Index
Resilient and Sustainable Destinations After Disaster
ISBN: 978-1-80382-022-4, eISBN: 978-1-80382-021-7
Publication date: 16 August 2023
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2023), "Index", Kumar, J., Bayram, G.E. and Sharma, A. (Ed.) Resilient and Sustainable Destinations After Disaster (Tourism Security-Safety and Post Conflict Destinations), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 299-309. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80382-021-720231023
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2023 Jeetesh Kumar, Gül Erkol Bayram and Anukrati Sharma. Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Accommodation sector, 80–81, 90
Aceh Tsunami Museum, 101
ADB, forecast by, 113–114
Administrative environmentalism, 14
Agenda for Sustainability and Development and the Paris Climate Change Summit, 2030, 44–45
Agritourism, 281–282
Air Zimbabwe, 81–82
Airports Council International (ACI), 22
Alliance of Religion Conservation, 139–140
Anchor investments, 42–43
Arouca Geopark, 48–49
Arouca Geopark Association, 58
Asia, 110–112
change in GDP due to COVID-19, 111–112
Europe and Asian hospitality industry economical stats, 112
forecast by ADB, 113–114
recommendations, 117–118
strategies opted for rebuilding tourism after COVID-19 pandemic in Asia, 114–117
Asian Pacific Context, post-disaster tourism in, 99–101
Attracting and Retaining Youth in Agriculture (ARYA), 282
Attraction, Accommodation, Accessibility, Amenities, and Activities (5 A), 189
Augmented reality, 35, 246–247
Average variance extracted (AVE), 147–148
Awareness, 158, 171
Ayurveda
, 235
Balanced business method, 43
Behavioral issue (BI), 145–146
Bhil community, 279
Black tourism, 97–98
Bramhacharya
, 234–235
Brand development, 68
Branding, 71
Budget-friendly travel, 294
Bulawayo Cultural Festival, 65–66
Capitalist conservationism, 16
CARE mode and relevance to Oman tourism, 169
Central movement control orders (CMCO), 90
Chibuku Neshamwari Dance Festival, 65–66
Chimanimani Arts Festival, 65–66
Climate change, 277–278
Cluster concept, 42
Cocos nucifera
, 280
Communication, 69
information flow works, 167–168
significance of communication in community engagement, 165–167
strategy, 105
Community communication, 174
Community engagement, significance of communication in, 165–167
Community participation, 102
Community-based recovery, 105–106
Community-led approaches, 102
Comprehensive communication strategy, 167–168
Comprehensive systematic reviews, 182–183
Consolidation, 78
Convergence, 42
Corporate identification as well as genetic structure, 11–13
Costa Rica Tourism Institute, 206
Council of Ministers, 204
Country-of-origin effect, 129
Covergent validity, 148–149
COVID appropriate behavior (CAB), 128
COVID-19, 4, 19–20, 88, 109–111, 113–114, 116–117, 287–288
change in GDP due to, 111–112
effects of covid-19 pandemic on tourism, 20–21
global guidelines to restart tourism, 23–25
outbreak, 21, 114, 116, 157–158
pandemic, 19–21, 121, 126, 157–158, 183, 195, 217, 241–242, 251–252, 268, 290
pandemic crisis, 25–26
priorities for tourism recovery, 21–23
restarting strategies in destinations after, 21–25
strategies opted for rebuilding tourism after COVID-19 pandemic in Asia, 114–117
Crises, 1
Crisis management, 104–105, 268–270
practices, 269
Cross-cutting measures, 24
Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA), 22
Cultural heritage, 280–281
Culture, 281
Cumulative Resilience, 126–127
Dark tourism, 97–98, 102
Databases, 4, 182
Decarbonisation, 16
Demand–supply cycle, 123
Destination Consultancy Group, The, 82–83
Destination Management Organizations (DMOs), 104–105, 199, 295
Destination marketing, 130
in Zimbabwe, 78–80
Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs), 9–10, 69, 79–80
role of, 82–83
Destinations, 26, 251–252
image, 64
management, 97–98, 199
marketers, 64, 70
strategy, 218
Development
of ecotourism, 283
of infrastructure, 282–283
Dharma
, 234
Dhofar Municipality, 160
Differentiated methodological individualism, 13–14
Digital communication, 158
Digitalization process, 23
Disasters, 2–3, 6–7, 98
knowledge, 105
in tourism, 195
Divergent validity, 148–149
Document analysis technique, 5
Domestic tourism, 288
Doom tourism, 97–98
e-Medical Attendant Visa, 124–125
EBSCO, 4
Ecological Threat Register (2020) (ETR), 99
Economic autonomy, 43
Economic capital, 99
Economic sustainability, 45
Ecotourism, 253–254, 278
challenges, 283
industry, 13–14
potential of region, 279–282
socioeconomic perspectives and sustainability, 282–283
study area, 278–279
Electronic guides, 245
e–Medical Visa, 124–125
Emerald, 271
Employability, 42
Entrepreneurial approach, 267–268
Environmental management, 14
Epidemics, 2
Essential uncertainty, 12–13
Europe and Asian Hospitality Industry Economical Stats, 112
travel and tourism share regionwise, 112
European Geoparks Network (EGN), 48–49
European space, 47
European Union, 47
Event brand communication, tourism festival and, 69
Event brand development, tourism festival and, 68
Event brand implementation, tourism festival and, 69
Event brand tracking, tourism festival and, 70
Event destination brand awareness, tourism festival and, 70–71
Event destination brand equity, Zimbabwe tourism festival and, 70–72
Event destination brand image, tourism festival and, 71
Event destination brand loyalty, tourism festival and, 71–72
Event destination brand positioning, tourism festival and, 68
Event destination brand quality, perceived tourism festival and, 71
Event destination branding process, 67–70
Event destination market analysis, tourism festival and, 67–68
Event destination personality, tourism festival and, 68–69
Faith tourism, 140–141
Fear, 289
Five-point Likert scale, 143–144
Forests, 280
Fornell–Larcker Criterion, 148–149
Future tourism, perspective of, 256
Geographical Information System (GIS), 282–283
Geoparks, 48, 58
Global Guidelines to Restart Tourism, 32–33
Global guidelines to restart tourism, 23–25
Global health emergency, 19–20
Global innovation ecosystem, 23
Global Tourism Crisis Committee, 20
of WTO, 21
Google Scholar, 4, 182, 271
Government, 124–125
Government Communication Centre, 158–159
Government of India, 124–125
Great Depression, 76–77
Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami (2011), 101
Green tourism, 81
Grihasth
, 234–235
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 251–252
GDP due to COVID-19, change in, 111–112
Haats, 282
Harare International Festival of Arts (HIFA), 65–66
Harare International Food Festival, 65–66
Healthcare sector, 125
Healthcare system, 125
Healthcare tourism, 133–134
Healthcare workers (HCWs), 123
Heritage Reserve Platform, 48
Heterogeneous constructionist method, 10–11
Heterotrait–Monotrait Ratio (HTMT), 148–149
Hindu pilgrim centers, 143–144
Hinduism, 140–141
Hong Kong’s hospitality industry, 270
Hospitality, 24, 267–268
industry, 270–271
sector, 112
Hotel industry, 267–268
background, 269–270
future research directions, 272
solutions and recommendations, 271–272
Hotline for Tourism Micro-Business Liquidity, 205
HTMT ratio, 148–149
Human capital, 99
Image-building process, 174
India’s tourism industry, 290–291
Indian Ocean earthquake, The, 101
Indian tourism sector, 287–288
Indigenous medicine, 122–123
Industry, 9–10
Industry 4.0, 241–242
Information and communication technologies (ICTs), 26, 243–244, 251–252
Information devices, 246
Information-oriented (IO), 145–146
Infrastructural issue (INI), 145–146
Innovative tourism, 166, 173
Institutional capital, 99
Integrated risk management, principles of, 270
Interdisciplinary research approaches, 130
Internal marketing process flow, 125
International Air Transport Association (IATA), 22
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 22
International Labor Organization (ILO), 22
International Maritime Organization (IMO), 22
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 19–20
International tourism, 20
sector, 20
International tourists, 21
International Year of Sustainable Tourism, 44
Intwasa Arts Festival koBulawayo, 65–66
Jikinya Dance Festival, 65–66
Jiuzhaigou National Scenic Spot, 101
Kalpa Virksha (see Cocos nucifera)
Karma
, 234
Kiosk, 246
Local community, 166, 294
Local resiliency knowledge, 105
Local tourism, 99
Long-term economic viability, 44
Low–density territories, 42
Mahi Bajaj Sagar Reservoir, 280
Mahua flowers (Madhuca longifolia), 282
Management ecology, 14–16
Market analysis, 67–68
Market-led approach, 141–142
Marketing strategies, 3
Media, 69
Medical tourism ecosystem, 123–124
Medical Value Travel (MVT), 122–123
Medical Visa, 124–125
Meditation, 228–229
Medium-term recovery plans, 200
Micro clusters, 42–43
Midlands Arts and Culture Festival, 65–66
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 10–11
Millennium Improvement Goals (MIGs), 10
Ministry Of Environment, 10–11
Ministry of Heritage and Tourism, The, 158, 169, 170
Ministry of Tourism, The (MoT), 124–125, 153
Mission Unit for the Enhancement of the Interior (UMVI), 48
Mobile technologies, 245–246
Mobile tourist guides, 245
Monetary issue (MI), 145–146
Monkeypox, 109–110, 113
Movement control orders (MCO), 90
National Arts Council of Zimbabwe (NACZ), 65–66
National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), 287–288
National differentiated approach, 88–89
National innovation ecosystem, 23
National Program for Territorial Cohesion (PNCT), 42
National Recovery and Resilience Plan, 203–204
National UNESCO Commission, 49
Natural environment, 280
Neoliberal approaches, 15–16
Neoliberalism scientific management, 15
New offerings, comparative analysis of old and, 89–90
New public management (see Neoliberalism scientific management)
Niche tourism, 181
Nontherapeutic medical tourism, 122–123
Nvivo software, 5
Oil Crisis, 76–77
Oman
CARE mode and relevance to Oman tourism, 169
communication information flow works, 167–168
findings and results, 173–174
implications and future direction, 174–175
limitations and directions for future studies, 175
methodology, 169–170
overall sultanate tourists’ data from 2010 to 2018, 160–164
significance of communication in community engagement, 165–167
as spectacular tourist destination, 158–160
tourism, 157–159
Oman government, The, 165, 167
Omran (Oman tourism development company), 160
Online traveling agencies, 117–118
Open Skies Agreement, 256
Overtourism destinations, 253–254
Pacific tourism, 201–202
Pakistan Hotel Association (PHA), 267–268
Pandemics, 2–3, 6–7, 110–111, 227–228
comparative analysis of old and new offerings, 89–90
of COVID-19, 113
recommendations and future avenues, 92
Passenger locator forms (PLFs), 90
People’s Republic of China (PRC), 113
Perceived effectiveness, 290
Perceived severity and vulnerability, 289–290
Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs), 125
Pilgrimage tourism, 140–141
Political sustainability, 45
Post-COVID destinations, 214
Post-COVID-19 tourism
lessons to destinations for senior tourism in, 218–219
recovery, 214
Post-disaster, 229
methodology and research questions, 228
RQs, 229
spirituality and yoga, 232–236
tourism, 236–238
well-being, 229, 232, 236, 238
Post-disaster tourism, 98
in Asian Pacific Context, 99–101
definition and concepts of, 98–99
development, 104–105
framework development on resilient and sustainable communities, 102–106
parameters of, 99
Postpandemic era, 130
Postpandemic tourism transformation, 255–256
Pranayam
, 235
Principal Component Analysis (PCA), 47–48
Product planning, 182–183
ProQuest, 4
Protection motivation theory (PMT), 289–290
Publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Public–private partnerships (PPPs), 4, 169, 189
Qualitative method, 5
Quantitative method, 5
RACE Model, 174
Rajasthan, 279
Rajasthan Tourism Policy, 280–281
Rebuilding tourism after COVID-19 pandemic in Asia, strategies opted for, 114–117
Recovery
case study, 183–186
methodology, 182–183
purpose of study, 182
responsible sustainable tourism product planning and design, 188–190
Recovery plans, 196
and strategies of countries, 199–206
Regenerative tourism, 251–252
background, 252–254
conceptual framework of research study, 256–260
methodology, 259–260
natural maturation of sustainability, 253
nature’s principles, 253–254
priorities, and implications, 260–264
review of literature, 254, 256, 261–262
Regional competitiveness, 42
Regional movement control orders (RMCO), 90
Regional policy objectives, 42
Religious heritage, 280–281
Religious tourism, 140–141
ResearchGate, 271
Resilience, 126–127, 196–197
in tourism, 198–199
Resilient and sustainable destinations, 3
Resilient communities, framework development on, 102–106
Resilient ecosystem for medical tourism, 127
Resilient medical tourism
appropriateness of service triangle model, 125
aspects of medical tourism, 122–123
concept of medical tourism, 122–123
implications, 130–134
pull and push factors relevant with medical tourism, 123
rationale and relevance of WRQoL, 126
recommendations, 126–134
role and relevance of various stakeholders, 124–125
synthesis, 127–130
theoretical background, 123–126
Resilient medical tourism ecosystem, 123–124
Resilient tourism communities, 97–98
Resource management, 14
Responsible sustainable tourism product planning and design, 188–190
Responsible tourism, 180
concept of, 180
product development, 189
Restart tourism, global guidelines to, 23–25
Restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic, 21–25
Robotization, 246
Sacred tourism, 140–141
Sanatana Dharma
, 140–141
Sanyas
, 234–235
SARS-CoV-2, 268
Scale techniques, 143–144
Scopus, 182
Security and safety (SS), 145–146
Semantic scale, 143–144
Senior tourism, 214–215
lessons to destinations for senior tourism in post-COVID-19, 218–219
policy implications for tourism sector, 215–216
seniors and, 216–218
Service businesses, 183
Service marketing concepts, 125
Service triangle model, appropriateness of, 125
Shoko Festival, 65–66
Short-term actions, 199–200
Sky Policy, 256
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), 29, 31, 100–101, 199
Small-scale economies, 42–43
Smart applications, 245–246
Smart city concept, 26
Smart City Wheel model, 28
Smart destinations (SDs), 20, 25–26, 29
benefits of SDs considering restarting strategies, 21–23
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on tourism, 20–21
literature review, 20–21
restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic, 21–25
Smart economy, 27, 29, 31
Smart environment, 27–28, 32–33
Smart governance, 27, 31–32
Smart living, 28, 33
Smart mobility, 27, 32
Smart people, 27, 32
Smart tourism, 242
issues, challenges, and opportunities, 243–247
literature review, 242–243
Social capital, 99
Social capitalism, 102–103
Social isolation, 116–117
Social Mention (semantic search engines), 143
Social well-being, 229–230
Sociedad Mercantil Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas (SEGITTUR), 26–27
Solutions, Information, Value, and Access (SIVA model), 128
Spatial sustainability, 45
Spiritual tourism, 140–141
Spirituality, 228–229, 232, 236
Stagnation, 78
Stakeholders, 47, 123–124, 181, 189–190
role and relevance of various, 124–125
Standard operating procedures (SOPs), 90–92
Strategic approach, 4
Strategic Initiatives & Government Advisory (SIGA), 140–141
Structural equation modeling (SEM), 141–142
Sultanate tourists data from 2010 to 2018, 160–164
Super Typhoon Rolly, 100–101
Susceptibility, 288–289
Sustainability, 45, 277–278
Sustainable communities, framework development on, 102–106
Sustainable design concepts, 182
Sustainable development
applied to territories, 44–45
in tourism, 45, 181–182
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 44–45, 181–182, 277–278
Sustainable Improvement Goals (SIGs), 10
Sustainable local tourism communities, 4
Sustainable pilgrimages, 142
Sustainable resource management, 32–33
Sustainable Smart Cities Initiative groups, The, 27–28
Sustainable tourism, 2, 15–16, 181, 251–252, 288
communities, 97–98
corporate identification as well as genetic structure, 11–13
differentiated methodological individualism, 13–14
indicators, 46
as management ecology, tourism and SIGs, 14–16
product, 181
Systematic scoping review, 182–183
Technology, 242
Territorial cooperation, 42
Territories, sustainable development applied to, 44–45
Thailand Special Tourist Visa, 205
Thematic content analysis, 291
Theory of planned behavior (TPB), 290
Therapeutic medical tourism, 122–123
Tour operators, 24
Tourism, 1–2, 14, 16, 26, 44, 88, 98–99, 109–110, 140–141, 169, 180, 236, 238, 251–252, 277–278
comparative analysis of old and new offerings, 89–90
development, 103–104
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on, 20–21
enterprises, 196
establishments, 197
industry, 228
micro cluster, 43
planning, 180
policymakers, 9–10
recommendations and future avenues, 92
risk in, 288–289
scholars, 9–10
sector, 2, 21, 33, 35, 117–118, 267–268, 288
tourism-steered economic growth, 277–278
types, 290
Tourism agencies, 190
Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC), 75–76
Tourism business, 89, 142–143, 196, 288
management, 189
Tourism destinations, 76–77, 214
management, 50
marketing, 80
Tourism festival
concept, 63–64
and event brand communication, 69
and event brand development, 68
and event brand implementation, 69
and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
and event destination brand image, 71
and event destination brand image in Zimbabwe, 64
and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
and event destination brand positioning, 68
and event destination market analysis, 67–68
and event destination personality, 68–69
process, 67–70
tourism festival and event brand tracking, 70
Tourism industry, 1–2, 10, 99, 112, 121–122, 269, 278
analysis, 291
budget-friendly travel and local community, 294
demographic profile of respondents, 291
literature review, 288–289
managerial implications, 294–295
methodology, 290–291
perceived effectiveness, 290
PMT, 289–290
results, 291–294
risk perception, 288–289
safety and hygiene factors, 293
sustainable practices and government initiatives, 293–294
TPB, 290
travel anxiety, 289
Tourism Life Cycle (TLC), 75–76
Tourism products, 181, 282
development, 189
Tourism recovery, 103–104
priorities for, 21–23
Tourism share regionwise (2019), 112
Tourism stakeholders, 167–168
Tourism Strategic Plan (2027), 46
Tourism Strategy (2027), 49–50
Tourism sustainability, 44
indicators, 45–55
Tourism sustainable planning
sustainable development applied to territories, 44–45
tourism sustainability indicators, 45–55
Tourist guides, 242
general view, 242–243
issues, challenges, and opportunities, 243–247
literature review, 242–243
Tourists, 89, 242, 288–289, 294
behavior, 181–182, 290
destinations, 25–26
industry, 12
stakeholders, 180
Tourists’ harassment during pilgrimage
data analysis, 149–152
methodology, 142–149
objectives of study, 142
outcomes of study, 152
review of literatures, 140–142
suggestions, recommendations, and future scope of study, 153–154
Transformative tourism, 255–256
Transition, 98
Travel agencies, 24
Travel anxiety, 289
Travel planning, 241–242
Travel sector, 81–82
Travel sector, 117–118
Travel share regionwise (2019), 112
Traveler locator’s forms (TLF), 90
Travelers, 288
Tribal art, 281
Tribal communities, 279
TripAdvisor, 142–143, 152
reviews, 143–144
website, 4–5
Triple bottom line, 133–134
Tropic of Cancer, 280
Tropical Cyclone Pam, 100
Tsunami Educational Park, 101
Tsunami hit Aceh, 101
Tsunami Inundation Monuments, 101
UN 2040 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 10
UN body, 9–10
UN’s official International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Advancement, 9–10
UNESCO Geoparks, 44–45
UNESCO National Community, 50
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 109–110
United Nations (UN), 44, 181–182
Organization, 44–45
Sustainable Development Goals, 293
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 114, 116, 259–260
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 3, 10–11, 14–16, 44, 180, 271–272
World Tourism Barometer, 157–158
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 76–77
Vagad region, 279–280
Value chain creation process, 124
Vanprasth
, 234–235
Vanuatu Tourism Office (VTO), 100
Victoria Falls, 77
Vipasana
, 235
Virtual accessibility, 219
Virtual museums, 245
Virtual reality, 35
Virtual tourism, 219
Volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA), 5
Vulnerability in tourism, 195–197
Web of Science, 182
Well-being, 229–232
elements, 230
Wellness medical tourism, 122–123
Wordle. com (semantic search engines), 143
Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL), 125
rationale and relevance of, 126
World Bank (WB), 22
World Commission and Environment and Development, The, 44
World Economic Forum, 44
World Federation of Professional Tourist Guide Associations (WFTGA), 242–243
World Health Organization (WHO), 19–20, 110–111, 229–230
World Tourism Organization (WTO), 157–158, 277–278
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), 10
Yoga, 228–229, 232, 236
Zimbabwe, 76–77
destination marketing in, 78–80
tourism destination marketing, 79–80
tourism festival and event destination brand image in, 64
tourism industry, 79–80
Zimbabwe International Film Festival, 65–66
Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (ZTA), 76–78
Zimbabwe Tourism Development Corporation (ZTDC), 79–80
Zimbabwe tourism festival and event destination brand equity, 70–72
perceived tourism festival and event destination brand quality, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
tourism festival and event destination brand image, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
Zimbabwe’s tourism image and publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Zimbabwean accommodation sector, 80–81
Zimbabwean tourism, 3
marketing, 76–77
Zimbabwean Tourism Authority, The, 82–83
Accommodation sector
, 80–81, 90
Aceh Tsunami Museum
, 101
ADB, forecast by
, 113–114
Administrative environmentalism
, 14
Agenda for Sustainability and Development and the Paris Climate Change Summit, 2030
, 44–45
Agritourism
, 281–282
Air Zimbabwe
, 81–82
Airports Council International (ACI)
, 22
Alliance of Religion Conservation
, 139–140
Anchor investments
, 42–43
Arouca Geopark
, 48–49
Arouca Geopark Association
, 58
Asia
, 110–112
change in GDP due to COVID-19
, 111–112
Europe and Asian hospitality industry economical stats
, 112
forecast by ADB
, 113–114
recommendations
, 117–118
strategies opted for rebuilding tourism after COVID-19 pandemic in Asia
, 114–117
Asian Pacific Context, post-disaster tourism in
, 99–101
Attracting and Retaining Youth in Agriculture (ARYA)
, 282
Attraction, Accommodation, Accessibility, Amenities, and Activities (5 A)
, 189
Augmented reality
, 35, 246–247
Average variance extracted (AVE)
, 147–148
Awareness
, 158, 171
Ayurveda
, 235
Balanced business method
, 43
Behavioral issue (BI)
, 145–146
Bhil community
, 279
Black tourism
, 97–98
Bramhacharya
, 234–235
Brand development
, 68
Branding
, 71
Budget-friendly travel
, 294
Bulawayo Cultural Festival
, 65–66
Capitalist conservationism, 16
CARE mode and relevance to Oman tourism, 169
Central movement control orders (CMCO), 90
Chibuku Neshamwari Dance Festival, 65–66
Chimanimani Arts Festival, 65–66
Climate change, 277–278
Cluster concept, 42
Cocos nucifera
, 280
Communication, 69
information flow works, 167–168
significance of communication in community engagement, 165–167
strategy, 105
Community communication, 174
Community engagement, significance of communication in, 165–167
Community participation, 102
Community-based recovery, 105–106
Community-led approaches, 102
Comprehensive communication strategy, 167–168
Comprehensive systematic reviews, 182–183
Consolidation, 78
Convergence, 42
Corporate identification as well as genetic structure, 11–13
Costa Rica Tourism Institute, 206
Council of Ministers, 204
Country-of-origin effect, 129
Covergent validity, 148–149
COVID appropriate behavior (CAB), 128
COVID-19, 4, 19–20, 88, 109–111, 113–114, 116–117, 287–288
change in GDP due to, 111–112
effects of covid-19 pandemic on tourism, 20–21
global guidelines to restart tourism, 23–25
outbreak, 21, 114, 116, 157–158
pandemic, 19–21, 121, 126, 157–158, 183, 195, 217, 241–242, 251–252, 268, 290
pandemic crisis, 25–26
priorities for tourism recovery, 21–23
restarting strategies in destinations after, 21–25
strategies opted for rebuilding tourism after COVID-19 pandemic in Asia, 114–117
Crises, 1
Crisis management, 104–105, 268–270
practices, 269
Cross-cutting measures, 24
Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA), 22
Cultural heritage, 280–281
Culture, 281
Cumulative Resilience, 126–127
Dark tourism, 97–98, 102
Databases, 4, 182
Decarbonisation, 16
Demand–supply cycle, 123
Destination Consultancy Group, The, 82–83
Destination Management Organizations (DMOs), 104–105, 199, 295
Destination marketing, 130
in Zimbabwe, 78–80
Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs), 9–10, 69, 79–80
role of, 82–83
Destinations, 26, 251–252
image, 64
management, 97–98, 199
marketers, 64, 70
strategy, 218
Development
of ecotourism, 283
of infrastructure, 282–283
Dharma
, 234
Dhofar Municipality, 160
Differentiated methodological individualism, 13–14
Digital communication, 158
Digitalization process, 23
Disasters, 2–3, 6–7, 98
knowledge, 105
in tourism, 195
Divergent validity, 148–149
Document analysis technique, 5
Domestic tourism, 288
Doom tourism, 97–98
e-Medical Attendant Visa, 124–125
EBSCO, 4
Ecological Threat Register (2020) (ETR), 99
Economic autonomy, 43
Economic capital, 99
Economic sustainability, 45
Ecotourism, 253–254, 278
challenges, 283
industry, 13–14
potential of region, 279–282
socioeconomic perspectives and sustainability, 282–283
study area, 278–279
Electronic guides, 245
e–Medical Visa, 124–125
Emerald, 271
Employability, 42
Entrepreneurial approach, 267–268
Environmental management, 14
Epidemics, 2
Essential uncertainty, 12–13
Europe and Asian Hospitality Industry Economical Stats, 112
travel and tourism share regionwise, 112
European Geoparks Network (EGN), 48–49
European space, 47
European Union, 47
Event brand communication, tourism festival and, 69
Event brand development, tourism festival and, 68
Event brand implementation, tourism festival and, 69
Event brand tracking, tourism festival and, 70
Event destination brand awareness, tourism festival and, 70–71
Event destination brand equity, Zimbabwe tourism festival and, 70–72
Event destination brand image, tourism festival and, 71
Event destination brand loyalty, tourism festival and, 71–72
Event destination brand positioning, tourism festival and, 68
Event destination brand quality, perceived tourism festival and, 71
Event destination branding process, 67–70
Event destination market analysis, tourism festival and, 67–68
Event destination personality, tourism festival and, 68–69
Faith tourism, 140–141
Fear, 289
Five-point Likert scale, 143–144
Forests, 280
Fornell–Larcker Criterion, 148–149
Future tourism, perspective of, 256
Geographical Information System (GIS), 282–283
Geoparks, 48, 58
Global Guidelines to Restart Tourism, 32–33
Global guidelines to restart tourism, 23–25
Global health emergency, 19–20
Global innovation ecosystem, 23
Global Tourism Crisis Committee, 20
of WTO, 21
Google Scholar, 4, 182, 271
Government, 124–125
Government Communication Centre, 158–159
Government of India, 124–125
Great Depression, 76–77
Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami (2011), 101
Green tourism, 81
Grihasth
, 234–235
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 251–252
GDP due to COVID-19, change in, 111–112
Haats, 282
Harare International Festival of Arts (HIFA), 65–66
Harare International Food Festival, 65–66
Healthcare sector, 125
Healthcare system, 125
Healthcare tourism, 133–134
Healthcare workers (HCWs), 123
Heritage Reserve Platform, 48
Heterogeneous constructionist method, 10–11
Heterotrait–Monotrait Ratio (HTMT), 148–149
Hindu pilgrim centers, 143–144
Hinduism, 140–141
Hong Kong’s hospitality industry, 270
Hospitality, 24, 267–268
industry, 270–271
sector, 112
Hotel industry, 267–268
background, 269–270
future research directions, 272
solutions and recommendations, 271–272
Hotline for Tourism Micro-Business Liquidity, 205
HTMT ratio, 148–149
Human capital, 99
Image-building process, 174
India’s tourism industry, 290–291
Indian Ocean earthquake, The, 101
Indian tourism sector, 287–288
Indigenous medicine, 122–123
Industry, 9–10
Industry 4.0, 241–242
Information and communication technologies (ICTs), 26, 243–244, 251–252
Information devices, 246
Information-oriented (IO), 145–146
Infrastructural issue (INI), 145–146
Innovative tourism, 166, 173
Institutional capital, 99
Integrated risk management, principles of, 270
Interdisciplinary research approaches, 130
Internal marketing process flow, 125
International Air Transport Association (IATA), 22
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 22
International Labor Organization (ILO), 22
International Maritime Organization (IMO), 22
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 19–20
International tourism, 20
sector, 20
International tourists, 21
International Year of Sustainable Tourism, 44
Intwasa Arts Festival koBulawayo, 65–66
Jikinya Dance Festival, 65–66
Jiuzhaigou National Scenic Spot, 101
Kalpa Virksha (see Cocos nucifera)
Karma
, 234
Kiosk, 246
Local community, 166, 294
Local resiliency knowledge, 105
Local tourism, 99
Long-term economic viability, 44
Low–density territories, 42
Mahi Bajaj Sagar Reservoir, 280
Mahua flowers (Madhuca longifolia), 282
Management ecology, 14–16
Market analysis, 67–68
Market-led approach, 141–142
Marketing strategies, 3
Media, 69
Medical tourism ecosystem, 123–124
Medical Value Travel (MVT), 122–123
Medical Visa, 124–125
Meditation, 228–229
Medium-term recovery plans, 200
Micro clusters, 42–43
Midlands Arts and Culture Festival, 65–66
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 10–11
Millennium Improvement Goals (MIGs), 10
Ministry Of Environment, 10–11
Ministry of Heritage and Tourism, The, 158, 169, 170
Ministry of Tourism, The (MoT), 124–125, 153
Mission Unit for the Enhancement of the Interior (UMVI), 48
Mobile technologies, 245–246
Mobile tourist guides, 245
Monetary issue (MI), 145–146
Monkeypox, 109–110, 113
Movement control orders (MCO), 90
National Arts Council of Zimbabwe (NACZ), 65–66
National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), 287–288
National differentiated approach, 88–89
National innovation ecosystem, 23
National Program for Territorial Cohesion (PNCT), 42
National Recovery and Resilience Plan, 203–204
National UNESCO Commission, 49
Natural environment, 280
Neoliberal approaches, 15–16
Neoliberalism scientific management, 15
New offerings, comparative analysis of old and, 89–90
New public management (see Neoliberalism scientific management)
Niche tourism, 181
Nontherapeutic medical tourism, 122–123
Nvivo software, 5
Oil Crisis, 76–77
Oman
CARE mode and relevance to Oman tourism, 169
communication information flow works, 167–168
findings and results, 173–174
implications and future direction, 174–175
limitations and directions for future studies, 175
methodology, 169–170
overall sultanate tourists’ data from 2010 to 2018, 160–164
significance of communication in community engagement, 165–167
as spectacular tourist destination, 158–160
tourism, 157–159
Oman government, The, 165, 167
Omran (Oman tourism development company), 160
Online traveling agencies, 117–118
Open Skies Agreement, 256
Overtourism destinations, 253–254
Pacific tourism, 201–202
Pakistan Hotel Association (PHA), 267–268
Pandemics, 2–3, 6–7, 110–111, 227–228
comparative analysis of old and new offerings, 89–90
of COVID-19, 113
recommendations and future avenues, 92
Passenger locator forms (PLFs), 90
People’s Republic of China (PRC), 113
Perceived effectiveness, 290
Perceived severity and vulnerability, 289–290
Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs), 125
Pilgrimage tourism, 140–141
Political sustainability, 45
Post-COVID destinations, 214
Post-COVID-19 tourism
lessons to destinations for senior tourism in, 218–219
recovery, 214
Post-disaster, 229
methodology and research questions, 228
RQs, 229
spirituality and yoga, 232–236
tourism, 236–238
well-being, 229, 232, 236, 238
Post-disaster tourism, 98
in Asian Pacific Context, 99–101
definition and concepts of, 98–99
development, 104–105
framework development on resilient and sustainable communities, 102–106
parameters of, 99
Postpandemic era, 130
Postpandemic tourism transformation, 255–256
Pranayam
, 235
Principal Component Analysis (PCA), 47–48
Product planning, 182–183
ProQuest, 4
Protection motivation theory (PMT), 289–290
Publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Public–private partnerships (PPPs), 4, 169, 189
Qualitative method, 5
Quantitative method, 5
RACE Model, 174
Rajasthan, 279
Rajasthan Tourism Policy, 280–281
Rebuilding tourism after COVID-19 pandemic in Asia, strategies opted for, 114–117
Recovery
case study, 183–186
methodology, 182–183
purpose of study, 182
responsible sustainable tourism product planning and design, 188–190
Recovery plans, 196
and strategies of countries, 199–206
Regenerative tourism, 251–252
background, 252–254
conceptual framework of research study, 256–260
methodology, 259–260
natural maturation of sustainability, 253
nature’s principles, 253–254
priorities, and implications, 260–264
review of literature, 254, 256, 261–262
Regional competitiveness, 42
Regional movement control orders (RMCO), 90
Regional policy objectives, 42
Religious heritage, 280–281
Religious tourism, 140–141
ResearchGate, 271
Resilience, 126–127, 196–197
in tourism, 198–199
Resilient and sustainable destinations, 3
Resilient communities, framework development on, 102–106
Resilient ecosystem for medical tourism, 127
Resilient medical tourism
appropriateness of service triangle model, 125
aspects of medical tourism, 122–123
concept of medical tourism, 122–123
implications, 130–134
pull and push factors relevant with medical tourism, 123
rationale and relevance of WRQoL, 126
recommendations, 126–134
role and relevance of various stakeholders, 124–125
synthesis, 127–130
theoretical background, 123–126
Resilient medical tourism ecosystem, 123–124
Resilient tourism communities, 97–98
Resource management, 14
Responsible sustainable tourism product planning and design, 188–190
Responsible tourism, 180
concept of, 180
product development, 189
Restart tourism, global guidelines to, 23–25
Restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic, 21–25
Robotization, 246
Sacred tourism, 140–141
Sanatana Dharma
, 140–141
Sanyas
, 234–235
SARS-CoV-2, 268
Scale techniques, 143–144
Scopus, 182
Security and safety (SS), 145–146
Semantic scale, 143–144
Senior tourism, 214–215
lessons to destinations for senior tourism in post-COVID-19, 218–219
policy implications for tourism sector, 215–216
seniors and, 216–218
Service businesses, 183
Service marketing concepts, 125
Service triangle model, appropriateness of, 125
Shoko Festival, 65–66
Short-term actions, 199–200
Sky Policy, 256
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), 29, 31, 100–101, 199
Small-scale economies, 42–43
Smart applications, 245–246
Smart city concept, 26
Smart City Wheel model, 28
Smart destinations (SDs), 20, 25–26, 29
benefits of SDs considering restarting strategies, 21–23
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on tourism, 20–21
literature review, 20–21
restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic, 21–25
Smart economy, 27, 29, 31
Smart environment, 27–28, 32–33
Smart governance, 27, 31–32
Smart living, 28, 33
Smart mobility, 27, 32
Smart people, 27, 32
Smart tourism, 242
issues, challenges, and opportunities, 243–247
literature review, 242–243
Social capital, 99
Social capitalism, 102–103
Social isolation, 116–117
Social Mention (semantic search engines), 143
Social well-being, 229–230
Sociedad Mercantil Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas (SEGITTUR), 26–27
Solutions, Information, Value, and Access (SIVA model), 128
Spatial sustainability, 45
Spiritual tourism, 140–141
Spirituality, 228–229, 232, 236
Stagnation, 78
Stakeholders, 47, 123–124, 181, 189–190
role and relevance of various, 124–125
Standard operating procedures (SOPs), 90–92
Strategic approach, 4
Strategic Initiatives & Government Advisory (SIGA), 140–141
Structural equation modeling (SEM), 141–142
Sultanate tourists data from 2010 to 2018, 160–164
Super Typhoon Rolly, 100–101
Susceptibility, 288–289
Sustainability, 45, 277–278
Sustainable communities, framework development on, 102–106
Sustainable design concepts, 182
Sustainable development
applied to territories, 44–45
in tourism, 45, 181–182
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 44–45, 181–182, 277–278
Sustainable Improvement Goals (SIGs), 10
Sustainable local tourism communities, 4
Sustainable pilgrimages, 142
Sustainable resource management, 32–33
Sustainable Smart Cities Initiative groups, The, 27–28
Sustainable tourism, 2, 15–16, 181, 251–252, 288
communities, 97–98
corporate identification as well as genetic structure, 11–13
differentiated methodological individualism, 13–14
indicators, 46
as management ecology, tourism and SIGs, 14–16
product, 181
Systematic scoping review, 182–183
Technology, 242
Territorial cooperation, 42
Territories, sustainable development applied to, 44–45
Thailand Special Tourist Visa, 205
Thematic content analysis, 291
Theory of planned behavior (TPB), 290
Therapeutic medical tourism, 122–123
Tour operators, 24
Tourism, 1–2, 14, 16, 26, 44, 88, 98–99, 109–110, 140–141, 169, 180, 236, 238, 251–252, 277–278
comparative analysis of old and new offerings, 89–90
development, 103–104
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on, 20–21
enterprises, 196
establishments, 197
industry, 228
micro cluster, 43
planning, 180
policymakers, 9–10
recommendations and future avenues, 92
risk in, 288–289
scholars, 9–10
sector, 2, 21, 33, 35, 117–118, 267–268, 288
tourism-steered economic growth, 277–278
types, 290
Tourism agencies, 190
Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC), 75–76
Tourism business, 89, 142–143, 196, 288
management, 189
Tourism destinations, 76–77, 214
management, 50
marketing, 80
Tourism festival
concept, 63–64
and event brand communication, 69
and event brand development, 68
and event brand implementation, 69
and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
and event destination brand image, 71
and event destination brand image in Zimbabwe, 64
and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
and event destination brand positioning, 68
and event destination market analysis, 67–68
and event destination personality, 68–69
process, 67–70
tourism festival and event brand tracking, 70
Tourism industry, 1–2, 10, 99, 112, 121–122, 269, 278
analysis, 291
budget-friendly travel and local community, 294
demographic profile of respondents, 291
literature review, 288–289
managerial implications, 294–295
methodology, 290–291
perceived effectiveness, 290
PMT, 289–290
results, 291–294
risk perception, 288–289
safety and hygiene factors, 293
sustainable practices and government initiatives, 293–294
TPB, 290
travel anxiety, 289
Tourism Life Cycle (TLC), 75–76
Tourism products, 181, 282
development, 189
Tourism recovery, 103–104
priorities for, 21–23
Tourism share regionwise (2019), 112
Tourism stakeholders, 167–168
Tourism Strategic Plan (2027), 46
Tourism Strategy (2027), 49–50
Tourism sustainability, 44
indicators, 45–55
Tourism sustainable planning
sustainable development applied to territories, 44–45
tourism sustainability indicators, 45–55
Tourist guides, 242
general view, 242–243
issues, challenges, and opportunities, 243–247
literature review, 242–243
Tourists, 89, 242, 288–289, 294
behavior, 181–182, 290
destinations, 25–26
industry, 12
stakeholders, 180
Tourists’ harassment during pilgrimage
data analysis, 149–152
methodology, 142–149
objectives of study, 142
outcomes of study, 152
review of literatures, 140–142
suggestions, recommendations, and future scope of study, 153–154
Transformative tourism, 255–256
Transition, 98
Travel agencies, 24
Travel anxiety, 289
Travel planning, 241–242
Travel sector, 81–82
Travel sector, 117–118
Travel share regionwise (2019), 112
Traveler locator’s forms (TLF), 90
Travelers, 288
Tribal art, 281
Tribal communities, 279
TripAdvisor, 142–143, 152
reviews, 143–144
website, 4–5
Triple bottom line, 133–134
Tropic of Cancer, 280
Tropical Cyclone Pam, 100
Tsunami Educational Park, 101
Tsunami hit Aceh, 101
Tsunami Inundation Monuments, 101
UN 2040 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 10
UN body, 9–10
UN’s official International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Advancement, 9–10
UNESCO Geoparks, 44–45
UNESCO National Community, 50
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 109–110
United Nations (UN), 44, 181–182
Organization, 44–45
Sustainable Development Goals, 293
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 114, 116, 259–260
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 3, 10–11, 14–16, 44, 180, 271–272
World Tourism Barometer, 157–158
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 76–77
Vagad region, 279–280
Value chain creation process, 124
Vanprasth
, 234–235
Vanuatu Tourism Office (VTO), 100
Victoria Falls, 77
Vipasana
, 235
Virtual accessibility, 219
Virtual museums, 245
Virtual reality, 35
Virtual tourism, 219
Volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA), 5
Vulnerability in tourism, 195–197
Web of Science, 182
Well-being, 229–232
elements, 230
Wellness medical tourism, 122–123
Wordle. com (semantic search engines), 143
Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL), 125
rationale and relevance of, 126
World Bank (WB), 22
World Commission and Environment and Development, The, 44
World Economic Forum, 44
World Federation of Professional Tourist Guide Associations (WFTGA), 242–243
World Health Organization (WHO), 19–20, 110–111, 229–230
World Tourism Organization (WTO), 157–158, 277–278
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), 10
Yoga, 228–229, 232, 236
Zimbabwe, 76–77
destination marketing in, 78–80
tourism destination marketing, 79–80
tourism festival and event destination brand image in, 64
tourism industry, 79–80
Zimbabwe International Film Festival, 65–66
Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (ZTA), 76–78
Zimbabwe Tourism Development Corporation (ZTDC), 79–80
Zimbabwe tourism festival and event destination brand equity, 70–72
perceived tourism festival and event destination brand quality, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
tourism festival and event destination brand image, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
Zimbabwe’s tourism image and publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Zimbabwean accommodation sector, 80–81
Zimbabwean tourism, 3
marketing, 76–77
Zimbabwean Tourism Authority, The, 82–83
Capitalist conservationism
, 16
CARE mode and relevance to Oman tourism
, 169
Central movement control orders (CMCO)
, 90
Chibuku Neshamwari Dance Festival
, 65–66
Chimanimani Arts Festival
, 65–66
Climate change
, 277–278
Cluster concept
, 42
Cocos nucifera
, 280
Communication
, 69
information flow works
, 167–168
significance of communication in community engagement
, 165–167
strategy
, 105
Community communication
, 174
Community engagement, significance of communication in
, 165–167
Community participation
, 102
Community-based recovery
, 105–106
Community-led approaches
, 102
Comprehensive communication strategy
, 167–168
Comprehensive systematic reviews
, 182–183
Consolidation
, 78
Convergence
, 42
Corporate identification as well as genetic structure
, 11–13
Costa Rica Tourism Institute
, 206
Council of Ministers
, 204
Country-of-origin effect
, 129
Covergent validity
, 148–149
COVID appropriate behavior (CAB)
, 128
COVID-19
, 4, 19–20, 88, 109–111, 113–114, 116–117, 287–288
change in GDP due to
, 111–112
effects of covid-19 pandemic on tourism
, 20–21
global guidelines to restart tourism
, 23–25
outbreak
, 21, 114, 116, 157–158
pandemic
, 19–21, 121, 126, 157–158, 183, 195, 217, 241–242, 251–252, 268, 290
pandemic crisis
, 25–26
priorities for tourism recovery
, 21–23
restarting strategies in destinations after
, 21–25
strategies opted for rebuilding tourism after COVID-19 pandemic in Asia
, 114–117
Crises
, 1
Crisis management
, 104–105, 268–270
practices
, 269
Cross-cutting measures
, 24
Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA)
, 22
Cultural heritage
, 280–281
Culture
, 281
Cumulative Resilience
, 126–127
Dark tourism
, 97–98, 102
Databases
, 4, 182
Decarbonisation
, 16
Demand–supply cycle
, 123
Destination Consultancy Group, The
, 82–83
Destination Management Organizations (DMOs)
, 104–105, 199, 295
Destination marketing
, 130
in Zimbabwe
, 78–80
Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs)
, 9–10, 69, 79–80
role of
, 82–83
Destinations
, 26, 251–252
image
, 64
management
, 97–98, 199
marketers
, 64, 70
strategy
, 218
Development
of ecotourism
, 283
of infrastructure
, 282–283
Dharma
, 234
Dhofar Municipality
, 160
Differentiated methodological individualism
, 13–14
Digital communication
, 158
Digitalization process
, 23
Disasters
, 2–3, 6–7, 98
knowledge
, 105
in tourism
, 195
Divergent validity
, 148–149
Document analysis technique
, 5
Domestic tourism
, 288
Doom tourism
, 97–98
e-Medical Attendant Visa, 124–125
EBSCO, 4
Ecological Threat Register (2020) (ETR), 99
Economic autonomy, 43
Economic capital, 99
Economic sustainability, 45
Ecotourism, 253–254, 278
challenges, 283
industry, 13–14
potential of region, 279–282
socioeconomic perspectives and sustainability, 282–283
study area, 278–279
Electronic guides, 245
e–Medical Visa, 124–125
Emerald, 271
Employability, 42
Entrepreneurial approach, 267–268
Environmental management, 14
Epidemics, 2
Essential uncertainty, 12–13
Europe and Asian Hospitality Industry Economical Stats, 112
travel and tourism share regionwise, 112
European Geoparks Network (EGN), 48–49
European space, 47
European Union, 47
Event brand communication, tourism festival and, 69
Event brand development, tourism festival and, 68
Event brand implementation, tourism festival and, 69
Event brand tracking, tourism festival and, 70
Event destination brand awareness, tourism festival and, 70–71
Event destination brand equity, Zimbabwe tourism festival and, 70–72
Event destination brand image, tourism festival and, 71
Event destination brand loyalty, tourism festival and, 71–72
Event destination brand positioning, tourism festival and, 68
Event destination brand quality, perceived tourism festival and, 71
Event destination branding process, 67–70
Event destination market analysis, tourism festival and, 67–68
Event destination personality, tourism festival and, 68–69
Faith tourism, 140–141
Fear, 289
Five-point Likert scale, 143–144
Forests, 280
Fornell–Larcker Criterion, 148–149
Future tourism, perspective of, 256
Geographical Information System (GIS), 282–283
Geoparks, 48, 58
Global Guidelines to Restart Tourism, 32–33
Global guidelines to restart tourism, 23–25
Global health emergency, 19–20
Global innovation ecosystem, 23
Global Tourism Crisis Committee, 20
of WTO, 21
Google Scholar, 4, 182, 271
Government, 124–125
Government Communication Centre, 158–159
Government of India, 124–125
Great Depression, 76–77
Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami (2011), 101
Green tourism, 81
Grihasth
, 234–235
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 251–252
GDP due to COVID-19, change in, 111–112
Haats, 282
Harare International Festival of Arts (HIFA), 65–66
Harare International Food Festival, 65–66
Healthcare sector, 125
Healthcare system, 125
Healthcare tourism, 133–134
Healthcare workers (HCWs), 123
Heritage Reserve Platform, 48
Heterogeneous constructionist method, 10–11
Heterotrait–Monotrait Ratio (HTMT), 148–149
Hindu pilgrim centers, 143–144
Hinduism, 140–141
Hong Kong’s hospitality industry, 270
Hospitality, 24, 267–268
industry, 270–271
sector, 112
Hotel industry, 267–268
background, 269–270
future research directions, 272
solutions and recommendations, 271–272
Hotline for Tourism Micro-Business Liquidity, 205
HTMT ratio, 148–149
Human capital, 99
Image-building process, 174
India’s tourism industry, 290–291
Indian Ocean earthquake, The, 101
Indian tourism sector, 287–288
Indigenous medicine, 122–123
Industry, 9–10
Industry 4.0, 241–242
Information and communication technologies (ICTs), 26, 243–244, 251–252
Information devices, 246
Information-oriented (IO), 145–146
Infrastructural issue (INI), 145–146
Innovative tourism, 166, 173
Institutional capital, 99
Integrated risk management, principles of, 270
Interdisciplinary research approaches, 130
Internal marketing process flow, 125
International Air Transport Association (IATA), 22
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 22
International Labor Organization (ILO), 22
International Maritime Organization (IMO), 22
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 19–20
International tourism, 20
sector, 20
International tourists, 21
International Year of Sustainable Tourism, 44
Intwasa Arts Festival koBulawayo, 65–66
Jikinya Dance Festival, 65–66
Jiuzhaigou National Scenic Spot, 101
Kalpa Virksha (see Cocos nucifera)
Karma
, 234
Kiosk, 246
Local community, 166, 294
Local resiliency knowledge, 105
Local tourism, 99
Long-term economic viability, 44
Low–density territories, 42
Mahi Bajaj Sagar Reservoir, 280
Mahua flowers (Madhuca longifolia), 282
Management ecology, 14–16
Market analysis, 67–68
Market-led approach, 141–142
Marketing strategies, 3
Media, 69
Medical tourism ecosystem, 123–124
Medical Value Travel (MVT), 122–123
Medical Visa, 124–125
Meditation, 228–229
Medium-term recovery plans, 200
Micro clusters, 42–43
Midlands Arts and Culture Festival, 65–66
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 10–11
Millennium Improvement Goals (MIGs), 10
Ministry Of Environment, 10–11
Ministry of Heritage and Tourism, The, 158, 169, 170
Ministry of Tourism, The (MoT), 124–125, 153
Mission Unit for the Enhancement of the Interior (UMVI), 48
Mobile technologies, 245–246
Mobile tourist guides, 245
Monetary issue (MI), 145–146
Monkeypox, 109–110, 113
Movement control orders (MCO), 90
National Arts Council of Zimbabwe (NACZ), 65–66
National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), 287–288
National differentiated approach, 88–89
National innovation ecosystem, 23
National Program for Territorial Cohesion (PNCT), 42
National Recovery and Resilience Plan, 203–204
National UNESCO Commission, 49
Natural environment, 280
Neoliberal approaches, 15–16
Neoliberalism scientific management, 15
New offerings, comparative analysis of old and, 89–90
New public management (see Neoliberalism scientific management)
Niche tourism, 181
Nontherapeutic medical tourism, 122–123
Nvivo software, 5
Oil Crisis, 76–77
Oman
CARE mode and relevance to Oman tourism, 169
communication information flow works, 167–168
findings and results, 173–174
implications and future direction, 174–175
limitations and directions for future studies, 175
methodology, 169–170
overall sultanate tourists’ data from 2010 to 2018, 160–164
significance of communication in community engagement, 165–167
as spectacular tourist destination, 158–160
tourism, 157–159
Oman government, The, 165, 167
Omran (Oman tourism development company), 160
Online traveling agencies, 117–118
Open Skies Agreement, 256
Overtourism destinations, 253–254
Pacific tourism, 201–202
Pakistan Hotel Association (PHA), 267–268
Pandemics, 2–3, 6–7, 110–111, 227–228
comparative analysis of old and new offerings, 89–90
of COVID-19, 113
recommendations and future avenues, 92
Passenger locator forms (PLFs), 90
People’s Republic of China (PRC), 113
Perceived effectiveness, 290
Perceived severity and vulnerability, 289–290
Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs), 125
Pilgrimage tourism, 140–141
Political sustainability, 45
Post-COVID destinations, 214
Post-COVID-19 tourism
lessons to destinations for senior tourism in, 218–219
recovery, 214
Post-disaster, 229
methodology and research questions, 228
RQs, 229
spirituality and yoga, 232–236
tourism, 236–238
well-being, 229, 232, 236, 238
Post-disaster tourism, 98
in Asian Pacific Context, 99–101
definition and concepts of, 98–99
development, 104–105
framework development on resilient and sustainable communities, 102–106
parameters of, 99
Postpandemic era, 130
Postpandemic tourism transformation, 255–256
Pranayam
, 235
Principal Component Analysis (PCA), 47–48
Product planning, 182–183
ProQuest, 4
Protection motivation theory (PMT), 289–290
Publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Public–private partnerships (PPPs), 4, 169, 189
Qualitative method, 5
Quantitative method, 5
RACE Model, 174
Rajasthan, 279
Rajasthan Tourism Policy, 280–281
Rebuilding tourism after COVID-19 pandemic in Asia, strategies opted for, 114–117
Recovery
case study, 183–186
methodology, 182–183
purpose of study, 182
responsible sustainable tourism product planning and design, 188–190
Recovery plans, 196
and strategies of countries, 199–206
Regenerative tourism, 251–252
background, 252–254
conceptual framework of research study, 256–260
methodology, 259–260
natural maturation of sustainability, 253
nature’s principles, 253–254
priorities, and implications, 260–264
review of literature, 254, 256, 261–262
Regional competitiveness, 42
Regional movement control orders (RMCO), 90
Regional policy objectives, 42
Religious heritage, 280–281
Religious tourism, 140–141
ResearchGate, 271
Resilience, 126–127, 196–197
in tourism, 198–199
Resilient and sustainable destinations, 3
Resilient communities, framework development on, 102–106
Resilient ecosystem for medical tourism, 127
Resilient medical tourism
appropriateness of service triangle model, 125
aspects of medical tourism, 122–123
concept of medical tourism, 122–123
implications, 130–134
pull and push factors relevant with medical tourism, 123
rationale and relevance of WRQoL, 126
recommendations, 126–134
role and relevance of various stakeholders, 124–125
synthesis, 127–130
theoretical background, 123–126
Resilient medical tourism ecosystem, 123–124
Resilient tourism communities, 97–98
Resource management, 14
Responsible sustainable tourism product planning and design, 188–190
Responsible tourism, 180
concept of, 180
product development, 189
Restart tourism, global guidelines to, 23–25
Restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic, 21–25
Robotization, 246
Sacred tourism, 140–141
Sanatana Dharma
, 140–141
Sanyas
, 234–235
SARS-CoV-2, 268
Scale techniques, 143–144
Scopus, 182
Security and safety (SS), 145–146
Semantic scale, 143–144
Senior tourism, 214–215
lessons to destinations for senior tourism in post-COVID-19, 218–219
policy implications for tourism sector, 215–216
seniors and, 216–218
Service businesses, 183
Service marketing concepts, 125
Service triangle model, appropriateness of, 125
Shoko Festival, 65–66
Short-term actions, 199–200
Sky Policy, 256
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), 29, 31, 100–101, 199
Small-scale economies, 42–43
Smart applications, 245–246
Smart city concept, 26
Smart City Wheel model, 28
Smart destinations (SDs), 20, 25–26, 29
benefits of SDs considering restarting strategies, 21–23
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on tourism, 20–21
literature review, 20–21
restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic, 21–25
Smart economy, 27, 29, 31
Smart environment, 27–28, 32–33
Smart governance, 27, 31–32
Smart living, 28, 33
Smart mobility, 27, 32
Smart people, 27, 32
Smart tourism, 242
issues, challenges, and opportunities, 243–247
literature review, 242–243
Social capital, 99
Social capitalism, 102–103
Social isolation, 116–117
Social Mention (semantic search engines), 143
Social well-being, 229–230
Sociedad Mercantil Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas (SEGITTUR), 26–27
Solutions, Information, Value, and Access (SIVA model), 128
Spatial sustainability, 45
Spiritual tourism, 140–141
Spirituality, 228–229, 232, 236
Stagnation, 78
Stakeholders, 47, 123–124, 181, 189–190
role and relevance of various, 124–125
Standard operating procedures (SOPs), 90–92
Strategic approach, 4
Strategic Initiatives & Government Advisory (SIGA), 140–141
Structural equation modeling (SEM), 141–142
Sultanate tourists data from 2010 to 2018, 160–164
Super Typhoon Rolly, 100–101
Susceptibility, 288–289
Sustainability, 45, 277–278
Sustainable communities, framework development on, 102–106
Sustainable design concepts, 182
Sustainable development
applied to territories, 44–45
in tourism, 45, 181–182
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 44–45, 181–182, 277–278
Sustainable Improvement Goals (SIGs), 10
Sustainable local tourism communities, 4
Sustainable pilgrimages, 142
Sustainable resource management, 32–33
Sustainable Smart Cities Initiative groups, The, 27–28
Sustainable tourism, 2, 15–16, 181, 251–252, 288
communities, 97–98
corporate identification as well as genetic structure, 11–13
differentiated methodological individualism, 13–14
indicators, 46
as management ecology, tourism and SIGs, 14–16
product, 181
Systematic scoping review, 182–183
Technology, 242
Territorial cooperation, 42
Territories, sustainable development applied to, 44–45
Thailand Special Tourist Visa, 205
Thematic content analysis, 291
Theory of planned behavior (TPB), 290
Therapeutic medical tourism, 122–123
Tour operators, 24
Tourism, 1–2, 14, 16, 26, 44, 88, 98–99, 109–110, 140–141, 169, 180, 236, 238, 251–252, 277–278
comparative analysis of old and new offerings, 89–90
development, 103–104
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on, 20–21
enterprises, 196
establishments, 197
industry, 228
micro cluster, 43
planning, 180
policymakers, 9–10
recommendations and future avenues, 92
risk in, 288–289
scholars, 9–10
sector, 2, 21, 33, 35, 117–118, 267–268, 288
tourism-steered economic growth, 277–278
types, 290
Tourism agencies, 190
Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC), 75–76
Tourism business, 89, 142–143, 196, 288
management, 189
Tourism destinations, 76–77, 214
management, 50
marketing, 80
Tourism festival
concept, 63–64
and event brand communication, 69
and event brand development, 68
and event brand implementation, 69
and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
and event destination brand image, 71
and event destination brand image in Zimbabwe, 64
and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
and event destination brand positioning, 68
and event destination market analysis, 67–68
and event destination personality, 68–69
process, 67–70
tourism festival and event brand tracking, 70
Tourism industry, 1–2, 10, 99, 112, 121–122, 269, 278
analysis, 291
budget-friendly travel and local community, 294
demographic profile of respondents, 291
literature review, 288–289
managerial implications, 294–295
methodology, 290–291
perceived effectiveness, 290
PMT, 289–290
results, 291–294
risk perception, 288–289
safety and hygiene factors, 293
sustainable practices and government initiatives, 293–294
TPB, 290
travel anxiety, 289
Tourism Life Cycle (TLC), 75–76
Tourism products, 181, 282
development, 189
Tourism recovery, 103–104
priorities for, 21–23
Tourism share regionwise (2019), 112
Tourism stakeholders, 167–168
Tourism Strategic Plan (2027), 46
Tourism Strategy (2027), 49–50
Tourism sustainability, 44
indicators, 45–55
Tourism sustainable planning
sustainable development applied to territories, 44–45
tourism sustainability indicators, 45–55
Tourist guides, 242
general view, 242–243
issues, challenges, and opportunities, 243–247
literature review, 242–243
Tourists, 89, 242, 288–289, 294
behavior, 181–182, 290
destinations, 25–26
industry, 12
stakeholders, 180
Tourists’ harassment during pilgrimage
data analysis, 149–152
methodology, 142–149
objectives of study, 142
outcomes of study, 152
review of literatures, 140–142
suggestions, recommendations, and future scope of study, 153–154
Transformative tourism, 255–256
Transition, 98
Travel agencies, 24
Travel anxiety, 289
Travel planning, 241–242
Travel sector, 81–82
Travel sector, 117–118
Travel share regionwise (2019), 112
Traveler locator’s forms (TLF), 90
Travelers, 288
Tribal art, 281
Tribal communities, 279
TripAdvisor, 142–143, 152
reviews, 143–144
website, 4–5
Triple bottom line, 133–134
Tropic of Cancer, 280
Tropical Cyclone Pam, 100
Tsunami Educational Park, 101
Tsunami hit Aceh, 101
Tsunami Inundation Monuments, 101
UN 2040 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 10
UN body, 9–10
UN’s official International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Advancement, 9–10
UNESCO Geoparks, 44–45
UNESCO National Community, 50
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 109–110
United Nations (UN), 44, 181–182
Organization, 44–45
Sustainable Development Goals, 293
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 114, 116, 259–260
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 3, 10–11, 14–16, 44, 180, 271–272
World Tourism Barometer, 157–158
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 76–77
Vagad region, 279–280
Value chain creation process, 124
Vanprasth
, 234–235
Vanuatu Tourism Office (VTO), 100
Victoria Falls, 77
Vipasana
, 235
Virtual accessibility, 219
Virtual museums, 245
Virtual reality, 35
Virtual tourism, 219
Volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA), 5
Vulnerability in tourism, 195–197
Web of Science, 182
Well-being, 229–232
elements, 230
Wellness medical tourism, 122–123
Wordle. com (semantic search engines), 143
Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL), 125
rationale and relevance of, 126
World Bank (WB), 22
World Commission and Environment and Development, The, 44
World Economic Forum, 44
World Federation of Professional Tourist Guide Associations (WFTGA), 242–243
World Health Organization (WHO), 19–20, 110–111, 229–230
World Tourism Organization (WTO), 157–158, 277–278
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), 10
Yoga, 228–229, 232, 236
Zimbabwe, 76–77
destination marketing in, 78–80
tourism destination marketing, 79–80
tourism festival and event destination brand image in, 64
tourism industry, 79–80
Zimbabwe International Film Festival, 65–66
Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (ZTA), 76–78
Zimbabwe Tourism Development Corporation (ZTDC), 79–80
Zimbabwe tourism festival and event destination brand equity, 70–72
perceived tourism festival and event destination brand quality, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
tourism festival and event destination brand image, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
Zimbabwe’s tourism image and publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Zimbabwean accommodation sector, 80–81
Zimbabwean tourism, 3
marketing, 76–77
Zimbabwean Tourism Authority, The, 82–83
e-Medical Attendant Visa
, 124–125
EBSCO
, 4
Ecological Threat Register (2020) (ETR)
, 99
Economic autonomy
, 43
Economic capital
, 99
Economic sustainability
, 45
Ecotourism
, 253–254, 278
challenges
, 283
industry
, 13–14
potential of region
, 279–282
socioeconomic perspectives and sustainability
, 282–283
study area
, 278–279
Electronic guides
, 245
e–Medical Visa
, 124–125
Emerald
, 271
Employability
, 42
Entrepreneurial approach
, 267–268
Environmental management
, 14
Epidemics
, 2
Essential uncertainty
, 12–13
Europe and Asian Hospitality Industry Economical Stats
, 112
travel and tourism share regionwise
, 112
European Geoparks Network (EGN)
, 48–49
European space
, 47
European Union
, 47
Event brand communication, tourism festival and
, 69
Event brand development, tourism festival and
, 68
Event brand implementation, tourism festival and
, 69
Event brand tracking, tourism festival and
, 70
Event destination brand awareness, tourism festival and
, 70–71
Event destination brand equity, Zimbabwe tourism festival and
, 70–72
Event destination brand image, tourism festival and
, 71
Event destination brand loyalty, tourism festival and
, 71–72
Event destination brand positioning, tourism festival and
, 68
Event destination brand quality, perceived tourism festival and
, 71
Event destination branding process
, 67–70
Event destination market analysis, tourism festival and
, 67–68
Event destination personality, tourism festival and
, 68–69
Faith tourism
, 140–141
Fear
, 289
Five-point Likert scale
, 143–144
Forests
, 280
Fornell–Larcker Criterion
, 148–149
Future tourism, perspective of
, 256
Geographical Information System (GIS), 282–283
Geoparks, 48, 58
Global Guidelines to Restart Tourism, 32–33
Global guidelines to restart tourism, 23–25
Global health emergency, 19–20
Global innovation ecosystem, 23
Global Tourism Crisis Committee, 20
of WTO, 21
Google Scholar, 4, 182, 271
Government, 124–125
Government Communication Centre, 158–159
Government of India, 124–125
Great Depression, 76–77
Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami (2011), 101
Green tourism, 81
Grihasth
, 234–235
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 251–252
GDP due to COVID-19, change in, 111–112
Haats, 282
Harare International Festival of Arts (HIFA), 65–66
Harare International Food Festival, 65–66
Healthcare sector, 125
Healthcare system, 125
Healthcare tourism, 133–134
Healthcare workers (HCWs), 123
Heritage Reserve Platform, 48
Heterogeneous constructionist method, 10–11
Heterotrait–Monotrait Ratio (HTMT), 148–149
Hindu pilgrim centers, 143–144
Hinduism, 140–141
Hong Kong’s hospitality industry, 270
Hospitality, 24, 267–268
industry, 270–271
sector, 112
Hotel industry, 267–268
background, 269–270
future research directions, 272
solutions and recommendations, 271–272
Hotline for Tourism Micro-Business Liquidity, 205
HTMT ratio, 148–149
Human capital, 99
Image-building process, 174
India’s tourism industry, 290–291
Indian Ocean earthquake, The, 101
Indian tourism sector, 287–288
Indigenous medicine, 122–123
Industry, 9–10
Industry 4.0, 241–242
Information and communication technologies (ICTs), 26, 243–244, 251–252
Information devices, 246
Information-oriented (IO), 145–146
Infrastructural issue (INI), 145–146
Innovative tourism, 166, 173
Institutional capital, 99
Integrated risk management, principles of, 270
Interdisciplinary research approaches, 130
Internal marketing process flow, 125
International Air Transport Association (IATA), 22
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 22
International Labor Organization (ILO), 22
International Maritime Organization (IMO), 22
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 19–20
International tourism, 20
sector, 20
International tourists, 21
International Year of Sustainable Tourism, 44
Intwasa Arts Festival koBulawayo, 65–66
Jikinya Dance Festival, 65–66
Jiuzhaigou National Scenic Spot, 101
Kalpa Virksha (see Cocos nucifera)
Karma
, 234
Kiosk, 246
Local community, 166, 294
Local resiliency knowledge, 105
Local tourism, 99
Long-term economic viability, 44
Low–density territories, 42
Mahi Bajaj Sagar Reservoir, 280
Mahua flowers (Madhuca longifolia), 282
Management ecology, 14–16
Market analysis, 67–68
Market-led approach, 141–142
Marketing strategies, 3
Media, 69
Medical tourism ecosystem, 123–124
Medical Value Travel (MVT), 122–123
Medical Visa, 124–125
Meditation, 228–229
Medium-term recovery plans, 200
Micro clusters, 42–43
Midlands Arts and Culture Festival, 65–66
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 10–11
Millennium Improvement Goals (MIGs), 10
Ministry Of Environment, 10–11
Ministry of Heritage and Tourism, The, 158, 169, 170
Ministry of Tourism, The (MoT), 124–125, 153
Mission Unit for the Enhancement of the Interior (UMVI), 48
Mobile technologies, 245–246
Mobile tourist guides, 245
Monetary issue (MI), 145–146
Monkeypox, 109–110, 113
Movement control orders (MCO), 90
National Arts Council of Zimbabwe (NACZ), 65–66
National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), 287–288
National differentiated approach, 88–89
National innovation ecosystem, 23
National Program for Territorial Cohesion (PNCT), 42
National Recovery and Resilience Plan, 203–204
National UNESCO Commission, 49
Natural environment, 280
Neoliberal approaches, 15–16
Neoliberalism scientific management, 15
New offerings, comparative analysis of old and, 89–90
New public management (see Neoliberalism scientific management)
Niche tourism, 181
Nontherapeutic medical tourism, 122–123
Nvivo software, 5
Oil Crisis, 76–77
Oman
CARE mode and relevance to Oman tourism, 169
communication information flow works, 167–168
findings and results, 173–174
implications and future direction, 174–175
limitations and directions for future studies, 175
methodology, 169–170
overall sultanate tourists’ data from 2010 to 2018, 160–164
significance of communication in community engagement, 165–167
as spectacular tourist destination, 158–160
tourism, 157–159
Oman government, The, 165, 167
Omran (Oman tourism development company), 160
Online traveling agencies, 117–118
Open Skies Agreement, 256
Overtourism destinations, 253–254
Pacific tourism, 201–202
Pakistan Hotel Association (PHA), 267–268
Pandemics, 2–3, 6–7, 110–111, 227–228
comparative analysis of old and new offerings, 89–90
of COVID-19, 113
recommendations and future avenues, 92
Passenger locator forms (PLFs), 90
People’s Republic of China (PRC), 113
Perceived effectiveness, 290
Perceived severity and vulnerability, 289–290
Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs), 125
Pilgrimage tourism, 140–141
Political sustainability, 45
Post-COVID destinations, 214
Post-COVID-19 tourism
lessons to destinations for senior tourism in, 218–219
recovery, 214
Post-disaster, 229
methodology and research questions, 228
RQs, 229
spirituality and yoga, 232–236
tourism, 236–238
well-being, 229, 232, 236, 238
Post-disaster tourism, 98
in Asian Pacific Context, 99–101
definition and concepts of, 98–99
development, 104–105
framework development on resilient and sustainable communities, 102–106
parameters of, 99
Postpandemic era, 130
Postpandemic tourism transformation, 255–256
Pranayam
, 235
Principal Component Analysis (PCA), 47–48
Product planning, 182–183
ProQuest, 4
Protection motivation theory (PMT), 289–290
Publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Public–private partnerships (PPPs), 4, 169, 189
Qualitative method, 5
Quantitative method, 5
RACE Model, 174
Rajasthan, 279
Rajasthan Tourism Policy, 280–281
Rebuilding tourism after COVID-19 pandemic in Asia, strategies opted for, 114–117
Recovery
case study, 183–186
methodology, 182–183
purpose of study, 182
responsible sustainable tourism product planning and design, 188–190
Recovery plans, 196
and strategies of countries, 199–206
Regenerative tourism, 251–252
background, 252–254
conceptual framework of research study, 256–260
methodology, 259–260
natural maturation of sustainability, 253
nature’s principles, 253–254
priorities, and implications, 260–264
review of literature, 254, 256, 261–262
Regional competitiveness, 42
Regional movement control orders (RMCO), 90
Regional policy objectives, 42
Religious heritage, 280–281
Religious tourism, 140–141
ResearchGate, 271
Resilience, 126–127, 196–197
in tourism, 198–199
Resilient and sustainable destinations, 3
Resilient communities, framework development on, 102–106
Resilient ecosystem for medical tourism, 127
Resilient medical tourism
appropriateness of service triangle model, 125
aspects of medical tourism, 122–123
concept of medical tourism, 122–123
implications, 130–134
pull and push factors relevant with medical tourism, 123
rationale and relevance of WRQoL, 126
recommendations, 126–134
role and relevance of various stakeholders, 124–125
synthesis, 127–130
theoretical background, 123–126
Resilient medical tourism ecosystem, 123–124
Resilient tourism communities, 97–98
Resource management, 14
Responsible sustainable tourism product planning and design, 188–190
Responsible tourism, 180
concept of, 180
product development, 189
Restart tourism, global guidelines to, 23–25
Restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic, 21–25
Robotization, 246
Sacred tourism, 140–141
Sanatana Dharma
, 140–141
Sanyas
, 234–235
SARS-CoV-2, 268
Scale techniques, 143–144
Scopus, 182
Security and safety (SS), 145–146
Semantic scale, 143–144
Senior tourism, 214–215
lessons to destinations for senior tourism in post-COVID-19, 218–219
policy implications for tourism sector, 215–216
seniors and, 216–218
Service businesses, 183
Service marketing concepts, 125
Service triangle model, appropriateness of, 125
Shoko Festival, 65–66
Short-term actions, 199–200
Sky Policy, 256
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), 29, 31, 100–101, 199
Small-scale economies, 42–43
Smart applications, 245–246
Smart city concept, 26
Smart City Wheel model, 28
Smart destinations (SDs), 20, 25–26, 29
benefits of SDs considering restarting strategies, 21–23
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on tourism, 20–21
literature review, 20–21
restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic, 21–25
Smart economy, 27, 29, 31
Smart environment, 27–28, 32–33
Smart governance, 27, 31–32
Smart living, 28, 33
Smart mobility, 27, 32
Smart people, 27, 32
Smart tourism, 242
issues, challenges, and opportunities, 243–247
literature review, 242–243
Social capital, 99
Social capitalism, 102–103
Social isolation, 116–117
Social Mention (semantic search engines), 143
Social well-being, 229–230
Sociedad Mercantil Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas (SEGITTUR), 26–27
Solutions, Information, Value, and Access (SIVA model), 128
Spatial sustainability, 45
Spiritual tourism, 140–141
Spirituality, 228–229, 232, 236
Stagnation, 78
Stakeholders, 47, 123–124, 181, 189–190
role and relevance of various, 124–125
Standard operating procedures (SOPs), 90–92
Strategic approach, 4
Strategic Initiatives & Government Advisory (SIGA), 140–141
Structural equation modeling (SEM), 141–142
Sultanate tourists data from 2010 to 2018, 160–164
Super Typhoon Rolly, 100–101
Susceptibility, 288–289
Sustainability, 45, 277–278
Sustainable communities, framework development on, 102–106
Sustainable design concepts, 182
Sustainable development
applied to territories, 44–45
in tourism, 45, 181–182
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 44–45, 181–182, 277–278
Sustainable Improvement Goals (SIGs), 10
Sustainable local tourism communities, 4
Sustainable pilgrimages, 142
Sustainable resource management, 32–33
Sustainable Smart Cities Initiative groups, The, 27–28
Sustainable tourism, 2, 15–16, 181, 251–252, 288
communities, 97–98
corporate identification as well as genetic structure, 11–13
differentiated methodological individualism, 13–14
indicators, 46
as management ecology, tourism and SIGs, 14–16
product, 181
Systematic scoping review, 182–183
Technology, 242
Territorial cooperation, 42
Territories, sustainable development applied to, 44–45
Thailand Special Tourist Visa, 205
Thematic content analysis, 291
Theory of planned behavior (TPB), 290
Therapeutic medical tourism, 122–123
Tour operators, 24
Tourism, 1–2, 14, 16, 26, 44, 88, 98–99, 109–110, 140–141, 169, 180, 236, 238, 251–252, 277–278
comparative analysis of old and new offerings, 89–90
development, 103–104
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on, 20–21
enterprises, 196
establishments, 197
industry, 228
micro cluster, 43
planning, 180
policymakers, 9–10
recommendations and future avenues, 92
risk in, 288–289
scholars, 9–10
sector, 2, 21, 33, 35, 117–118, 267–268, 288
tourism-steered economic growth, 277–278
types, 290
Tourism agencies, 190
Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC), 75–76
Tourism business, 89, 142–143, 196, 288
management, 189
Tourism destinations, 76–77, 214
management, 50
marketing, 80
Tourism festival
concept, 63–64
and event brand communication, 69
and event brand development, 68
and event brand implementation, 69
and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
and event destination brand image, 71
and event destination brand image in Zimbabwe, 64
and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
and event destination brand positioning, 68
and event destination market analysis, 67–68
and event destination personality, 68–69
process, 67–70
tourism festival and event brand tracking, 70
Tourism industry, 1–2, 10, 99, 112, 121–122, 269, 278
analysis, 291
budget-friendly travel and local community, 294
demographic profile of respondents, 291
literature review, 288–289
managerial implications, 294–295
methodology, 290–291
perceived effectiveness, 290
PMT, 289–290
results, 291–294
risk perception, 288–289
safety and hygiene factors, 293
sustainable practices and government initiatives, 293–294
TPB, 290
travel anxiety, 289
Tourism Life Cycle (TLC), 75–76
Tourism products, 181, 282
development, 189
Tourism recovery, 103–104
priorities for, 21–23
Tourism share regionwise (2019), 112
Tourism stakeholders, 167–168
Tourism Strategic Plan (2027), 46
Tourism Strategy (2027), 49–50
Tourism sustainability, 44
indicators, 45–55
Tourism sustainable planning
sustainable development applied to territories, 44–45
tourism sustainability indicators, 45–55
Tourist guides, 242
general view, 242–243
issues, challenges, and opportunities, 243–247
literature review, 242–243
Tourists, 89, 242, 288–289, 294
behavior, 181–182, 290
destinations, 25–26
industry, 12
stakeholders, 180
Tourists’ harassment during pilgrimage
data analysis, 149–152
methodology, 142–149
objectives of study, 142
outcomes of study, 152
review of literatures, 140–142
suggestions, recommendations, and future scope of study, 153–154
Transformative tourism, 255–256
Transition, 98
Travel agencies, 24
Travel anxiety, 289
Travel planning, 241–242
Travel sector, 81–82
Travel sector, 117–118
Travel share regionwise (2019), 112
Traveler locator’s forms (TLF), 90
Travelers, 288
Tribal art, 281
Tribal communities, 279
TripAdvisor, 142–143, 152
reviews, 143–144
website, 4–5
Triple bottom line, 133–134
Tropic of Cancer, 280
Tropical Cyclone Pam, 100
Tsunami Educational Park, 101
Tsunami hit Aceh, 101
Tsunami Inundation Monuments, 101
UN 2040 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 10
UN body, 9–10
UN’s official International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Advancement, 9–10
UNESCO Geoparks, 44–45
UNESCO National Community, 50
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 109–110
United Nations (UN), 44, 181–182
Organization, 44–45
Sustainable Development Goals, 293
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 114, 116, 259–260
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 3, 10–11, 14–16, 44, 180, 271–272
World Tourism Barometer, 157–158
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 76–77
Vagad region, 279–280
Value chain creation process, 124
Vanprasth
, 234–235
Vanuatu Tourism Office (VTO), 100
Victoria Falls, 77
Vipasana
, 235
Virtual accessibility, 219
Virtual museums, 245
Virtual reality, 35
Virtual tourism, 219
Volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA), 5
Vulnerability in tourism, 195–197
Web of Science, 182
Well-being, 229–232
elements, 230
Wellness medical tourism, 122–123
Wordle. com (semantic search engines), 143
Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL), 125
rationale and relevance of, 126
World Bank (WB), 22
World Commission and Environment and Development, The, 44
World Economic Forum, 44
World Federation of Professional Tourist Guide Associations (WFTGA), 242–243
World Health Organization (WHO), 19–20, 110–111, 229–230
World Tourism Organization (WTO), 157–158, 277–278
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), 10
Yoga, 228–229, 232, 236
Zimbabwe, 76–77
destination marketing in, 78–80
tourism destination marketing, 79–80
tourism festival and event destination brand image in, 64
tourism industry, 79–80
Zimbabwe International Film Festival, 65–66
Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (ZTA), 76–78
Zimbabwe Tourism Development Corporation (ZTDC), 79–80
Zimbabwe tourism festival and event destination brand equity, 70–72
perceived tourism festival and event destination brand quality, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
tourism festival and event destination brand image, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
Zimbabwe’s tourism image and publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Zimbabwean accommodation sector, 80–81
Zimbabwean tourism, 3
marketing, 76–77
Zimbabwean Tourism Authority, The, 82–83
Geographical Information System (GIS)
, 282–283
Geoparks
, 48, 58
Global Guidelines to Restart Tourism
, 32–33
Global guidelines to restart tourism
, 23–25
Global health emergency
, 19–20
Global innovation ecosystem
, 23
Global Tourism Crisis Committee
, 20
of WTO
, 21
Google Scholar
, 4, 182, 271
Government
, 124–125
Government Communication Centre
, 158–159
Government of India
, 124–125
Great Depression
, 76–77
Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami (2011)
, 101
Green tourism
, 81
Grihasth
, 234–235
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
, 251–252
GDP due to COVID-19, change in
, 111–112
Haats
, 282
Harare International Festival of Arts (HIFA)
, 65–66
Harare International Food Festival
, 65–66
Healthcare sector
, 125
Healthcare system
, 125
Healthcare tourism
, 133–134
Healthcare workers (HCWs)
, 123
Heritage Reserve Platform
, 48
Heterogeneous constructionist method
, 10–11
Heterotrait–Monotrait Ratio (HTMT)
, 148–149
Hindu pilgrim centers
, 143–144
Hinduism
, 140–141
Hong Kong’s hospitality industry
, 270
Hospitality
, 24, 267–268
industry
, 270–271
sector
, 112
Hotel industry
, 267–268
background
, 269–270
future research directions
, 272
solutions and recommendations
, 271–272
Hotline for Tourism Micro-Business Liquidity
, 205
HTMT ratio
, 148–149
Human capital
, 99
Image-building process, 174
India’s tourism industry, 290–291
Indian Ocean earthquake, The, 101
Indian tourism sector, 287–288
Indigenous medicine, 122–123
Industry, 9–10
Industry 4.0, 241–242
Information and communication technologies (ICTs), 26, 243–244, 251–252
Information devices, 246
Information-oriented (IO), 145–146
Infrastructural issue (INI), 145–146
Innovative tourism, 166, 173
Institutional capital, 99
Integrated risk management, principles of, 270
Interdisciplinary research approaches, 130
Internal marketing process flow, 125
International Air Transport Association (IATA), 22
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 22
International Labor Organization (ILO), 22
International Maritime Organization (IMO), 22
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 19–20
International tourism, 20
sector, 20
International tourists, 21
International Year of Sustainable Tourism, 44
Intwasa Arts Festival koBulawayo, 65–66
Jikinya Dance Festival, 65–66
Jiuzhaigou National Scenic Spot, 101
Kalpa Virksha (see Cocos nucifera)
Karma
, 234
Kiosk, 246
Local community, 166, 294
Local resiliency knowledge, 105
Local tourism, 99
Long-term economic viability, 44
Low–density territories, 42
Mahi Bajaj Sagar Reservoir, 280
Mahua flowers (Madhuca longifolia), 282
Management ecology, 14–16
Market analysis, 67–68
Market-led approach, 141–142
Marketing strategies, 3
Media, 69
Medical tourism ecosystem, 123–124
Medical Value Travel (MVT), 122–123
Medical Visa, 124–125
Meditation, 228–229
Medium-term recovery plans, 200
Micro clusters, 42–43
Midlands Arts and Culture Festival, 65–66
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 10–11
Millennium Improvement Goals (MIGs), 10
Ministry Of Environment, 10–11
Ministry of Heritage and Tourism, The, 158, 169, 170
Ministry of Tourism, The (MoT), 124–125, 153
Mission Unit for the Enhancement of the Interior (UMVI), 48
Mobile technologies, 245–246
Mobile tourist guides, 245
Monetary issue (MI), 145–146
Monkeypox, 109–110, 113
Movement control orders (MCO), 90
National Arts Council of Zimbabwe (NACZ), 65–66
National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), 287–288
National differentiated approach, 88–89
National innovation ecosystem, 23
National Program for Territorial Cohesion (PNCT), 42
National Recovery and Resilience Plan, 203–204
National UNESCO Commission, 49
Natural environment, 280
Neoliberal approaches, 15–16
Neoliberalism scientific management, 15
New offerings, comparative analysis of old and, 89–90
New public management (see Neoliberalism scientific management)
Niche tourism, 181
Nontherapeutic medical tourism, 122–123
Nvivo software, 5
Oil Crisis, 76–77
Oman
CARE mode and relevance to Oman tourism, 169
communication information flow works, 167–168
findings and results, 173–174
implications and future direction, 174–175
limitations and directions for future studies, 175
methodology, 169–170
overall sultanate tourists’ data from 2010 to 2018, 160–164
significance of communication in community engagement, 165–167
as spectacular tourist destination, 158–160
tourism, 157–159
Oman government, The, 165, 167
Omran (Oman tourism development company), 160
Online traveling agencies, 117–118
Open Skies Agreement, 256
Overtourism destinations, 253–254
Pacific tourism, 201–202
Pakistan Hotel Association (PHA), 267–268
Pandemics, 2–3, 6–7, 110–111, 227–228
comparative analysis of old and new offerings, 89–90
of COVID-19, 113
recommendations and future avenues, 92
Passenger locator forms (PLFs), 90
People’s Republic of China (PRC), 113
Perceived effectiveness, 290
Perceived severity and vulnerability, 289–290
Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs), 125
Pilgrimage tourism, 140–141
Political sustainability, 45
Post-COVID destinations, 214
Post-COVID-19 tourism
lessons to destinations for senior tourism in, 218–219
recovery, 214
Post-disaster, 229
methodology and research questions, 228
RQs, 229
spirituality and yoga, 232–236
tourism, 236–238
well-being, 229, 232, 236, 238
Post-disaster tourism, 98
in Asian Pacific Context, 99–101
definition and concepts of, 98–99
development, 104–105
framework development on resilient and sustainable communities, 102–106
parameters of, 99
Postpandemic era, 130
Postpandemic tourism transformation, 255–256
Pranayam
, 235
Principal Component Analysis (PCA), 47–48
Product planning, 182–183
ProQuest, 4
Protection motivation theory (PMT), 289–290
Publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Public–private partnerships (PPPs), 4, 169, 189
Qualitative method, 5
Quantitative method, 5
RACE Model, 174
Rajasthan, 279
Rajasthan Tourism Policy, 280–281
Rebuilding tourism after COVID-19 pandemic in Asia, strategies opted for, 114–117
Recovery
case study, 183–186
methodology, 182–183
purpose of study, 182
responsible sustainable tourism product planning and design, 188–190
Recovery plans, 196
and strategies of countries, 199–206
Regenerative tourism, 251–252
background, 252–254
conceptual framework of research study, 256–260
methodology, 259–260
natural maturation of sustainability, 253
nature’s principles, 253–254
priorities, and implications, 260–264
review of literature, 254, 256, 261–262
Regional competitiveness, 42
Regional movement control orders (RMCO), 90
Regional policy objectives, 42
Religious heritage, 280–281
Religious tourism, 140–141
ResearchGate, 271
Resilience, 126–127, 196–197
in tourism, 198–199
Resilient and sustainable destinations, 3
Resilient communities, framework development on, 102–106
Resilient ecosystem for medical tourism, 127
Resilient medical tourism
appropriateness of service triangle model, 125
aspects of medical tourism, 122–123
concept of medical tourism, 122–123
implications, 130–134
pull and push factors relevant with medical tourism, 123
rationale and relevance of WRQoL, 126
recommendations, 126–134
role and relevance of various stakeholders, 124–125
synthesis, 127–130
theoretical background, 123–126
Resilient medical tourism ecosystem, 123–124
Resilient tourism communities, 97–98
Resource management, 14
Responsible sustainable tourism product planning and design, 188–190
Responsible tourism, 180
concept of, 180
product development, 189
Restart tourism, global guidelines to, 23–25
Restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic, 21–25
Robotization, 246
Sacred tourism, 140–141
Sanatana Dharma
, 140–141
Sanyas
, 234–235
SARS-CoV-2, 268
Scale techniques, 143–144
Scopus, 182
Security and safety (SS), 145–146
Semantic scale, 143–144
Senior tourism, 214–215
lessons to destinations for senior tourism in post-COVID-19, 218–219
policy implications for tourism sector, 215–216
seniors and, 216–218
Service businesses, 183
Service marketing concepts, 125
Service triangle model, appropriateness of, 125
Shoko Festival, 65–66
Short-term actions, 199–200
Sky Policy, 256
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), 29, 31, 100–101, 199
Small-scale economies, 42–43
Smart applications, 245–246
Smart city concept, 26
Smart City Wheel model, 28
Smart destinations (SDs), 20, 25–26, 29
benefits of SDs considering restarting strategies, 21–23
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on tourism, 20–21
literature review, 20–21
restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic, 21–25
Smart economy, 27, 29, 31
Smart environment, 27–28, 32–33
Smart governance, 27, 31–32
Smart living, 28, 33
Smart mobility, 27, 32
Smart people, 27, 32
Smart tourism, 242
issues, challenges, and opportunities, 243–247
literature review, 242–243
Social capital, 99
Social capitalism, 102–103
Social isolation, 116–117
Social Mention (semantic search engines), 143
Social well-being, 229–230
Sociedad Mercantil Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas (SEGITTUR), 26–27
Solutions, Information, Value, and Access (SIVA model), 128
Spatial sustainability, 45
Spiritual tourism, 140–141
Spirituality, 228–229, 232, 236
Stagnation, 78
Stakeholders, 47, 123–124, 181, 189–190
role and relevance of various, 124–125
Standard operating procedures (SOPs), 90–92
Strategic approach, 4
Strategic Initiatives & Government Advisory (SIGA), 140–141
Structural equation modeling (SEM), 141–142
Sultanate tourists data from 2010 to 2018, 160–164
Super Typhoon Rolly, 100–101
Susceptibility, 288–289
Sustainability, 45, 277–278
Sustainable communities, framework development on, 102–106
Sustainable design concepts, 182
Sustainable development
applied to territories, 44–45
in tourism, 45, 181–182
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 44–45, 181–182, 277–278
Sustainable Improvement Goals (SIGs), 10
Sustainable local tourism communities, 4
Sustainable pilgrimages, 142
Sustainable resource management, 32–33
Sustainable Smart Cities Initiative groups, The, 27–28
Sustainable tourism, 2, 15–16, 181, 251–252, 288
communities, 97–98
corporate identification as well as genetic structure, 11–13
differentiated methodological individualism, 13–14
indicators, 46
as management ecology, tourism and SIGs, 14–16
product, 181
Systematic scoping review, 182–183
Technology, 242
Territorial cooperation, 42
Territories, sustainable development applied to, 44–45
Thailand Special Tourist Visa, 205
Thematic content analysis, 291
Theory of planned behavior (TPB), 290
Therapeutic medical tourism, 122–123
Tour operators, 24
Tourism, 1–2, 14, 16, 26, 44, 88, 98–99, 109–110, 140–141, 169, 180, 236, 238, 251–252, 277–278
comparative analysis of old and new offerings, 89–90
development, 103–104
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on, 20–21
enterprises, 196
establishments, 197
industry, 228
micro cluster, 43
planning, 180
policymakers, 9–10
recommendations and future avenues, 92
risk in, 288–289
scholars, 9–10
sector, 2, 21, 33, 35, 117–118, 267–268, 288
tourism-steered economic growth, 277–278
types, 290
Tourism agencies, 190
Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC), 75–76
Tourism business, 89, 142–143, 196, 288
management, 189
Tourism destinations, 76–77, 214
management, 50
marketing, 80
Tourism festival
concept, 63–64
and event brand communication, 69
and event brand development, 68
and event brand implementation, 69
and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
and event destination brand image, 71
and event destination brand image in Zimbabwe, 64
and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
and event destination brand positioning, 68
and event destination market analysis, 67–68
and event destination personality, 68–69
process, 67–70
tourism festival and event brand tracking, 70
Tourism industry, 1–2, 10, 99, 112, 121–122, 269, 278
analysis, 291
budget-friendly travel and local community, 294
demographic profile of respondents, 291
literature review, 288–289
managerial implications, 294–295
methodology, 290–291
perceived effectiveness, 290
PMT, 289–290
results, 291–294
risk perception, 288–289
safety and hygiene factors, 293
sustainable practices and government initiatives, 293–294
TPB, 290
travel anxiety, 289
Tourism Life Cycle (TLC), 75–76
Tourism products, 181, 282
development, 189
Tourism recovery, 103–104
priorities for, 21–23
Tourism share regionwise (2019), 112
Tourism stakeholders, 167–168
Tourism Strategic Plan (2027), 46
Tourism Strategy (2027), 49–50
Tourism sustainability, 44
indicators, 45–55
Tourism sustainable planning
sustainable development applied to territories, 44–45
tourism sustainability indicators, 45–55
Tourist guides, 242
general view, 242–243
issues, challenges, and opportunities, 243–247
literature review, 242–243
Tourists, 89, 242, 288–289, 294
behavior, 181–182, 290
destinations, 25–26
industry, 12
stakeholders, 180
Tourists’ harassment during pilgrimage
data analysis, 149–152
methodology, 142–149
objectives of study, 142
outcomes of study, 152
review of literatures, 140–142
suggestions, recommendations, and future scope of study, 153–154
Transformative tourism, 255–256
Transition, 98
Travel agencies, 24
Travel anxiety, 289
Travel planning, 241–242
Travel sector, 81–82
Travel sector, 117–118
Travel share regionwise (2019), 112
Traveler locator’s forms (TLF), 90
Travelers, 288
Tribal art, 281
Tribal communities, 279
TripAdvisor, 142–143, 152
reviews, 143–144
website, 4–5
Triple bottom line, 133–134
Tropic of Cancer, 280
Tropical Cyclone Pam, 100
Tsunami Educational Park, 101
Tsunami hit Aceh, 101
Tsunami Inundation Monuments, 101
UN 2040 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 10
UN body, 9–10
UN’s official International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Advancement, 9–10
UNESCO Geoparks, 44–45
UNESCO National Community, 50
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 109–110
United Nations (UN), 44, 181–182
Organization, 44–45
Sustainable Development Goals, 293
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 114, 116, 259–260
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 3, 10–11, 14–16, 44, 180, 271–272
World Tourism Barometer, 157–158
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 76–77
Vagad region, 279–280
Value chain creation process, 124
Vanprasth
, 234–235
Vanuatu Tourism Office (VTO), 100
Victoria Falls, 77
Vipasana
, 235
Virtual accessibility, 219
Virtual museums, 245
Virtual reality, 35
Virtual tourism, 219
Volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA), 5
Vulnerability in tourism, 195–197
Web of Science, 182
Well-being, 229–232
elements, 230
Wellness medical tourism, 122–123
Wordle. com (semantic search engines), 143
Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL), 125
rationale and relevance of, 126
World Bank (WB), 22
World Commission and Environment and Development, The, 44
World Economic Forum, 44
World Federation of Professional Tourist Guide Associations (WFTGA), 242–243
World Health Organization (WHO), 19–20, 110–111, 229–230
World Tourism Organization (WTO), 157–158, 277–278
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), 10
Yoga, 228–229, 232, 236
Zimbabwe, 76–77
destination marketing in, 78–80
tourism destination marketing, 79–80
tourism festival and event destination brand image in, 64
tourism industry, 79–80
Zimbabwe International Film Festival, 65–66
Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (ZTA), 76–78
Zimbabwe Tourism Development Corporation (ZTDC), 79–80
Zimbabwe tourism festival and event destination brand equity, 70–72
perceived tourism festival and event destination brand quality, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
tourism festival and event destination brand image, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
Zimbabwe’s tourism image and publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Zimbabwean accommodation sector, 80–81
Zimbabwean tourism, 3
marketing, 76–77
Zimbabwean Tourism Authority, The, 82–83
Image-building process
, 174
India’s tourism industry
, 290–291
Indian Ocean earthquake, The
, 101
Indian tourism sector
, 287–288
Indigenous medicine
, 122–123
Industry
, 9–10
Industry 4.0
, 241–242
Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
, 26, 243–244, 251–252
Information devices
, 246
Information-oriented (IO)
, 145–146
Infrastructural issue (INI)
, 145–146
Innovative tourism
, 166, 173
Institutional capital
, 99
Integrated risk management, principles of
, 270
Interdisciplinary research approaches
, 130
Internal marketing process flow
, 125
International Air Transport Association (IATA)
, 22
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
, 22
International Labor Organization (ILO)
, 22
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
, 22
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
, 19–20
International tourism
, 20
sector
, 20
International tourists
, 21
International Year of Sustainable Tourism
, 44
Intwasa Arts Festival koBulawayo
, 65–66
Jikinya Dance Festival
, 65–66
Jiuzhaigou National Scenic Spot
, 101
Kalpa Virksha (see Cocos nucifera)
Karma
, 234
Kiosk, 246
Local community, 166, 294
Local resiliency knowledge, 105
Local tourism, 99
Long-term economic viability, 44
Low–density territories, 42
Mahi Bajaj Sagar Reservoir, 280
Mahua flowers (Madhuca longifolia), 282
Management ecology, 14–16
Market analysis, 67–68
Market-led approach, 141–142
Marketing strategies, 3
Media, 69
Medical tourism ecosystem, 123–124
Medical Value Travel (MVT), 122–123
Medical Visa, 124–125
Meditation, 228–229
Medium-term recovery plans, 200
Micro clusters, 42–43
Midlands Arts and Culture Festival, 65–66
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 10–11
Millennium Improvement Goals (MIGs), 10
Ministry Of Environment, 10–11
Ministry of Heritage and Tourism, The, 158, 169, 170
Ministry of Tourism, The (MoT), 124–125, 153
Mission Unit for the Enhancement of the Interior (UMVI), 48
Mobile technologies, 245–246
Mobile tourist guides, 245
Monetary issue (MI), 145–146
Monkeypox, 109–110, 113
Movement control orders (MCO), 90
National Arts Council of Zimbabwe (NACZ), 65–66
National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), 287–288
National differentiated approach, 88–89
National innovation ecosystem, 23
National Program for Territorial Cohesion (PNCT), 42
National Recovery and Resilience Plan, 203–204
National UNESCO Commission, 49
Natural environment, 280
Neoliberal approaches, 15–16
Neoliberalism scientific management, 15
New offerings, comparative analysis of old and, 89–90
New public management (see Neoliberalism scientific management)
Niche tourism, 181
Nontherapeutic medical tourism, 122–123
Nvivo software, 5
Oil Crisis, 76–77
Oman
CARE mode and relevance to Oman tourism, 169
communication information flow works, 167–168
findings and results, 173–174
implications and future direction, 174–175
limitations and directions for future studies, 175
methodology, 169–170
overall sultanate tourists’ data from 2010 to 2018, 160–164
significance of communication in community engagement, 165–167
as spectacular tourist destination, 158–160
tourism, 157–159
Oman government, The, 165, 167
Omran (Oman tourism development company), 160
Online traveling agencies, 117–118
Open Skies Agreement, 256
Overtourism destinations, 253–254
Pacific tourism, 201–202
Pakistan Hotel Association (PHA), 267–268
Pandemics, 2–3, 6–7, 110–111, 227–228
comparative analysis of old and new offerings, 89–90
of COVID-19, 113
recommendations and future avenues, 92
Passenger locator forms (PLFs), 90
People’s Republic of China (PRC), 113
Perceived effectiveness, 290
Perceived severity and vulnerability, 289–290
Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs), 125
Pilgrimage tourism, 140–141
Political sustainability, 45
Post-COVID destinations, 214
Post-COVID-19 tourism
lessons to destinations for senior tourism in, 218–219
recovery, 214
Post-disaster, 229
methodology and research questions, 228
RQs, 229
spirituality and yoga, 232–236
tourism, 236–238
well-being, 229, 232, 236, 238
Post-disaster tourism, 98
in Asian Pacific Context, 99–101
definition and concepts of, 98–99
development, 104–105
framework development on resilient and sustainable communities, 102–106
parameters of, 99
Postpandemic era, 130
Postpandemic tourism transformation, 255–256
Pranayam
, 235
Principal Component Analysis (PCA), 47–48
Product planning, 182–183
ProQuest, 4
Protection motivation theory (PMT), 289–290
Publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Public–private partnerships (PPPs), 4, 169, 189
Qualitative method, 5
Quantitative method, 5
RACE Model, 174
Rajasthan, 279
Rajasthan Tourism Policy, 280–281
Rebuilding tourism after COVID-19 pandemic in Asia, strategies opted for, 114–117
Recovery
case study, 183–186
methodology, 182–183
purpose of study, 182
responsible sustainable tourism product planning and design, 188–190
Recovery plans, 196
and strategies of countries, 199–206
Regenerative tourism, 251–252
background, 252–254
conceptual framework of research study, 256–260
methodology, 259–260
natural maturation of sustainability, 253
nature’s principles, 253–254
priorities, and implications, 260–264
review of literature, 254, 256, 261–262
Regional competitiveness, 42
Regional movement control orders (RMCO), 90
Regional policy objectives, 42
Religious heritage, 280–281
Religious tourism, 140–141
ResearchGate, 271
Resilience, 126–127, 196–197
in tourism, 198–199
Resilient and sustainable destinations, 3
Resilient communities, framework development on, 102–106
Resilient ecosystem for medical tourism, 127
Resilient medical tourism
appropriateness of service triangle model, 125
aspects of medical tourism, 122–123
concept of medical tourism, 122–123
implications, 130–134
pull and push factors relevant with medical tourism, 123
rationale and relevance of WRQoL, 126
recommendations, 126–134
role and relevance of various stakeholders, 124–125
synthesis, 127–130
theoretical background, 123–126
Resilient medical tourism ecosystem, 123–124
Resilient tourism communities, 97–98
Resource management, 14
Responsible sustainable tourism product planning and design, 188–190
Responsible tourism, 180
concept of, 180
product development, 189
Restart tourism, global guidelines to, 23–25
Restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic, 21–25
Robotization, 246
Sacred tourism, 140–141
Sanatana Dharma
, 140–141
Sanyas
, 234–235
SARS-CoV-2, 268
Scale techniques, 143–144
Scopus, 182
Security and safety (SS), 145–146
Semantic scale, 143–144
Senior tourism, 214–215
lessons to destinations for senior tourism in post-COVID-19, 218–219
policy implications for tourism sector, 215–216
seniors and, 216–218
Service businesses, 183
Service marketing concepts, 125
Service triangle model, appropriateness of, 125
Shoko Festival, 65–66
Short-term actions, 199–200
Sky Policy, 256
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), 29, 31, 100–101, 199
Small-scale economies, 42–43
Smart applications, 245–246
Smart city concept, 26
Smart City Wheel model, 28
Smart destinations (SDs), 20, 25–26, 29
benefits of SDs considering restarting strategies, 21–23
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on tourism, 20–21
literature review, 20–21
restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic, 21–25
Smart economy, 27, 29, 31
Smart environment, 27–28, 32–33
Smart governance, 27, 31–32
Smart living, 28, 33
Smart mobility, 27, 32
Smart people, 27, 32
Smart tourism, 242
issues, challenges, and opportunities, 243–247
literature review, 242–243
Social capital, 99
Social capitalism, 102–103
Social isolation, 116–117
Social Mention (semantic search engines), 143
Social well-being, 229–230
Sociedad Mercantil Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas (SEGITTUR), 26–27
Solutions, Information, Value, and Access (SIVA model), 128
Spatial sustainability, 45
Spiritual tourism, 140–141
Spirituality, 228–229, 232, 236
Stagnation, 78
Stakeholders, 47, 123–124, 181, 189–190
role and relevance of various, 124–125
Standard operating procedures (SOPs), 90–92
Strategic approach, 4
Strategic Initiatives & Government Advisory (SIGA), 140–141
Structural equation modeling (SEM), 141–142
Sultanate tourists data from 2010 to 2018, 160–164
Super Typhoon Rolly, 100–101
Susceptibility, 288–289
Sustainability, 45, 277–278
Sustainable communities, framework development on, 102–106
Sustainable design concepts, 182
Sustainable development
applied to territories, 44–45
in tourism, 45, 181–182
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 44–45, 181–182, 277–278
Sustainable Improvement Goals (SIGs), 10
Sustainable local tourism communities, 4
Sustainable pilgrimages, 142
Sustainable resource management, 32–33
Sustainable Smart Cities Initiative groups, The, 27–28
Sustainable tourism, 2, 15–16, 181, 251–252, 288
communities, 97–98
corporate identification as well as genetic structure, 11–13
differentiated methodological individualism, 13–14
indicators, 46
as management ecology, tourism and SIGs, 14–16
product, 181
Systematic scoping review, 182–183
Technology, 242
Territorial cooperation, 42
Territories, sustainable development applied to, 44–45
Thailand Special Tourist Visa, 205
Thematic content analysis, 291
Theory of planned behavior (TPB), 290
Therapeutic medical tourism, 122–123
Tour operators, 24
Tourism, 1–2, 14, 16, 26, 44, 88, 98–99, 109–110, 140–141, 169, 180, 236, 238, 251–252, 277–278
comparative analysis of old and new offerings, 89–90
development, 103–104
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on, 20–21
enterprises, 196
establishments, 197
industry, 228
micro cluster, 43
planning, 180
policymakers, 9–10
recommendations and future avenues, 92
risk in, 288–289
scholars, 9–10
sector, 2, 21, 33, 35, 117–118, 267–268, 288
tourism-steered economic growth, 277–278
types, 290
Tourism agencies, 190
Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC), 75–76
Tourism business, 89, 142–143, 196, 288
management, 189
Tourism destinations, 76–77, 214
management, 50
marketing, 80
Tourism festival
concept, 63–64
and event brand communication, 69
and event brand development, 68
and event brand implementation, 69
and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
and event destination brand image, 71
and event destination brand image in Zimbabwe, 64
and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
and event destination brand positioning, 68
and event destination market analysis, 67–68
and event destination personality, 68–69
process, 67–70
tourism festival and event brand tracking, 70
Tourism industry, 1–2, 10, 99, 112, 121–122, 269, 278
analysis, 291
budget-friendly travel and local community, 294
demographic profile of respondents, 291
literature review, 288–289
managerial implications, 294–295
methodology, 290–291
perceived effectiveness, 290
PMT, 289–290
results, 291–294
risk perception, 288–289
safety and hygiene factors, 293
sustainable practices and government initiatives, 293–294
TPB, 290
travel anxiety, 289
Tourism Life Cycle (TLC), 75–76
Tourism products, 181, 282
development, 189
Tourism recovery, 103–104
priorities for, 21–23
Tourism share regionwise (2019), 112
Tourism stakeholders, 167–168
Tourism Strategic Plan (2027), 46
Tourism Strategy (2027), 49–50
Tourism sustainability, 44
indicators, 45–55
Tourism sustainable planning
sustainable development applied to territories, 44–45
tourism sustainability indicators, 45–55
Tourist guides, 242
general view, 242–243
issues, challenges, and opportunities, 243–247
literature review, 242–243
Tourists, 89, 242, 288–289, 294
behavior, 181–182, 290
destinations, 25–26
industry, 12
stakeholders, 180
Tourists’ harassment during pilgrimage
data analysis, 149–152
methodology, 142–149
objectives of study, 142
outcomes of study, 152
review of literatures, 140–142
suggestions, recommendations, and future scope of study, 153–154
Transformative tourism, 255–256
Transition, 98
Travel agencies, 24
Travel anxiety, 289
Travel planning, 241–242
Travel sector, 81–82
Travel sector, 117–118
Travel share regionwise (2019), 112
Traveler locator’s forms (TLF), 90
Travelers, 288
Tribal art, 281
Tribal communities, 279
TripAdvisor, 142–143, 152
reviews, 143–144
website, 4–5
Triple bottom line, 133–134
Tropic of Cancer, 280
Tropical Cyclone Pam, 100
Tsunami Educational Park, 101
Tsunami hit Aceh, 101
Tsunami Inundation Monuments, 101
UN 2040 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 10
UN body, 9–10
UN’s official International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Advancement, 9–10
UNESCO Geoparks, 44–45
UNESCO National Community, 50
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 109–110
United Nations (UN), 44, 181–182
Organization, 44–45
Sustainable Development Goals, 293
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 114, 116, 259–260
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 3, 10–11, 14–16, 44, 180, 271–272
World Tourism Barometer, 157–158
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 76–77
Vagad region, 279–280
Value chain creation process, 124
Vanprasth
, 234–235
Vanuatu Tourism Office (VTO), 100
Victoria Falls, 77
Vipasana
, 235
Virtual accessibility, 219
Virtual museums, 245
Virtual reality, 35
Virtual tourism, 219
Volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA), 5
Vulnerability in tourism, 195–197
Web of Science, 182
Well-being, 229–232
elements, 230
Wellness medical tourism, 122–123
Wordle. com (semantic search engines), 143
Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL), 125
rationale and relevance of, 126
World Bank (WB), 22
World Commission and Environment and Development, The, 44
World Economic Forum, 44
World Federation of Professional Tourist Guide Associations (WFTGA), 242–243
World Health Organization (WHO), 19–20, 110–111, 229–230
World Tourism Organization (WTO), 157–158, 277–278
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), 10
Yoga, 228–229, 232, 236
Zimbabwe, 76–77
destination marketing in, 78–80
tourism destination marketing, 79–80
tourism festival and event destination brand image in, 64
tourism industry, 79–80
Zimbabwe International Film Festival, 65–66
Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (ZTA), 76–78
Zimbabwe Tourism Development Corporation (ZTDC), 79–80
Zimbabwe tourism festival and event destination brand equity, 70–72
perceived tourism festival and event destination brand quality, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
tourism festival and event destination brand image, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
Zimbabwe’s tourism image and publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Zimbabwean accommodation sector, 80–81
Zimbabwean tourism, 3
marketing, 76–77
Zimbabwean Tourism Authority, The, 82–83
Kalpa Virksha (see Cocos nucifera)
Karma
, 234
Kiosk
, 246
Local community
, 166, 294
Local resiliency knowledge
, 105
Local tourism
, 99
Long-term economic viability
, 44
Low–density territories
, 42
Mahi Bajaj Sagar Reservoir, 280
Mahua flowers (Madhuca longifolia), 282
Management ecology, 14–16
Market analysis, 67–68
Market-led approach, 141–142
Marketing strategies, 3
Media, 69
Medical tourism ecosystem, 123–124
Medical Value Travel (MVT), 122–123
Medical Visa, 124–125
Meditation, 228–229
Medium-term recovery plans, 200
Micro clusters, 42–43
Midlands Arts and Culture Festival, 65–66
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 10–11
Millennium Improvement Goals (MIGs), 10
Ministry Of Environment, 10–11
Ministry of Heritage and Tourism, The, 158, 169, 170
Ministry of Tourism, The (MoT), 124–125, 153
Mission Unit for the Enhancement of the Interior (UMVI), 48
Mobile technologies, 245–246
Mobile tourist guides, 245
Monetary issue (MI), 145–146
Monkeypox, 109–110, 113
Movement control orders (MCO), 90
National Arts Council of Zimbabwe (NACZ), 65–66
National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), 287–288
National differentiated approach, 88–89
National innovation ecosystem, 23
National Program for Territorial Cohesion (PNCT), 42
National Recovery and Resilience Plan, 203–204
National UNESCO Commission, 49
Natural environment, 280
Neoliberal approaches, 15–16
Neoliberalism scientific management, 15
New offerings, comparative analysis of old and, 89–90
New public management (see Neoliberalism scientific management)
Niche tourism, 181
Nontherapeutic medical tourism, 122–123
Nvivo software, 5
Oil Crisis, 76–77
Oman
CARE mode and relevance to Oman tourism, 169
communication information flow works, 167–168
findings and results, 173–174
implications and future direction, 174–175
limitations and directions for future studies, 175
methodology, 169–170
overall sultanate tourists’ data from 2010 to 2018, 160–164
significance of communication in community engagement, 165–167
as spectacular tourist destination, 158–160
tourism, 157–159
Oman government, The, 165, 167
Omran (Oman tourism development company), 160
Online traveling agencies, 117–118
Open Skies Agreement, 256
Overtourism destinations, 253–254
Pacific tourism, 201–202
Pakistan Hotel Association (PHA), 267–268
Pandemics, 2–3, 6–7, 110–111, 227–228
comparative analysis of old and new offerings, 89–90
of COVID-19, 113
recommendations and future avenues, 92
Passenger locator forms (PLFs), 90
People’s Republic of China (PRC), 113
Perceived effectiveness, 290
Perceived severity and vulnerability, 289–290
Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs), 125
Pilgrimage tourism, 140–141
Political sustainability, 45
Post-COVID destinations, 214
Post-COVID-19 tourism
lessons to destinations for senior tourism in, 218–219
recovery, 214
Post-disaster, 229
methodology and research questions, 228
RQs, 229
spirituality and yoga, 232–236
tourism, 236–238
well-being, 229, 232, 236, 238
Post-disaster tourism, 98
in Asian Pacific Context, 99–101
definition and concepts of, 98–99
development, 104–105
framework development on resilient and sustainable communities, 102–106
parameters of, 99
Postpandemic era, 130
Postpandemic tourism transformation, 255–256
Pranayam
, 235
Principal Component Analysis (PCA), 47–48
Product planning, 182–183
ProQuest, 4
Protection motivation theory (PMT), 289–290
Publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Public–private partnerships (PPPs), 4, 169, 189
Qualitative method, 5
Quantitative method, 5
RACE Model, 174
Rajasthan, 279
Rajasthan Tourism Policy, 280–281
Rebuilding tourism after COVID-19 pandemic in Asia, strategies opted for, 114–117
Recovery
case study, 183–186
methodology, 182–183
purpose of study, 182
responsible sustainable tourism product planning and design, 188–190
Recovery plans, 196
and strategies of countries, 199–206
Regenerative tourism, 251–252
background, 252–254
conceptual framework of research study, 256–260
methodology, 259–260
natural maturation of sustainability, 253
nature’s principles, 253–254
priorities, and implications, 260–264
review of literature, 254, 256, 261–262
Regional competitiveness, 42
Regional movement control orders (RMCO), 90
Regional policy objectives, 42
Religious heritage, 280–281
Religious tourism, 140–141
ResearchGate, 271
Resilience, 126–127, 196–197
in tourism, 198–199
Resilient and sustainable destinations, 3
Resilient communities, framework development on, 102–106
Resilient ecosystem for medical tourism, 127
Resilient medical tourism
appropriateness of service triangle model, 125
aspects of medical tourism, 122–123
concept of medical tourism, 122–123
implications, 130–134
pull and push factors relevant with medical tourism, 123
rationale and relevance of WRQoL, 126
recommendations, 126–134
role and relevance of various stakeholders, 124–125
synthesis, 127–130
theoretical background, 123–126
Resilient medical tourism ecosystem, 123–124
Resilient tourism communities, 97–98
Resource management, 14
Responsible sustainable tourism product planning and design, 188–190
Responsible tourism, 180
concept of, 180
product development, 189
Restart tourism, global guidelines to, 23–25
Restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic, 21–25
Robotization, 246
Sacred tourism, 140–141
Sanatana Dharma
, 140–141
Sanyas
, 234–235
SARS-CoV-2, 268
Scale techniques, 143–144
Scopus, 182
Security and safety (SS), 145–146
Semantic scale, 143–144
Senior tourism, 214–215
lessons to destinations for senior tourism in post-COVID-19, 218–219
policy implications for tourism sector, 215–216
seniors and, 216–218
Service businesses, 183
Service marketing concepts, 125
Service triangle model, appropriateness of, 125
Shoko Festival, 65–66
Short-term actions, 199–200
Sky Policy, 256
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), 29, 31, 100–101, 199
Small-scale economies, 42–43
Smart applications, 245–246
Smart city concept, 26
Smart City Wheel model, 28
Smart destinations (SDs), 20, 25–26, 29
benefits of SDs considering restarting strategies, 21–23
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on tourism, 20–21
literature review, 20–21
restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic, 21–25
Smart economy, 27, 29, 31
Smart environment, 27–28, 32–33
Smart governance, 27, 31–32
Smart living, 28, 33
Smart mobility, 27, 32
Smart people, 27, 32
Smart tourism, 242
issues, challenges, and opportunities, 243–247
literature review, 242–243
Social capital, 99
Social capitalism, 102–103
Social isolation, 116–117
Social Mention (semantic search engines), 143
Social well-being, 229–230
Sociedad Mercantil Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas (SEGITTUR), 26–27
Solutions, Information, Value, and Access (SIVA model), 128
Spatial sustainability, 45
Spiritual tourism, 140–141
Spirituality, 228–229, 232, 236
Stagnation, 78
Stakeholders, 47, 123–124, 181, 189–190
role and relevance of various, 124–125
Standard operating procedures (SOPs), 90–92
Strategic approach, 4
Strategic Initiatives & Government Advisory (SIGA), 140–141
Structural equation modeling (SEM), 141–142
Sultanate tourists data from 2010 to 2018, 160–164
Super Typhoon Rolly, 100–101
Susceptibility, 288–289
Sustainability, 45, 277–278
Sustainable communities, framework development on, 102–106
Sustainable design concepts, 182
Sustainable development
applied to territories, 44–45
in tourism, 45, 181–182
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 44–45, 181–182, 277–278
Sustainable Improvement Goals (SIGs), 10
Sustainable local tourism communities, 4
Sustainable pilgrimages, 142
Sustainable resource management, 32–33
Sustainable Smart Cities Initiative groups, The, 27–28
Sustainable tourism, 2, 15–16, 181, 251–252, 288
communities, 97–98
corporate identification as well as genetic structure, 11–13
differentiated methodological individualism, 13–14
indicators, 46
as management ecology, tourism and SIGs, 14–16
product, 181
Systematic scoping review, 182–183
Technology, 242
Territorial cooperation, 42
Territories, sustainable development applied to, 44–45
Thailand Special Tourist Visa, 205
Thematic content analysis, 291
Theory of planned behavior (TPB), 290
Therapeutic medical tourism, 122–123
Tour operators, 24
Tourism, 1–2, 14, 16, 26, 44, 88, 98–99, 109–110, 140–141, 169, 180, 236, 238, 251–252, 277–278
comparative analysis of old and new offerings, 89–90
development, 103–104
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on, 20–21
enterprises, 196
establishments, 197
industry, 228
micro cluster, 43
planning, 180
policymakers, 9–10
recommendations and future avenues, 92
risk in, 288–289
scholars, 9–10
sector, 2, 21, 33, 35, 117–118, 267–268, 288
tourism-steered economic growth, 277–278
types, 290
Tourism agencies, 190
Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC), 75–76
Tourism business, 89, 142–143, 196, 288
management, 189
Tourism destinations, 76–77, 214
management, 50
marketing, 80
Tourism festival
concept, 63–64
and event brand communication, 69
and event brand development, 68
and event brand implementation, 69
and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
and event destination brand image, 71
and event destination brand image in Zimbabwe, 64
and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
and event destination brand positioning, 68
and event destination market analysis, 67–68
and event destination personality, 68–69
process, 67–70
tourism festival and event brand tracking, 70
Tourism industry, 1–2, 10, 99, 112, 121–122, 269, 278
analysis, 291
budget-friendly travel and local community, 294
demographic profile of respondents, 291
literature review, 288–289
managerial implications, 294–295
methodology, 290–291
perceived effectiveness, 290
PMT, 289–290
results, 291–294
risk perception, 288–289
safety and hygiene factors, 293
sustainable practices and government initiatives, 293–294
TPB, 290
travel anxiety, 289
Tourism Life Cycle (TLC), 75–76
Tourism products, 181, 282
development, 189
Tourism recovery, 103–104
priorities for, 21–23
Tourism share regionwise (2019), 112
Tourism stakeholders, 167–168
Tourism Strategic Plan (2027), 46
Tourism Strategy (2027), 49–50
Tourism sustainability, 44
indicators, 45–55
Tourism sustainable planning
sustainable development applied to territories, 44–45
tourism sustainability indicators, 45–55
Tourist guides, 242
general view, 242–243
issues, challenges, and opportunities, 243–247
literature review, 242–243
Tourists, 89, 242, 288–289, 294
behavior, 181–182, 290
destinations, 25–26
industry, 12
stakeholders, 180
Tourists’ harassment during pilgrimage
data analysis, 149–152
methodology, 142–149
objectives of study, 142
outcomes of study, 152
review of literatures, 140–142
suggestions, recommendations, and future scope of study, 153–154
Transformative tourism, 255–256
Transition, 98
Travel agencies, 24
Travel anxiety, 289
Travel planning, 241–242
Travel sector, 81–82
Travel sector, 117–118
Travel share regionwise (2019), 112
Traveler locator’s forms (TLF), 90
Travelers, 288
Tribal art, 281
Tribal communities, 279
TripAdvisor, 142–143, 152
reviews, 143–144
website, 4–5
Triple bottom line, 133–134
Tropic of Cancer, 280
Tropical Cyclone Pam, 100
Tsunami Educational Park, 101
Tsunami hit Aceh, 101
Tsunami Inundation Monuments, 101
UN 2040 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 10
UN body, 9–10
UN’s official International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Advancement, 9–10
UNESCO Geoparks, 44–45
UNESCO National Community, 50
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 109–110
United Nations (UN), 44, 181–182
Organization, 44–45
Sustainable Development Goals, 293
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 114, 116, 259–260
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 3, 10–11, 14–16, 44, 180, 271–272
World Tourism Barometer, 157–158
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 76–77
Vagad region, 279–280
Value chain creation process, 124
Vanprasth
, 234–235
Vanuatu Tourism Office (VTO), 100
Victoria Falls, 77
Vipasana
, 235
Virtual accessibility, 219
Virtual museums, 245
Virtual reality, 35
Virtual tourism, 219
Volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA), 5
Vulnerability in tourism, 195–197
Web of Science, 182
Well-being, 229–232
elements, 230
Wellness medical tourism, 122–123
Wordle. com (semantic search engines), 143
Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL), 125
rationale and relevance of, 126
World Bank (WB), 22
World Commission and Environment and Development, The, 44
World Economic Forum, 44
World Federation of Professional Tourist Guide Associations (WFTGA), 242–243
World Health Organization (WHO), 19–20, 110–111, 229–230
World Tourism Organization (WTO), 157–158, 277–278
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), 10
Yoga, 228–229, 232, 236
Zimbabwe, 76–77
destination marketing in, 78–80
tourism destination marketing, 79–80
tourism festival and event destination brand image in, 64
tourism industry, 79–80
Zimbabwe International Film Festival, 65–66
Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (ZTA), 76–78
Zimbabwe Tourism Development Corporation (ZTDC), 79–80
Zimbabwe tourism festival and event destination brand equity, 70–72
perceived tourism festival and event destination brand quality, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
tourism festival and event destination brand image, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
Zimbabwe’s tourism image and publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Zimbabwean accommodation sector, 80–81
Zimbabwean tourism, 3
marketing, 76–77
Zimbabwean Tourism Authority, The, 82–83
Mahi Bajaj Sagar Reservoir
, 280
Mahua flowers (Madhuca longifolia)
, 282
Management ecology
, 14–16
Market analysis
, 67–68
Market-led approach
, 141–142
Marketing strategies
, 3
Media
, 69
Medical tourism ecosystem
, 123–124
Medical Value Travel (MVT)
, 122–123
Medical Visa
, 124–125
Meditation
, 228–229
Medium-term recovery plans
, 200
Micro clusters
, 42–43
Midlands Arts and Culture Festival
, 65–66
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
, 10–11
Millennium Improvement Goals (MIGs)
, 10
Ministry Of Environment
, 10–11
Ministry of Heritage and Tourism, The
, 158, 169, 170
Ministry of Tourism, The (MoT)
, 124–125, 153
Mission Unit for the Enhancement of the Interior (UMVI)
, 48
Mobile technologies
, 245–246
Mobile tourist guides
, 245
Monetary issue (MI)
, 145–146
Monkeypox
, 109–110, 113
Movement control orders (MCO)
, 90
National Arts Council of Zimbabwe (NACZ)
, 65–66
National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER)
, 287–288
National differentiated approach
, 88–89
National innovation ecosystem
, 23
National Program for Territorial Cohesion (PNCT)
, 42
National Recovery and Resilience Plan
, 203–204
National UNESCO Commission
, 49
Natural environment
, 280
Neoliberal approaches
, 15–16
Neoliberalism scientific management
, 15
New offerings, comparative analysis of old and
, 89–90
New public management (see Neoliberalism scientific management)
Niche tourism
, 181
Nontherapeutic medical tourism
, 122–123
Nvivo software
, 5
Oil Crisis, 76–77
Oman
CARE mode and relevance to Oman tourism, 169
communication information flow works, 167–168
findings and results, 173–174
implications and future direction, 174–175
limitations and directions for future studies, 175
methodology, 169–170
overall sultanate tourists’ data from 2010 to 2018, 160–164
significance of communication in community engagement, 165–167
as spectacular tourist destination, 158–160
tourism, 157–159
Oman government, The, 165, 167
Omran (Oman tourism development company), 160
Online traveling agencies, 117–118
Open Skies Agreement, 256
Overtourism destinations, 253–254
Pacific tourism, 201–202
Pakistan Hotel Association (PHA), 267–268
Pandemics, 2–3, 6–7, 110–111, 227–228
comparative analysis of old and new offerings, 89–90
of COVID-19, 113
recommendations and future avenues, 92
Passenger locator forms (PLFs), 90
People’s Republic of China (PRC), 113
Perceived effectiveness, 290
Perceived severity and vulnerability, 289–290
Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs), 125
Pilgrimage tourism, 140–141
Political sustainability, 45
Post-COVID destinations, 214
Post-COVID-19 tourism
lessons to destinations for senior tourism in, 218–219
recovery, 214
Post-disaster, 229
methodology and research questions, 228
RQs, 229
spirituality and yoga, 232–236
tourism, 236–238
well-being, 229, 232, 236, 238
Post-disaster tourism, 98
in Asian Pacific Context, 99–101
definition and concepts of, 98–99
development, 104–105
framework development on resilient and sustainable communities, 102–106
parameters of, 99
Postpandemic era, 130
Postpandemic tourism transformation, 255–256
Pranayam
, 235
Principal Component Analysis (PCA), 47–48
Product planning, 182–183
ProQuest, 4
Protection motivation theory (PMT), 289–290
Publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Public–private partnerships (PPPs), 4, 169, 189
Qualitative method, 5
Quantitative method, 5
RACE Model, 174
Rajasthan, 279
Rajasthan Tourism Policy, 280–281
Rebuilding tourism after COVID-19 pandemic in Asia, strategies opted for, 114–117
Recovery
case study, 183–186
methodology, 182–183
purpose of study, 182
responsible sustainable tourism product planning and design, 188–190
Recovery plans, 196
and strategies of countries, 199–206
Regenerative tourism, 251–252
background, 252–254
conceptual framework of research study, 256–260
methodology, 259–260
natural maturation of sustainability, 253
nature’s principles, 253–254
priorities, and implications, 260–264
review of literature, 254, 256, 261–262
Regional competitiveness, 42
Regional movement control orders (RMCO), 90
Regional policy objectives, 42
Religious heritage, 280–281
Religious tourism, 140–141
ResearchGate, 271
Resilience, 126–127, 196–197
in tourism, 198–199
Resilient and sustainable destinations, 3
Resilient communities, framework development on, 102–106
Resilient ecosystem for medical tourism, 127
Resilient medical tourism
appropriateness of service triangle model, 125
aspects of medical tourism, 122–123
concept of medical tourism, 122–123
implications, 130–134
pull and push factors relevant with medical tourism, 123
rationale and relevance of WRQoL, 126
recommendations, 126–134
role and relevance of various stakeholders, 124–125
synthesis, 127–130
theoretical background, 123–126
Resilient medical tourism ecosystem, 123–124
Resilient tourism communities, 97–98
Resource management, 14
Responsible sustainable tourism product planning and design, 188–190
Responsible tourism, 180
concept of, 180
product development, 189
Restart tourism, global guidelines to, 23–25
Restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic, 21–25
Robotization, 246
Sacred tourism, 140–141
Sanatana Dharma
, 140–141
Sanyas
, 234–235
SARS-CoV-2, 268
Scale techniques, 143–144
Scopus, 182
Security and safety (SS), 145–146
Semantic scale, 143–144
Senior tourism, 214–215
lessons to destinations for senior tourism in post-COVID-19, 218–219
policy implications for tourism sector, 215–216
seniors and, 216–218
Service businesses, 183
Service marketing concepts, 125
Service triangle model, appropriateness of, 125
Shoko Festival, 65–66
Short-term actions, 199–200
Sky Policy, 256
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), 29, 31, 100–101, 199
Small-scale economies, 42–43
Smart applications, 245–246
Smart city concept, 26
Smart City Wheel model, 28
Smart destinations (SDs), 20, 25–26, 29
benefits of SDs considering restarting strategies, 21–23
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on tourism, 20–21
literature review, 20–21
restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic, 21–25
Smart economy, 27, 29, 31
Smart environment, 27–28, 32–33
Smart governance, 27, 31–32
Smart living, 28, 33
Smart mobility, 27, 32
Smart people, 27, 32
Smart tourism, 242
issues, challenges, and opportunities, 243–247
literature review, 242–243
Social capital, 99
Social capitalism, 102–103
Social isolation, 116–117
Social Mention (semantic search engines), 143
Social well-being, 229–230
Sociedad Mercantil Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas (SEGITTUR), 26–27
Solutions, Information, Value, and Access (SIVA model), 128
Spatial sustainability, 45
Spiritual tourism, 140–141
Spirituality, 228–229, 232, 236
Stagnation, 78
Stakeholders, 47, 123–124, 181, 189–190
role and relevance of various, 124–125
Standard operating procedures (SOPs), 90–92
Strategic approach, 4
Strategic Initiatives & Government Advisory (SIGA), 140–141
Structural equation modeling (SEM), 141–142
Sultanate tourists data from 2010 to 2018, 160–164
Super Typhoon Rolly, 100–101
Susceptibility, 288–289
Sustainability, 45, 277–278
Sustainable communities, framework development on, 102–106
Sustainable design concepts, 182
Sustainable development
applied to territories, 44–45
in tourism, 45, 181–182
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 44–45, 181–182, 277–278
Sustainable Improvement Goals (SIGs), 10
Sustainable local tourism communities, 4
Sustainable pilgrimages, 142
Sustainable resource management, 32–33
Sustainable Smart Cities Initiative groups, The, 27–28
Sustainable tourism, 2, 15–16, 181, 251–252, 288
communities, 97–98
corporate identification as well as genetic structure, 11–13
differentiated methodological individualism, 13–14
indicators, 46
as management ecology, tourism and SIGs, 14–16
product, 181
Systematic scoping review, 182–183
Technology, 242
Territorial cooperation, 42
Territories, sustainable development applied to, 44–45
Thailand Special Tourist Visa, 205
Thematic content analysis, 291
Theory of planned behavior (TPB), 290
Therapeutic medical tourism, 122–123
Tour operators, 24
Tourism, 1–2, 14, 16, 26, 44, 88, 98–99, 109–110, 140–141, 169, 180, 236, 238, 251–252, 277–278
comparative analysis of old and new offerings, 89–90
development, 103–104
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on, 20–21
enterprises, 196
establishments, 197
industry, 228
micro cluster, 43
planning, 180
policymakers, 9–10
recommendations and future avenues, 92
risk in, 288–289
scholars, 9–10
sector, 2, 21, 33, 35, 117–118, 267–268, 288
tourism-steered economic growth, 277–278
types, 290
Tourism agencies, 190
Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC), 75–76
Tourism business, 89, 142–143, 196, 288
management, 189
Tourism destinations, 76–77, 214
management, 50
marketing, 80
Tourism festival
concept, 63–64
and event brand communication, 69
and event brand development, 68
and event brand implementation, 69
and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
and event destination brand image, 71
and event destination brand image in Zimbabwe, 64
and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
and event destination brand positioning, 68
and event destination market analysis, 67–68
and event destination personality, 68–69
process, 67–70
tourism festival and event brand tracking, 70
Tourism industry, 1–2, 10, 99, 112, 121–122, 269, 278
analysis, 291
budget-friendly travel and local community, 294
demographic profile of respondents, 291
literature review, 288–289
managerial implications, 294–295
methodology, 290–291
perceived effectiveness, 290
PMT, 289–290
results, 291–294
risk perception, 288–289
safety and hygiene factors, 293
sustainable practices and government initiatives, 293–294
TPB, 290
travel anxiety, 289
Tourism Life Cycle (TLC), 75–76
Tourism products, 181, 282
development, 189
Tourism recovery, 103–104
priorities for, 21–23
Tourism share regionwise (2019), 112
Tourism stakeholders, 167–168
Tourism Strategic Plan (2027), 46
Tourism Strategy (2027), 49–50
Tourism sustainability, 44
indicators, 45–55
Tourism sustainable planning
sustainable development applied to territories, 44–45
tourism sustainability indicators, 45–55
Tourist guides, 242
general view, 242–243
issues, challenges, and opportunities, 243–247
literature review, 242–243
Tourists, 89, 242, 288–289, 294
behavior, 181–182, 290
destinations, 25–26
industry, 12
stakeholders, 180
Tourists’ harassment during pilgrimage
data analysis, 149–152
methodology, 142–149
objectives of study, 142
outcomes of study, 152
review of literatures, 140–142
suggestions, recommendations, and future scope of study, 153–154
Transformative tourism, 255–256
Transition, 98
Travel agencies, 24
Travel anxiety, 289
Travel planning, 241–242
Travel sector, 81–82
Travel sector, 117–118
Travel share regionwise (2019), 112
Traveler locator’s forms (TLF), 90
Travelers, 288
Tribal art, 281
Tribal communities, 279
TripAdvisor, 142–143, 152
reviews, 143–144
website, 4–5
Triple bottom line, 133–134
Tropic of Cancer, 280
Tropical Cyclone Pam, 100
Tsunami Educational Park, 101
Tsunami hit Aceh, 101
Tsunami Inundation Monuments, 101
UN 2040 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 10
UN body, 9–10
UN’s official International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Advancement, 9–10
UNESCO Geoparks, 44–45
UNESCO National Community, 50
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 109–110
United Nations (UN), 44, 181–182
Organization, 44–45
Sustainable Development Goals, 293
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 114, 116, 259–260
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 3, 10–11, 14–16, 44, 180, 271–272
World Tourism Barometer, 157–158
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 76–77
Vagad region, 279–280
Value chain creation process, 124
Vanprasth
, 234–235
Vanuatu Tourism Office (VTO), 100
Victoria Falls, 77
Vipasana
, 235
Virtual accessibility, 219
Virtual museums, 245
Virtual reality, 35
Virtual tourism, 219
Volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA), 5
Vulnerability in tourism, 195–197
Web of Science, 182
Well-being, 229–232
elements, 230
Wellness medical tourism, 122–123
Wordle. com (semantic search engines), 143
Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL), 125
rationale and relevance of, 126
World Bank (WB), 22
World Commission and Environment and Development, The, 44
World Economic Forum, 44
World Federation of Professional Tourist Guide Associations (WFTGA), 242–243
World Health Organization (WHO), 19–20, 110–111, 229–230
World Tourism Organization (WTO), 157–158, 277–278
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), 10
Yoga, 228–229, 232, 236
Zimbabwe, 76–77
destination marketing in, 78–80
tourism destination marketing, 79–80
tourism festival and event destination brand image in, 64
tourism industry, 79–80
Zimbabwe International Film Festival, 65–66
Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (ZTA), 76–78
Zimbabwe Tourism Development Corporation (ZTDC), 79–80
Zimbabwe tourism festival and event destination brand equity, 70–72
perceived tourism festival and event destination brand quality, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
tourism festival and event destination brand image, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
Zimbabwe’s tourism image and publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Zimbabwean accommodation sector, 80–81
Zimbabwean tourism, 3
marketing, 76–77
Zimbabwean Tourism Authority, The, 82–83
Oil Crisis
, 76–77
Oman
CARE mode and relevance to Oman tourism
, 169
communication information flow works
, 167–168
findings and results
, 173–174
implications and future direction
, 174–175
limitations and directions for future studies
, 175
methodology
, 169–170
overall sultanate tourists’ data from 2010 to 2018
, 160–164
significance of communication in community engagement
, 165–167
as spectacular tourist destination
, 158–160
tourism
, 157–159
Oman government, The
, 165, 167
Omran (Oman tourism development company)
, 160
Online traveling agencies
, 117–118
Open Skies Agreement
, 256
Overtourism destinations
, 253–254
Pacific tourism
, 201–202
Pakistan Hotel Association (PHA)
, 267–268
Pandemics
, 2–3, 6–7, 110–111, 227–228
comparative analysis of old and new offerings
, 89–90
of COVID-19
, 113
recommendations and future avenues
, 92
Passenger locator forms (PLFs)
, 90
People’s Republic of China (PRC)
, 113
Perceived effectiveness
, 290
Perceived severity and vulnerability
, 289–290
Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs)
, 125
Pilgrimage tourism
, 140–141
Political sustainability
, 45
Post-COVID destinations
, 214
Post-COVID-19 tourism
lessons to destinations for senior tourism in
, 218–219
recovery
, 214
Post-disaster
, 229
methodology and research questions
, 228
RQs
, 229
spirituality and yoga
, 232–236
tourism
, 236–238
well-being
, 229, 232, 236, 238
Post-disaster tourism
, 98
in Asian Pacific Context
, 99–101
definition and concepts of
, 98–99
development
, 104–105
framework development on resilient and sustainable communities
, 102–106
parameters of
, 99
Postpandemic era
, 130
Postpandemic tourism transformation
, 255–256
Pranayam
, 235
Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
, 47–48
Product planning
, 182–183
ProQuest
, 4
Protection motivation theory (PMT)
, 289–290
Publicity crisis
accommodation sector
, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe
, 78–80
exploring tourism globally
, 76–78
role of DMO
, 82–83
travel sector
, 81–82
Public–private partnerships (PPPs)
, 4, 169, 189
Qualitative method, 5
Quantitative method, 5
RACE Model, 174
Rajasthan, 279
Rajasthan Tourism Policy, 280–281
Rebuilding tourism after COVID-19 pandemic in Asia, strategies opted for, 114–117
Recovery
case study, 183–186
methodology, 182–183
purpose of study, 182
responsible sustainable tourism product planning and design, 188–190
Recovery plans, 196
and strategies of countries, 199–206
Regenerative tourism, 251–252
background, 252–254
conceptual framework of research study, 256–260
methodology, 259–260
natural maturation of sustainability, 253
nature’s principles, 253–254
priorities, and implications, 260–264
review of literature, 254, 256, 261–262
Regional competitiveness, 42
Regional movement control orders (RMCO), 90
Regional policy objectives, 42
Religious heritage, 280–281
Religious tourism, 140–141
ResearchGate, 271
Resilience, 126–127, 196–197
in tourism, 198–199
Resilient and sustainable destinations, 3
Resilient communities, framework development on, 102–106
Resilient ecosystem for medical tourism, 127
Resilient medical tourism
appropriateness of service triangle model, 125
aspects of medical tourism, 122–123
concept of medical tourism, 122–123
implications, 130–134
pull and push factors relevant with medical tourism, 123
rationale and relevance of WRQoL, 126
recommendations, 126–134
role and relevance of various stakeholders, 124–125
synthesis, 127–130
theoretical background, 123–126
Resilient medical tourism ecosystem, 123–124
Resilient tourism communities, 97–98
Resource management, 14
Responsible sustainable tourism product planning and design, 188–190
Responsible tourism, 180
concept of, 180
product development, 189
Restart tourism, global guidelines to, 23–25
Restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic, 21–25
Robotization, 246
Sacred tourism, 140–141
Sanatana Dharma
, 140–141
Sanyas
, 234–235
SARS-CoV-2, 268
Scale techniques, 143–144
Scopus, 182
Security and safety (SS), 145–146
Semantic scale, 143–144
Senior tourism, 214–215
lessons to destinations for senior tourism in post-COVID-19, 218–219
policy implications for tourism sector, 215–216
seniors and, 216–218
Service businesses, 183
Service marketing concepts, 125
Service triangle model, appropriateness of, 125
Shoko Festival, 65–66
Short-term actions, 199–200
Sky Policy, 256
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), 29, 31, 100–101, 199
Small-scale economies, 42–43
Smart applications, 245–246
Smart city concept, 26
Smart City Wheel model, 28
Smart destinations (SDs), 20, 25–26, 29
benefits of SDs considering restarting strategies, 21–23
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on tourism, 20–21
literature review, 20–21
restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic, 21–25
Smart economy, 27, 29, 31
Smart environment, 27–28, 32–33
Smart governance, 27, 31–32
Smart living, 28, 33
Smart mobility, 27, 32
Smart people, 27, 32
Smart tourism, 242
issues, challenges, and opportunities, 243–247
literature review, 242–243
Social capital, 99
Social capitalism, 102–103
Social isolation, 116–117
Social Mention (semantic search engines), 143
Social well-being, 229–230
Sociedad Mercantil Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas (SEGITTUR), 26–27
Solutions, Information, Value, and Access (SIVA model), 128
Spatial sustainability, 45
Spiritual tourism, 140–141
Spirituality, 228–229, 232, 236
Stagnation, 78
Stakeholders, 47, 123–124, 181, 189–190
role and relevance of various, 124–125
Standard operating procedures (SOPs), 90–92
Strategic approach, 4
Strategic Initiatives & Government Advisory (SIGA), 140–141
Structural equation modeling (SEM), 141–142
Sultanate tourists data from 2010 to 2018, 160–164
Super Typhoon Rolly, 100–101
Susceptibility, 288–289
Sustainability, 45, 277–278
Sustainable communities, framework development on, 102–106
Sustainable design concepts, 182
Sustainable development
applied to territories, 44–45
in tourism, 45, 181–182
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 44–45, 181–182, 277–278
Sustainable Improvement Goals (SIGs), 10
Sustainable local tourism communities, 4
Sustainable pilgrimages, 142
Sustainable resource management, 32–33
Sustainable Smart Cities Initiative groups, The, 27–28
Sustainable tourism, 2, 15–16, 181, 251–252, 288
communities, 97–98
corporate identification as well as genetic structure, 11–13
differentiated methodological individualism, 13–14
indicators, 46
as management ecology, tourism and SIGs, 14–16
product, 181
Systematic scoping review, 182–183
Technology, 242
Territorial cooperation, 42
Territories, sustainable development applied to, 44–45
Thailand Special Tourist Visa, 205
Thematic content analysis, 291
Theory of planned behavior (TPB), 290
Therapeutic medical tourism, 122–123
Tour operators, 24
Tourism, 1–2, 14, 16, 26, 44, 88, 98–99, 109–110, 140–141, 169, 180, 236, 238, 251–252, 277–278
comparative analysis of old and new offerings, 89–90
development, 103–104
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on, 20–21
enterprises, 196
establishments, 197
industry, 228
micro cluster, 43
planning, 180
policymakers, 9–10
recommendations and future avenues, 92
risk in, 288–289
scholars, 9–10
sector, 2, 21, 33, 35, 117–118, 267–268, 288
tourism-steered economic growth, 277–278
types, 290
Tourism agencies, 190
Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC), 75–76
Tourism business, 89, 142–143, 196, 288
management, 189
Tourism destinations, 76–77, 214
management, 50
marketing, 80
Tourism festival
concept, 63–64
and event brand communication, 69
and event brand development, 68
and event brand implementation, 69
and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
and event destination brand image, 71
and event destination brand image in Zimbabwe, 64
and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
and event destination brand positioning, 68
and event destination market analysis, 67–68
and event destination personality, 68–69
process, 67–70
tourism festival and event brand tracking, 70
Tourism industry, 1–2, 10, 99, 112, 121–122, 269, 278
analysis, 291
budget-friendly travel and local community, 294
demographic profile of respondents, 291
literature review, 288–289
managerial implications, 294–295
methodology, 290–291
perceived effectiveness, 290
PMT, 289–290
results, 291–294
risk perception, 288–289
safety and hygiene factors, 293
sustainable practices and government initiatives, 293–294
TPB, 290
travel anxiety, 289
Tourism Life Cycle (TLC), 75–76
Tourism products, 181, 282
development, 189
Tourism recovery, 103–104
priorities for, 21–23
Tourism share regionwise (2019), 112
Tourism stakeholders, 167–168
Tourism Strategic Plan (2027), 46
Tourism Strategy (2027), 49–50
Tourism sustainability, 44
indicators, 45–55
Tourism sustainable planning
sustainable development applied to territories, 44–45
tourism sustainability indicators, 45–55
Tourist guides, 242
general view, 242–243
issues, challenges, and opportunities, 243–247
literature review, 242–243
Tourists, 89, 242, 288–289, 294
behavior, 181–182, 290
destinations, 25–26
industry, 12
stakeholders, 180
Tourists’ harassment during pilgrimage
data analysis, 149–152
methodology, 142–149
objectives of study, 142
outcomes of study, 152
review of literatures, 140–142
suggestions, recommendations, and future scope of study, 153–154
Transformative tourism, 255–256
Transition, 98
Travel agencies, 24
Travel anxiety, 289
Travel planning, 241–242
Travel sector, 81–82
Travel sector, 117–118
Travel share regionwise (2019), 112
Traveler locator’s forms (TLF), 90
Travelers, 288
Tribal art, 281
Tribal communities, 279
TripAdvisor, 142–143, 152
reviews, 143–144
website, 4–5
Triple bottom line, 133–134
Tropic of Cancer, 280
Tropical Cyclone Pam, 100
Tsunami Educational Park, 101
Tsunami hit Aceh, 101
Tsunami Inundation Monuments, 101
UN 2040 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 10
UN body, 9–10
UN’s official International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Advancement, 9–10
UNESCO Geoparks, 44–45
UNESCO National Community, 50
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 109–110
United Nations (UN), 44, 181–182
Organization, 44–45
Sustainable Development Goals, 293
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 114, 116, 259–260
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 3, 10–11, 14–16, 44, 180, 271–272
World Tourism Barometer, 157–158
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 76–77
Vagad region, 279–280
Value chain creation process, 124
Vanprasth
, 234–235
Vanuatu Tourism Office (VTO), 100
Victoria Falls, 77
Vipasana
, 235
Virtual accessibility, 219
Virtual museums, 245
Virtual reality, 35
Virtual tourism, 219
Volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA), 5
Vulnerability in tourism, 195–197
Web of Science, 182
Well-being, 229–232
elements, 230
Wellness medical tourism, 122–123
Wordle. com (semantic search engines), 143
Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL), 125
rationale and relevance of, 126
World Bank (WB), 22
World Commission and Environment and Development, The, 44
World Economic Forum, 44
World Federation of Professional Tourist Guide Associations (WFTGA), 242–243
World Health Organization (WHO), 19–20, 110–111, 229–230
World Tourism Organization (WTO), 157–158, 277–278
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), 10
Yoga, 228–229, 232, 236
Zimbabwe, 76–77
destination marketing in, 78–80
tourism destination marketing, 79–80
tourism festival and event destination brand image in, 64
tourism industry, 79–80
Zimbabwe International Film Festival, 65–66
Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (ZTA), 76–78
Zimbabwe Tourism Development Corporation (ZTDC), 79–80
Zimbabwe tourism festival and event destination brand equity, 70–72
perceived tourism festival and event destination brand quality, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
tourism festival and event destination brand image, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
Zimbabwe’s tourism image and publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Zimbabwean accommodation sector, 80–81
Zimbabwean tourism, 3
marketing, 76–77
Zimbabwean Tourism Authority, The, 82–83
Qualitative method
, 5
Quantitative method
, 5
RACE Model
, 174
Rajasthan
, 279
Rajasthan Tourism Policy
, 280–281
Rebuilding tourism after COVID-19 pandemic in Asia, strategies opted for
, 114–117
Recovery
case study
, 183–186
methodology
, 182–183
purpose of study
, 182
responsible sustainable tourism product planning and design
, 188–190
Recovery plans
, 196
and strategies of countries
, 199–206
Regenerative tourism
, 251–252
background
, 252–254
conceptual framework of research study
, 256–260
methodology
, 259–260
natural maturation of sustainability
, 253
nature’s principles
, 253–254
priorities, and implications
, 260–264
review of literature
, 254, 256, 261–262
Regional competitiveness
, 42
Regional movement control orders (RMCO)
, 90
Regional policy objectives
, 42
Religious heritage
, 280–281
Religious tourism
, 140–141
ResearchGate
, 271
Resilience
, 126–127, 196–197
in tourism
, 198–199
Resilient and sustainable destinations
, 3
Resilient communities, framework development on
, 102–106
Resilient ecosystem for medical tourism
, 127
Resilient medical tourism
appropriateness of service triangle model
, 125
aspects of medical tourism
, 122–123
concept of medical tourism
, 122–123
implications
, 130–134
pull and push factors relevant with medical tourism
, 123
rationale and relevance of WRQoL
, 126
recommendations
, 126–134
role and relevance of various stakeholders
, 124–125
synthesis
, 127–130
theoretical background
, 123–126
Resilient medical tourism ecosystem
, 123–124
Resilient tourism communities
, 97–98
Resource management
, 14
Responsible sustainable tourism product planning and design
, 188–190
Responsible tourism
, 180
concept of
, 180
product development
, 189
Restart tourism, global guidelines to
, 23–25
Restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic
, 21–25
Robotization
, 246
Sacred tourism, 140–141
Sanatana Dharma
, 140–141
Sanyas
, 234–235
SARS-CoV-2, 268
Scale techniques, 143–144
Scopus, 182
Security and safety (SS), 145–146
Semantic scale, 143–144
Senior tourism, 214–215
lessons to destinations for senior tourism in post-COVID-19, 218–219
policy implications for tourism sector, 215–216
seniors and, 216–218
Service businesses, 183
Service marketing concepts, 125
Service triangle model, appropriateness of, 125
Shoko Festival, 65–66
Short-term actions, 199–200
Sky Policy, 256
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), 29, 31, 100–101, 199
Small-scale economies, 42–43
Smart applications, 245–246
Smart city concept, 26
Smart City Wheel model, 28
Smart destinations (SDs), 20, 25–26, 29
benefits of SDs considering restarting strategies, 21–23
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on tourism, 20–21
literature review, 20–21
restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic, 21–25
Smart economy, 27, 29, 31
Smart environment, 27–28, 32–33
Smart governance, 27, 31–32
Smart living, 28, 33
Smart mobility, 27, 32
Smart people, 27, 32
Smart tourism, 242
issues, challenges, and opportunities, 243–247
literature review, 242–243
Social capital, 99
Social capitalism, 102–103
Social isolation, 116–117
Social Mention (semantic search engines), 143
Social well-being, 229–230
Sociedad Mercantil Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas (SEGITTUR), 26–27
Solutions, Information, Value, and Access (SIVA model), 128
Spatial sustainability, 45
Spiritual tourism, 140–141
Spirituality, 228–229, 232, 236
Stagnation, 78
Stakeholders, 47, 123–124, 181, 189–190
role and relevance of various, 124–125
Standard operating procedures (SOPs), 90–92
Strategic approach, 4
Strategic Initiatives & Government Advisory (SIGA), 140–141
Structural equation modeling (SEM), 141–142
Sultanate tourists data from 2010 to 2018, 160–164
Super Typhoon Rolly, 100–101
Susceptibility, 288–289
Sustainability, 45, 277–278
Sustainable communities, framework development on, 102–106
Sustainable design concepts, 182
Sustainable development
applied to territories, 44–45
in tourism, 45, 181–182
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 44–45, 181–182, 277–278
Sustainable Improvement Goals (SIGs), 10
Sustainable local tourism communities, 4
Sustainable pilgrimages, 142
Sustainable resource management, 32–33
Sustainable Smart Cities Initiative groups, The, 27–28
Sustainable tourism, 2, 15–16, 181, 251–252, 288
communities, 97–98
corporate identification as well as genetic structure, 11–13
differentiated methodological individualism, 13–14
indicators, 46
as management ecology, tourism and SIGs, 14–16
product, 181
Systematic scoping review, 182–183
Technology, 242
Territorial cooperation, 42
Territories, sustainable development applied to, 44–45
Thailand Special Tourist Visa, 205
Thematic content analysis, 291
Theory of planned behavior (TPB), 290
Therapeutic medical tourism, 122–123
Tour operators, 24
Tourism, 1–2, 14, 16, 26, 44, 88, 98–99, 109–110, 140–141, 169, 180, 236, 238, 251–252, 277–278
comparative analysis of old and new offerings, 89–90
development, 103–104
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on, 20–21
enterprises, 196
establishments, 197
industry, 228
micro cluster, 43
planning, 180
policymakers, 9–10
recommendations and future avenues, 92
risk in, 288–289
scholars, 9–10
sector, 2, 21, 33, 35, 117–118, 267–268, 288
tourism-steered economic growth, 277–278
types, 290
Tourism agencies, 190
Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC), 75–76
Tourism business, 89, 142–143, 196, 288
management, 189
Tourism destinations, 76–77, 214
management, 50
marketing, 80
Tourism festival
concept, 63–64
and event brand communication, 69
and event brand development, 68
and event brand implementation, 69
and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
and event destination brand image, 71
and event destination brand image in Zimbabwe, 64
and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
and event destination brand positioning, 68
and event destination market analysis, 67–68
and event destination personality, 68–69
process, 67–70
tourism festival and event brand tracking, 70
Tourism industry, 1–2, 10, 99, 112, 121–122, 269, 278
analysis, 291
budget-friendly travel and local community, 294
demographic profile of respondents, 291
literature review, 288–289
managerial implications, 294–295
methodology, 290–291
perceived effectiveness, 290
PMT, 289–290
results, 291–294
risk perception, 288–289
safety and hygiene factors, 293
sustainable practices and government initiatives, 293–294
TPB, 290
travel anxiety, 289
Tourism Life Cycle (TLC), 75–76
Tourism products, 181, 282
development, 189
Tourism recovery, 103–104
priorities for, 21–23
Tourism share regionwise (2019), 112
Tourism stakeholders, 167–168
Tourism Strategic Plan (2027), 46
Tourism Strategy (2027), 49–50
Tourism sustainability, 44
indicators, 45–55
Tourism sustainable planning
sustainable development applied to territories, 44–45
tourism sustainability indicators, 45–55
Tourist guides, 242
general view, 242–243
issues, challenges, and opportunities, 243–247
literature review, 242–243
Tourists, 89, 242, 288–289, 294
behavior, 181–182, 290
destinations, 25–26
industry, 12
stakeholders, 180
Tourists’ harassment during pilgrimage
data analysis, 149–152
methodology, 142–149
objectives of study, 142
outcomes of study, 152
review of literatures, 140–142
suggestions, recommendations, and future scope of study, 153–154
Transformative tourism, 255–256
Transition, 98
Travel agencies, 24
Travel anxiety, 289
Travel planning, 241–242
Travel sector, 81–82
Travel sector, 117–118
Travel share regionwise (2019), 112
Traveler locator’s forms (TLF), 90
Travelers, 288
Tribal art, 281
Tribal communities, 279
TripAdvisor, 142–143, 152
reviews, 143–144
website, 4–5
Triple bottom line, 133–134
Tropic of Cancer, 280
Tropical Cyclone Pam, 100
Tsunami Educational Park, 101
Tsunami hit Aceh, 101
Tsunami Inundation Monuments, 101
UN 2040 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 10
UN body, 9–10
UN’s official International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Advancement, 9–10
UNESCO Geoparks, 44–45
UNESCO National Community, 50
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 109–110
United Nations (UN), 44, 181–182
Organization, 44–45
Sustainable Development Goals, 293
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 114, 116, 259–260
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 3, 10–11, 14–16, 44, 180, 271–272
World Tourism Barometer, 157–158
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 76–77
Vagad region, 279–280
Value chain creation process, 124
Vanprasth
, 234–235
Vanuatu Tourism Office (VTO), 100
Victoria Falls, 77
Vipasana
, 235
Virtual accessibility, 219
Virtual museums, 245
Virtual reality, 35
Virtual tourism, 219
Volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA), 5
Vulnerability in tourism, 195–197
Web of Science, 182
Well-being, 229–232
elements, 230
Wellness medical tourism, 122–123
Wordle. com (semantic search engines), 143
Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL), 125
rationale and relevance of, 126
World Bank (WB), 22
World Commission and Environment and Development, The, 44
World Economic Forum, 44
World Federation of Professional Tourist Guide Associations (WFTGA), 242–243
World Health Organization (WHO), 19–20, 110–111, 229–230
World Tourism Organization (WTO), 157–158, 277–278
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), 10
Yoga, 228–229, 232, 236
Zimbabwe, 76–77
destination marketing in, 78–80
tourism destination marketing, 79–80
tourism festival and event destination brand image in, 64
tourism industry, 79–80
Zimbabwe International Film Festival, 65–66
Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (ZTA), 76–78
Zimbabwe Tourism Development Corporation (ZTDC), 79–80
Zimbabwe tourism festival and event destination brand equity, 70–72
perceived tourism festival and event destination brand quality, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
tourism festival and event destination brand image, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
Zimbabwe’s tourism image and publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Zimbabwean accommodation sector, 80–81
Zimbabwean tourism, 3
marketing, 76–77
Zimbabwean Tourism Authority, The, 82–83
Sacred tourism
, 140–141
Sanatana Dharma
, 140–141
Sanyas
, 234–235
SARS-CoV-2
, 268
Scale techniques
, 143–144
Scopus
, 182
Security and safety (SS)
, 145–146
Semantic scale
, 143–144
Senior tourism
, 214–215
lessons to destinations for senior tourism in post-COVID-19
, 218–219
policy implications for tourism sector
, 215–216
seniors and
, 216–218
Service businesses
, 183
Service marketing concepts
, 125
Service triangle model, appropriateness of
, 125
Shoko Festival
, 65–66
Short-term actions
, 199–200
Sky Policy
, 256
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
, 29, 31, 100–101, 199
Small-scale economies
, 42–43
Smart applications
, 245–246
Smart city concept
, 26
Smart City Wheel model
, 28
Smart destinations (SDs)
, 20, 25–26, 29
benefits of SDs considering restarting strategies
, 21–23
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on tourism
, 20–21
literature review
, 20–21
restarting strategies in destinations after COVID-19 pandemic
, 21–25
Smart economy
, 27, 29, 31
Smart environment
, 27–28, 32–33
Smart governance
, 27, 31–32
Smart living
, 28, 33
Smart mobility
, 27, 32
Smart people
, 27, 32
Smart tourism
, 242
issues, challenges, and opportunities
, 243–247
literature review
, 242–243
Social capital
, 99
Social capitalism
, 102–103
Social isolation
, 116–117
Social Mention (semantic search engines)
, 143
Social well-being
, 229–230
Sociedad Mercantil Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas (SEGITTUR)
, 26–27
Solutions, Information, Value, and Access (SIVA model)
, 128
Spatial sustainability
, 45
Spiritual tourism
, 140–141
Spirituality
, 228–229, 232, 236
Stagnation
, 78
Stakeholders
, 47, 123–124, 181, 189–190
role and relevance of various
, 124–125
Standard operating procedures (SOPs)
, 90–92
Strategic approach
, 4
Strategic Initiatives & Government Advisory (SIGA)
, 140–141
Structural equation modeling (SEM)
, 141–142
Sultanate tourists data from 2010 to 2018
, 160–164
Super Typhoon Rolly
, 100–101
Susceptibility
, 288–289
Sustainability
, 45, 277–278
Sustainable communities, framework development on
, 102–106
Sustainable design concepts
, 182
Sustainable development
applied to territories
, 44–45
in tourism
, 45, 181–182
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
, 44–45, 181–182, 277–278
Sustainable Improvement Goals (SIGs)
, 10
Sustainable local tourism communities
, 4
Sustainable pilgrimages
, 142
Sustainable resource management
, 32–33
Sustainable Smart Cities Initiative groups, The
, 27–28
Sustainable tourism
, 2, 15–16, 181, 251–252, 288
communities
, 97–98
corporate identification as well as genetic structure
, 11–13
differentiated methodological individualism
, 13–14
indicators
, 46
as management ecology, tourism and SIGs
, 14–16
product
, 181
Systematic scoping review
, 182–183
Technology
, 242
Territorial cooperation
, 42
Territories, sustainable development applied to
, 44–45
Thailand Special Tourist Visa
, 205
Thematic content analysis
, 291
Theory of planned behavior (TPB)
, 290
Therapeutic medical tourism
, 122–123
Tour operators
, 24
Tourism
, 1–2, 14, 16, 26, 44, 88, 98–99, 109–110, 140–141, 169, 180, 236, 238, 251–252, 277–278
comparative analysis of old and new offerings
, 89–90
development
, 103–104
effects of Covid-19 pandemic on
, 20–21
enterprises
, 196
establishments
, 197
industry
, 228
micro cluster
, 43
planning
, 180
policymakers
, 9–10
recommendations and future avenues
, 92
risk in
, 288–289
scholars
, 9–10
sector
, 2, 21, 33, 35, 117–118, 267–268, 288
tourism-steered economic growth
, 277–278
types
, 290
Tourism agencies
, 190
Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC)
, 75–76
Tourism business
, 89, 142–143, 196, 288
management
, 189
Tourism destinations
, 76–77, 214
management
, 50
marketing
, 80
Tourism festival
concept
, 63–64
and event brand communication
, 69
and event brand development
, 68
and event brand implementation
, 69
and event destination brand awareness
, 70–71
and event destination brand image
, 71
and event destination brand image in Zimbabwe
, 64
and event destination brand loyalty
, 71–72
and event destination brand positioning
, 68
and event destination market analysis
, 67–68
and event destination personality
, 68–69
process
, 67–70
tourism festival and event brand tracking
, 70
Tourism industry
, 1–2, 10, 99, 112, 121–122, 269, 278
analysis
, 291
budget-friendly travel and local community
, 294
demographic profile of respondents
, 291
literature review
, 288–289
managerial implications
, 294–295
methodology
, 290–291
perceived effectiveness
, 290
PMT
, 289–290
results
, 291–294
risk perception
, 288–289
safety and hygiene factors
, 293
sustainable practices and government initiatives
, 293–294
TPB
, 290
travel anxiety
, 289
Tourism Life Cycle (TLC)
, 75–76
Tourism products
, 181, 282
development
, 189
Tourism recovery
, 103–104
priorities for
, 21–23
Tourism share regionwise (2019)
, 112
Tourism stakeholders
, 167–168
Tourism Strategic Plan (2027)
, 46
Tourism Strategy (2027)
, 49–50
Tourism sustainability
, 44
indicators
, 45–55
Tourism sustainable planning
sustainable development applied to territories
, 44–45
tourism sustainability indicators
, 45–55
Tourist guides
, 242
general view
, 242–243
issues, challenges, and opportunities
, 243–247
literature review
, 242–243
Tourists
, 89, 242, 288–289, 294
behavior
, 181–182, 290
destinations
, 25–26
industry
, 12
stakeholders
, 180
Tourists’ harassment during pilgrimage
data analysis
, 149–152
methodology
, 142–149
objectives of study
, 142
outcomes of study
, 152
review of literatures
, 140–142
suggestions, recommendations, and future scope of study
, 153–154
Transformative tourism
, 255–256
Transition
, 98
Travel agencies
, 24
Travel anxiety
, 289
Travel planning
, 241–242
Travel sector
, 81–82
Travel sector
, 117–118
Travel share regionwise (2019)
, 112
Traveler locator’s forms (TLF)
, 90
Travelers
, 288
Tribal art
, 281
Tribal communities
, 279
TripAdvisor
, 142–143, 152
reviews
, 143–144
website
, 4–5
Triple bottom line
, 133–134
Tropic of Cancer
, 280
Tropical Cyclone Pam
, 100
Tsunami Educational Park
, 101
Tsunami hit Aceh
, 101
Tsunami Inundation Monuments
, 101
UN 2040 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 10
UN body, 9–10
UN’s official International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Advancement, 9–10
UNESCO Geoparks, 44–45
UNESCO National Community, 50
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 109–110
United Nations (UN), 44, 181–182
Organization, 44–45
Sustainable Development Goals, 293
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 114, 116, 259–260
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 3, 10–11, 14–16, 44, 180, 271–272
World Tourism Barometer, 157–158
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 76–77
Vagad region, 279–280
Value chain creation process, 124
Vanprasth
, 234–235
Vanuatu Tourism Office (VTO), 100
Victoria Falls, 77
Vipasana
, 235
Virtual accessibility, 219
Virtual museums, 245
Virtual reality, 35
Virtual tourism, 219
Volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA), 5
Vulnerability in tourism, 195–197
Web of Science, 182
Well-being, 229–232
elements, 230
Wellness medical tourism, 122–123
Wordle. com (semantic search engines), 143
Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL), 125
rationale and relevance of, 126
World Bank (WB), 22
World Commission and Environment and Development, The, 44
World Economic Forum, 44
World Federation of Professional Tourist Guide Associations (WFTGA), 242–243
World Health Organization (WHO), 19–20, 110–111, 229–230
World Tourism Organization (WTO), 157–158, 277–278
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), 10
Yoga, 228–229, 232, 236
Zimbabwe, 76–77
destination marketing in, 78–80
tourism destination marketing, 79–80
tourism festival and event destination brand image in, 64
tourism industry, 79–80
Zimbabwe International Film Festival, 65–66
Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (ZTA), 76–78
Zimbabwe Tourism Development Corporation (ZTDC), 79–80
Zimbabwe tourism festival and event destination brand equity, 70–72
perceived tourism festival and event destination brand quality, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
tourism festival and event destination brand image, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
Zimbabwe’s tourism image and publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Zimbabwean accommodation sector, 80–81
Zimbabwean tourism, 3
marketing, 76–77
Zimbabwean Tourism Authority, The, 82–83
UN 2040 Agenda for Sustainable Development
, 10
UN body
, 9–10
UN’s official International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Advancement
, 9–10
UNESCO Geoparks
, 44–45
UNESCO National Community
, 50
United Arab Emirates (UAE)
, 109–110
United Nations (UN)
, 44, 181–182
Organization
, 44–45
Sustainable Development Goals
, 293
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
, 114, 116, 259–260
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
, 3, 10–11, 14–16, 44, 180, 271–272
World Tourism Barometer
, 157–158
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
, 76–77
Vagad region
, 279–280
Value chain creation process
, 124
Vanprasth
, 234–235
Vanuatu Tourism Office (VTO)
, 100
Victoria Falls
, 77
Vipasana
, 235
Virtual accessibility
, 219
Virtual museums
, 245
Virtual reality
, 35
Virtual tourism
, 219
Volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA)
, 5
Vulnerability in tourism
, 195–197
Web of Science, 182
Well-being, 229–232
elements, 230
Wellness medical tourism, 122–123
Wordle. com (semantic search engines), 143
Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL), 125
rationale and relevance of, 126
World Bank (WB), 22
World Commission and Environment and Development, The, 44
World Economic Forum, 44
World Federation of Professional Tourist Guide Associations (WFTGA), 242–243
World Health Organization (WHO), 19–20, 110–111, 229–230
World Tourism Organization (WTO), 157–158, 277–278
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), 10
Yoga, 228–229, 232, 236
Zimbabwe, 76–77
destination marketing in, 78–80
tourism destination marketing, 79–80
tourism festival and event destination brand image in, 64
tourism industry, 79–80
Zimbabwe International Film Festival, 65–66
Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (ZTA), 76–78
Zimbabwe Tourism Development Corporation (ZTDC), 79–80
Zimbabwe tourism festival and event destination brand equity, 70–72
perceived tourism festival and event destination brand quality, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
tourism festival and event destination brand image, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
Zimbabwe’s tourism image and publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Zimbabwean accommodation sector, 80–81
Zimbabwean tourism, 3
marketing, 76–77
Zimbabwean Tourism Authority, The, 82–83
Web of Science
, 182
Well-being
, 229–232
elements
, 230
Wellness medical tourism
, 122–123
Wordle. com (semantic search engines)
, 143
Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL)
, 125
rationale and relevance of
, 126
World Bank (WB)
, 22
World Commission and Environment and Development, The
, 44
World Economic Forum
, 44
World Federation of Professional Tourist Guide Associations (WFTGA)
, 242–243
World Health Organization (WHO)
, 19–20, 110–111, 229–230
World Tourism Organization (WTO)
, 157–158, 277–278
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)
, 10
Yoga
, 228–229, 232, 236
Zimbabwe, 76–77
destination marketing in, 78–80
tourism destination marketing, 79–80
tourism festival and event destination brand image in, 64
tourism industry, 79–80
Zimbabwe International Film Festival, 65–66
Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (ZTA), 76–78
Zimbabwe Tourism Development Corporation (ZTDC), 79–80
Zimbabwe tourism festival and event destination brand equity, 70–72
perceived tourism festival and event destination brand quality, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand awareness, 70–71
tourism festival and event destination brand image, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand loyalty, 71–72
Zimbabwe’s tourism image and publicity crisis
accommodation sector, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe, 78–80
exploring tourism globally, 76–78
role of DMO, 82–83
travel sector, 81–82
Zimbabwean accommodation sector, 80–81
Zimbabwean tourism, 3
marketing, 76–77
Zimbabwean Tourism Authority, The, 82–83
Zimbabwe
, 76–77
destination marketing in
, 78–80
tourism destination marketing
, 79–80
tourism festival and event destination brand image in
, 64
tourism industry
, 79–80
Zimbabwe International Film Festival
, 65–66
Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (ZTA)
, 76–78
Zimbabwe Tourism Development Corporation (ZTDC)
, 79–80
Zimbabwe tourism festival and event destination brand equity
, 70–72
perceived tourism festival and event destination brand quality
, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand awareness
, 70–71
tourism festival and event destination brand image
, 71
tourism festival and event destination brand loyalty
, 71–72
Zimbabwe’s tourism image and publicity crisis
accommodation sector
, 80–81
destination marketing in Zimbabwe
, 78–80
exploring tourism globally
, 76–78
role of DMO
, 82–83
travel sector
, 81–82
Zimbabwean accommodation sector
, 80–81
Zimbabwean tourism
, 3
marketing
, 76–77
Zimbabwean Tourism Authority, The
, 82–83
- Prelims
- Introduction
- A Road Map for Two Decades of Sustainable Tourism Development Framework
- The Benefits of Being a Smart Destination in the Post-COVID-19 Period
- Tourism Sustainable Planning in Low Density Territories and the Post (Disaster) Pandemic Context
- Building Positive Zimbabwean Tourism Festival and Event Destination Brand Image and Equity
- Destination Marketing as an Orienting Tool in Zimbabwe's Tourism Image and Publicity Crisis
- Pandemic and Tourism: From Health Emergency to Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Adherence—Insights of Novel Adaptations in the New Normal
- Post-disaster Tourism: Building Resilient and Sustainable Communities
- Rebuilding Tourism in Asia for Future (Post-COVID-19)
- Synthesizing Theories for Resilient Medical Tourism
- Tourists' Harassment During Pilgrimage: A Case Study of TripAdvisor's Review for the Hindu Pilgrim Centers in India
- Communication Effectiveness in Rebuilding and Raising Awareness for Safe and Innovative Future Tourism in Oman
- Responsible Sustainable Tourism Product Planning and Design for Recovery
- Vulnerability and Resilience of Tourism: Recovery Plans and Strategies of Countries
- Rebuilding Senior Tourism Destinations in the Post-COVID Era
- Spirituality and Yoga for Well-being in a Post-disaster Scenario: Linking the Qualitative Facets of Traditional Indian Ways of Life
- Smart Technologies and Tour Guides Beyond COVID-19
- Regenerative Tourism and Resilience in COVID-19 Pandemic: From Strategic Principles to Sustainability
- Revamping Hotel Industry in South East Asian Region: Outlook of Existing Situation After COVID-19
- Harnessing the Potential of Ecotourism for Sustainability
- Rebuilding Tourism Industry Through Sustainability Practices and Opportunities in the Postpandemic Era
- Index