges, Trends and Needs 97
Economic Development and the Financial Change 97
Conclusion 98
References 98
Part 5: Smart Cities and Sustainable Development
8 Quality of Life 103
Introduction 103
Meanings of Smart Cities 104
Quality of Life of Smart Cities Citizens 105
Time Loss Eradication 106
Ease of Doing Things 106
Waste Minimisation and Control 106
Good Transport Management 107
Conclusion 107
References 108
9 Socially Inclusive City: Socially Inclusive and Economically Beneficial Smart Cities 109
Introduction 110
Descriptions of Smart Cities 111
The Smart City Concept 112
Smart City as a Socially Inclusive City 113
Smart City as an Economically Beneficial City 115
Conclusion 116
References 116
Part 6: Enhancing Smart Cities for Sustainable Development
10 Drivers of Smart Cities 121
Introduction 121
Brief Explanation of Smart City 122
Drivers of Smart City 122
Energy and the Environment 124
Economy 125
Mobility 125
Society 125
Governance 125
Measures of Smart City Performance 126
Benefits of Smart City to the Citizens 127
Conclusions 128
References 128
11 Smart City Dimensions 131
Introduction 131
Cities 131
Smart City 132
Formation of Smart Cities 132
Smart Economy 134
Smart Transportation 134
Smart Environment 134
Smart Individuals 134
Good Governance 135
Smart Living 135
Idea of Smart City 136
Barriers to Smart City Development 136
Complexity of Smart City System 137
Economic Barriers 138
Technological Barriers 138
Social Barriers 139
Unclear Vision 139
Information and Awareness 139
Governance and Coordination Barriers 139
Legal and Regulatory 139
Financial Barriers 140
Solutions to Smart City Development Barriers 140
Public Sector References 140
To Overcome Complexity Barriers 140
To Overcome Economic Barriers 140
To Overcome Technological Barriers 140
To Overcome Social Barriers 141
To Overcome Governance Barriers 141
Private Sector References 141
To Overcome Complexity Barriers 141
To Overcome Economic Barriers 141
To Overcome Technological Barriers 141
To Overcome Social Barriers 142
To Overcome Governance Barriers 142
Conclusion 142
References 142
12 Challenges in Smart Cities Development 145
Introduction 145
Factors Posing Challenges to Smart Cities Development 146
Information Technology (IT) Infrastructure 146
Security and Privacy 146
The LoT 147
The Cloud 148
Big Data Management 148
Cost 149
Efficiency, Availability and Scalability 149
Social Adaption 150
Application Development 150
Cities in Africa 151
Conclusion 152
References 152
13 Procurement in Smart City Development 155
Introduction 155
Smart City 156
Procurement 157
Brief on Public Procurement 158
Public Procurement System 158
Procurement Methods 159
Procurement of Smart Cities 160
Common Drawbacks to Smart Cities Procurement 161
Measures to Challenge of Procurement of Smart City 162
Conclusion 162
References 162
Index 165

List of Tables and Figures

Tables

Table 3.1. Content of Smartisation Process 30
Table 7.1. Different Perceptions on Sustainability 90
Table 7.2. Different Author’s Theories on Development and Sustainability 91
Table 9.1. Features of a Smart City. 113

Figures

Figure 2.1. Performing Variables Indicator of a Smart City 17
Figure 3.1. Content of Smartisation Process 31
Figure 4.1. Some of the Levels of Becoming Smart City 48
Figure 7.1 SD Survival Policies 88
Figure 11.1. Smart City Chain of Dimension 133
Figure 13.1. Public Procurement System 159

About the Authors

Ayodeji Emmanuel Oke is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Quantity Surveying, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria and a Senior Research Associate with cidb Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. With more than 250 publications, his research interest is in sustainable infrastructure management (SIM), emphasising sustainable construction, value management and quantity surveying and construction in the digital era.

Seyi Segun Stephen is a Graduate of Quantity Surveying at the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. He is a Social Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Enthusiast. He also has a flair for literature and his areas of specialisation are academic consultancy, psychological education and teaching. He is a Construction Manager and has authored books including Sustainable Construction in era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution published by Taylor & Francis, Routledge.

Clinton Ohis Aigbavboa is a Professor in the Department of Construction Management and Quantity Surveying, and Director of cidb Centre of Excellence & Sustainable Human Settlement and Construction Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. He completed his PhD in Engineering Management and has published several research papers in the area of housing, construction and engineering management and research methodology for construction students. He has extensive knowledge in practice, research, training and teaching.

Deji Rufus Ogunsemi is a Professor of Quantity Surveying in the Department of Quantity Surveying, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. He is currently the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Academics), Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria. He is a Registered Quantity Surveyor and Registered Builder with research interest in cost management, procurement management and construction economics.

Isaac Olaniyi Aje is a Professor of Contract Management and Quantity Surveying in the Department of Quantity Surveying, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. He is currently the Dean, School of Environmental Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. He is a Registered Quantity Surveyor with research interest in contractual arrangements and management, cost management and procurement management.

Preface

Change is constant with humans. There is always the urge to move from a state to another no matter the level of comfort enjoyed at that moment. And with the client being insatiable in nature coupled with the quest to dealing with scarcity, construction professionals in the construction industry needed to act swift in order to meet the growing expectations and providing sustainable alternatives to scarcities. Surplus and reusable are the major terminologies when dealing with concepts that gave birth to sustainable development (SD). In the search for better quality of life, residents migrate at a very high rate from less developed areas to developed ones. This has however increased the pressure on the available resources present in such civilised cities. The population’s growth is not slowing down soon at any moment hence the need to improve on what has been on ground. Smart cities come as a solution to the demands to the growing migrated population. The smartness of a city comes from the relationships between construction stakeholders and the citizens with general enhancement in mind as the targeted goal. It is believed that when there is a more technologically advanced society where operations are estimated and managed, there is bound to be improvements in all standards and ease of growth in social, physical and economic circumstances.

The smart city has been developed over the years and its benefits are numerous. As well as challenges and drivers that are part of its concept, the smart city framework inculcated into constructions will enhance the overall performances of cities as well as the citizens living in them. This book assists the readers in comprehending better what smart city in construction is all about. It starts by defining smart city to identifying concepts in it; also, the process, theories and models that are embedded in it are explicitly explained to give a solid basic understanding of the subject. The interaction between smart city and SD was affirmed in the context of the book. Furthermore, procurement in smart city development brings a new look to an angle presented in terms of functionality and acceptability of the smart city into construction processes even from the onset of planning to management of executions within a contract sum and duration.

As urbanisation continues to progress through several digitalisation processes, the architecture, engineering, construction and operation (AECO) industries are always saddled with delivering results due to the growing pressures within and outside the construction industry. The expected readers of the book are construction professionals in various fields; undergraduate and postgraduate students in the built environment discipline; policy-makers in the construction industry; procurement officers; government agencies in ministries, secretariats and functional integrated infrastructural project professionals; construction workers both in developing and developed countries; city and urban planners; building, civil and industrial stakeholders; value creators across several fields; individuals concerned with building a smart or sustainable city; building contractors and regulatory project personnel; financiers in terms of banks, bond, insurance companies; and local monarchs among other readers.

This book can serve as research guide, concepts and practices concerned in smart city development, construction management, SD, functionality and sustainability, and material notes for relating city development. It is of the hope that the readers will be educated and informed about the practices that are involved in smart city development.

Ayodeji E. Oke

Seyi S. Stephen

Clinton O. Aigbavboa

Deji R. Ogunsemi

Isaac O. Aje

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