Prelims

Half Title Page

Resilient and Sustainable Destinations After Disaster

Series Title Page

Tourism Security-Safety and Post Conflict Destinations

Series editors: Maximiliano E. Korstanje and Hugues Seraphin

Since the turn of the century, the international rules surrounding security and safety have significantly changed, specifically within the tourism industry. In the age of globalization, terrorism and conflict have moved beyond individual high-profile targets; instead, tourists, travellers, and journalists are at risk. In response to this shift, the series invites authors and scholars to contribute to the conversation surrounding tourism security and postconflict destinations.

The series features monographs and edited collections to create a critical platform which not only explores the dichotomies of tourism from the theory of mobilities but also provides an insightful guide for policymakers, specialists, and social scientists interested in the future of tourism in a society where uncertainness, anxiety, and fear prevail.

Tourism Security-Safety and Post Conflict Destinations explores research approaches and perspectives from a wide range of ideological backgrounds to discuss topics such as:

• Studies related to comparative cross-cultural perceptions of risk and threat

• Natural and human-caused disasters

• Post-disaster recovery strategies in tourism and hospitality

• Terror movies and tourism

• Aviation safety and security

• Crime and security issues in tourism and hospitality

• Political instability, terrorism, and tourism

• Thanatourism

• War on terror and Muslim tourism

• The effects of global warming on tourism destinations

• Innovative quantitative/qualitative methods for the study of risk and security issues in tourism and hospitality

• Virus outbreaks and tourism mobility

• Disasters, trauma, and tourism

• Apocalyptic theories and tourism as a form of entertainment

Advisory Board

• David Altheide

• Arizona State University, USA

• Oleg Afanasiev

• Russian State University of Tourism, Russia

• Ericka Amorin

• Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Portugal

• Lwazi Apleni

• University of Zululand, South Africa

• David Baker

• Tennessee State University, USA

• Brian Berquist

• University of Wisconsin at Stout, USA

• Raoul Bianchi

• University of West London, UK

• Dimitrios Buhalis

• Bournemouth University, UK

• Richard Butler

• University of Strathclyde, UK

• Paul Brunt

• Plymouth University, UK

• Erdinc Camak

• Breda University, the Netherlands

• Neil Carr

• University of Otago, New Zealand

• Anthony Clayton

• The University of West Indies, Jamaica

• Erik H. Cohen

• Bar IIan University, Israel

• Jean Costa Henriquez

• University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

• Gerry Coulter

• Bishop's University, Canada

• Mahmoud Eid

• University of Ottawa, Canada

• Elspeth Frew

• La Trobe University, Australia

• Alan Fyall

• University of Central Florida, USA

• Babu George

• Fort Hays State University, USA

• Vanessa G. Gowreesunkar

• University of Africa, Nigeria

• Ulrike Gretzel

• University of Southern California, USA

• Tony Henthorne

• University of Nevada, USA

• Freya Higgins-Desbiolles

• University of South Australia, Australia

• Luke Howie

• Monash University, Australia

• Rami Isaac

• Breda University of Applied Sciences, the Netherlands

• Stanislav Ivanov

• Varna University of Management, Bulgaria

• Metin Kozak

• Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey

• Sharad K. Kulshreshtha

• North Eastern Hill University Shillong Meghalaya, India

• Dominic Lapointe

• University of Quebec at Montreal, Canada

• Duncan Light

• Bournemouth University, UK

• Claudio Milano

• The Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain

• Andreas Papatheodorou

• University of Aegean, Greece

• Cesar Augusto Oliveros

• University of Guadalajara, Mexico

• Daniel Olsen

• Brigham Young University, USA

• Alexandros Paraskevas

• Oxford Brookes University, UK

• Lorri Pennington Gray

• University of Florida, USA

• Arie Reichel

• Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel

• Claudia Seabra

• University of Coimbra, Portugal

• Anukrati Sharma

• University of Kota, India

• Richard A. Sharpley

• University of Central Lancashire, UK

• Jonathan Skinner

• University of Roehampton, UK

• Geoffrey Skoll

• Buffalo State College, USA

• Marta Soligo

• University of Nevada, USA

• Dallen Timothy

• Arizona State University, USA

• Abraham Pizam

• University of Central Florida, USA

• Peter Tarlow

• Texas A&M University, USA

• Marcelo Tomé de Barros

• State University of Fluminense, Brazil

• Diego R. Toubes

• University of Vigo, Spain

• Rodanthi Tzanelli

• University of Leeds, UK

• Ghialy Yap

• Edith Cowan University, Australia

Title Page

Resilient and Sustainable Destinations After Disaster: Challenges and Strategies

Edited by

Jeetesh Kumar

Taylor's University, Malaysia

Gül Erkol Bayram

University of Sinop, Turkey

And

Anukrati Sharma

University of Kota, India

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2023

Editorial matter and selection © 2023 Jeetesh Kumar, Gül Erkol Bayram and Anukrati Sharma.

Individual chapters © 2023 The authors.

Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.

Reprints and permissions service

Contact: permissions@emeraldinsight.com

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. Any opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the authors. Whilst Emerald makes every effort to ensure the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald makes no representation implied or otherwise, as to the chapters' suitability and application and disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use.

British Library Cataloging in Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-80382-022-4 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-80382-021-7 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-80382-023-1 (Epub)

About the Contributors

Emre Ozan Aksoz, PhD, completed his primary, secondary, and high school education at T.E.D Ankara College, Ankara, Turkey. He completed his associate degree in Hacettepe University, Tourism and Hotel Management program in 1996. Later, in 1999, he received his undergraduate degree from Anadolu University School of Tourism and Hotel Management. After graduating, he worked in hotels in the United States for a year. He enrolled in Hacettepe University, Department of Business Administration/Tourism Management Master's Program, in 2000 and received his master's degree in 2003. At the end of 2001, he started to work as a Research Assistant at Anadolu University School of Tourism and Hotel Management. In 2010, he completed his PhD at Anadolu University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Business Administration, in the department of Marketing. He was appointed as an assistant professor at Anadolu University in 2012. He received the title of associate professor in 2017. He still works as a lecturer, associate professor, and vice dean at Anadolu University, Faculty of Tourism.

Dr Gina B. Alcoriza is the Campus Coordinator for International Affairs and for Office of Student Affairs Services of Partido State University, San Jose Campus, Camarines Sur, Philippines. She served as Tourism Management Program Chairperson at the University of Santo Tomas – Legazpi. She was the Vice President of the Union of the Filipino Tourism Educators (UFTE) and a Membership Ambassador of the Philippine Association of Researchers in Tourism and Hospitality (PARTH). She served as Tourism Consultant of some Local Government Units and a Tourist Police Trainer, an Honorary Member of SKEDUx International Educators Network, and an Executive Council Member, Fater Academy India (FAI) Council. She is also a speaker/lecturer and researcher on Tourism, Hospitality, and Business topics, a research reviewer and editorial board member of some international journals, and one of the editors of the book, Marketing Tourist Destinations in Emerging Economies.

Dr Basheer M. Al-Ghazali joined King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia, in 2018 as Assistant Professor and is currently working as a coordinator of the Department of Business Administration-DCC. He earned a PhD in Management from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in 2016. He holds a bachelor's degree in Computer Engineering from KFUPM (2000) and an MBA from KFUPM as well (2006). Before joining KFUPM, Dr Basheer held a position as Assistant Professor in Business Administration at Applied Science University (ASU) in Bahrain. He has more than 10 years of experience in the IT industry in various roles. His research interests cover CSR, Entrepreneurship, Technology Adoption, Leadership, and HRM. His research has been published in several well-reputed peer-reviewed journals including Technology in Society, Leadership & Organization Development, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, European Journal of Innovation Management, Sustainability, and Frontiers in Psychology.

Ms Muna Al Shahri is an Assistant Lecturer at the University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Salalah, Oman, since 2013. She has a masters degree in international communication and development from Swansea University, UK. She is involved in research work in media impact-related areas such as communication, tourism, new media, women empowerment, and new media. In addition, she has conducted workshops for local institutions in aspects such as IP skills and stress management. Recently, her research project titled “Advance Communication Role in Creating Consensus and Acceptability for Innovative Tourism to Support Diversified Economy Drive in The Sultanate” was approved by The Research Council (TRC), Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, Oman.

Rafia Amjad completed her MPhil in the Department of Management Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan.

Dr (Ms) Manpreet Arora is Senior Assistant Professor of Management in the School of Commerce and Management Studies, Central University of Himachal Pradesh Dharamshala, India. A gold medalist at undergraduate and distinction holder at postgraduate level, she is a merit holder. Her areas of research interest include Accounting and Finance, Strategic Management, Entrepreneurship, Qualitative Research, Case Study Development, Communication Skills, Sustainability, and Microfinance. Having published more than 25 papers in various journals of national and international repute (including SCOPUS, WOS, and category journals), she has also worked as content developer of MHRD “e-PG Pathshala” Project and OER's for IGNOU. She has written 30 book chapters in national as well as international books/handbooks/volumes published with Routledge, CABI, Apple Academic Press, IGI, Taylor and Francis and the latest with Springer Nature etc. With four edited books to her credit, she is a persistent researcher in the field of Management.

Bilal Arshad completed his MS from the Department of Management Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan.

Dr Sudin Bag is an Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India. Dr Bag has more than 10 years of working experience which is inclusive of corporate exposure as well as teaching in management academic in colleges and university. His areas of interest include Marketing Management, Services Marketing, Research Methodology, Consumer Behavior, and International Marketing. Dr Bag has published 18 research papers in reputed national and international journals, contributed a good number of research papers in the edited volume including Springer Nature, and also authored two books (including one edited volume) with high repute. Dr Bag is associated with various academic institutions as well as professional bodies. Dr Bag has received an IARA Best Faculty Award – 2019 in the field of Management and was awarded ICSSR research project under special call for studies focusing on Social Science Dimension of COVID-19.

Dr Debasish Batabyal has been teaching Travel and Tourism Management at the Department of Travel and Tourism, Amity University, Kolkata, West Bengal. A postgraduate in Business Management with specialization in tourism, Dr Batabyal received a doctorate degree from the Department of Business Administration, University of Burdwan, in the year 2013. His areas of research interest include religious tourism, cultural tourism, sustainable development, and social solidarity economy. He has written two books and edited two more with reputed international publishing houses.

Gül Erkol Bayram, PhD, is currently working as an Associate Professor in the School of Tourism and Hotel Management, Department of Tour Guiding, University of Sinop, Sinop, Turkey. Dr Erkol Bayram has worked as an internal trainer in the tour guiding arena. Her doctorate is in Tourism Management from the Sakarya University, Turkey, and she completed her dissertation research on Tour Guiding in Turkey. Her core subjects are Tourism, tour guiding, tourism policy and planning, and women studies. She has many book chapters in the international arena and published her books as an editor in the national arena. She has edited a book on Women and Tourism and Tour Guiding – Past, Present, Future under Detay Publishing, Turkey. Currently, she is working as editor on her books, Resilient and Sustainable Destinations after Disaster: Challenges and Strategies under the Emerald Publishing, Practical Book for Tour Guides in Nobel Publishing, and Dynamics of Tourism Industry Post-Pandemic and Disasters in Apple Academic Press, USA. She also has more than 30 book chapters under Cambridge, Emerald, CABI, IGI Global, Springer, etc. She has been invited for many talks/lectures/panel discussions by different universities like the University of Mumbai, India, International Multidisciplinary Conference, College for Women, Parade Ground, Jammu India, International Faculty Development Program, etc. The Government of India has invited her to deliver a talk on Tour Guiding and the University of Kota about a career in tourism, Taylor's University on Tour Guiding. Also, she has a member of many organizations, Universities Board of Studies as an examiner and evaluator. She was invited as special guest and guest of honor to many conferences and organizations. She was awarded by several organizations. Erkol Bayram has also worked as a professional tour guide in Turkey.

Ipek Itir Can is a PhD student and a research assistant in the Department of Tourism Management at the Faculty of Tourism, Anadolu University, Turkey. She obtained her BA and MA in Tourism Management at Istanbul University, Turkey. She previously worked as a research assistant at Nisantasi and Mardin Artuklu University. She has authored or coauthored several articles, book chapters, and conference papers in the field of tourism. In addition to her academic career, she works as a board member/accountant at the Tourism and Destination Development Association (TDGD), and as a member at International Federation for Information Technologies in Travel and Tourism (IFITT) and Tourism Academics Association (TUADER). Her research interests center around the intersection of destination management and marketing, recreation, and tourism technologies.

Farai Chigora has a doctorate in Business Administration from the University of KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) and is a Senior Lecturer in Business Science in the College of Business, Peace Leadership and Governance, Africa University in Zimbabwe. He is a branding specialist with interest in destination branding, strategic marketing, business research, and related business areas which he has authored in various refereed international journals.

Dr Shahnawaz Chowdhary (UGC National Fellowship Awardee) is an Assistant Professor at Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University Rajouri (J&K), India. He is a seasoned professional with AHLEA, USA certification in “The Resort Management,” and an Academic Counselor to Government P. G College Rajouri, IGNOU Center no. 1207 (since November 2016). His experience includes having been a visiting faculty in different Government Degree colleges and universities. His research interest includes Sustainable Tourism Development, Community-based Tourism, Ecotourism, and Hospitality Management. He has authored two books and recently completed a six-week Post Crisis Hospitality Management Certificate Program at Muma College of the Business University of Florida, as well as the Research Methodology course on Partial least squares (SEM), at Taylor's University in Malaysia. A number of his research papers have been published in reputed peer-reviewed journals and books.

Márcia Costa holds a Master's degree in Tourism Management and is a Researcher at the Polytechnic Institute of Porto, School of Hospitality and Tourism, Portugal.

Ali Dalgic was born in Antalya, Turkey, in 1987. He worked as research assistant in the Department of Tourism Management at Mersin University. He completed his MSc in Management at Adnan Menderes University, Aydin/Turkey in December 2013. He obtained a PhD in Tourism Management at Mersin University. He is working at Isparta University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Tourism as an assistant professor. His research interests include event management, alternative tourism, and strategic management.

Dr Deeksha Dave is Assistant Professor, Environmental Studies, School of Interdisciplinary Studies and Transdisciplinary Studies, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India. She has an MSc (Gold Medalist) and PhD in Environmental Sciences from M. L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur. She has a rich experience of more than 15 years of teaching and research in Environmental Studies. She has authored several textbooks on Environmental Studies published by reputed publishers. To her credit are several book chapters, research papers, and articles in various journals and magazines. She has also participated and presented her research work in several national and international seminars and conferences.

Mr Asik Rahaman Jamader is associated in the Department of Tourism & Hotel Management at Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. His research interest is Sustainable Tourism and Innovative Technique implemented in the Hospitality Industry. He has 23 granted patents (National/International) and 12 registered and published patents (National/International), as well as 12 international authored book publications, including a few journal and conference publications in reputed journals like CRC, Springer, and IEEE.

Dr Sweety Jamgade is the Head of Management Studies, Hospitality Department, and Associate Professor in FHMCT, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences. She has completed her doctorate in the faculty of Science and Technology in the domain of Ecotourism. She treasures the topper award in her postgraduation in her Master's in Hospitality Management. She is specialized in hospitality, tourism, and management studies. She is a member of the Responsible Tourism Society of India, TIES, etc. Her research focus area includes Sustainable Tourism Business and Hospitality Management. She has published several research papers and is the editor, journal reviewer, travel writer, blogger, and vlogger on various platforms.

Kamran Jamshed is currently a PhD aspirant and holds a Master's degree in Management Studies from the Business School of Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan. His published work is on Green Leadership, Green Training, Green Process Innovation, Ethical Leadership, Work Performance, Perceived Organizational Politics, and Political Skills. His current research interests include small businesses, family-oriented businesses, family businesses hotels, travel, and tourism industry focusing on GHRM and sustainable development, Human Resource Development, Human trafficking and sustainability in the hospitality industry, strategic management, and organizational behavior and their implications in the industry. He worked in the telecom industry of Saudi Arabia under Mobily (Etisalat) for more than 7 years on different roles and overall, he has industrial experience of more than 10 years.

Dr Srijib Shankar Jha is an accomplished academician, researcher, and author with more than two decades of expertise in industry, education, training, and project management. He has a PhD in Performance Management, and is a Google-certified Data Analyst, with UGCNET and an IATA (Canada) certifications. He is a member of several international organizations and a reviewer of reputed international journals. He has published numerous research papers in international journals and conferences and organized various seminars, workshops, FDPs, and MDPs. His patent work also is in progress simultaneously, and it will be filed to the German Patent Office for a possible grant of the same invention.

Chipo Katsande is a Lecturer in Information Systems and Computer Science at Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences, Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, Zimbabwe. She is a holder of Master of Computer Science and Master of Business Administration from the University of Zimbabwe. She has vast experience as a Software Engineer, Systems Analyst and Development. Her interest and publications are in systems development, administration and security, software engineering, database development and administration, information security, data analytics, artificial intelligence, algorithms, programming, and web applications.

Ozair Ijaz Kiani was an MS student having completed the degree from the Department of Management Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan.

Sultan Nazmiye Kılıç is Research Assistant Doctor at Balıkesir University, Faculty of Tourism, Türkiye. She started to work here in 2014, after three years' experience in the tourism sector. She has a PhD as well as a master's degree in Tourism Management, Balıkesir University, and an undergraduate degree in Tourism Management, Boğaziçi University. Her research interests are mainly related to the aspects associated with the tourism field.

Jeetesh Kumar is Senior Lecturer at the School of Hospitality, Tourism, and Events and Associate Director for Information Management & Documentation at the Center for Research and Innovation in Tourism (CRiT), Taylor's University, Malaysia. His doctorate is from Taylor's University in Hospitality and Tourism, with research on Economic Impacts of Business Events in Malaysia. He has two postgraduate degree specialities: a Professional Master's in Hospitality Management and International Tourism from University of Toulouse, France, and the other in Business Administration (MBA – Marketing) from Hamdard University, Pakistan. His research areas include Economic Impacts, Economic Modeling, MICE, Medical Tourism, and Behavioral Studies. He has worked on consultancy and research projects at the national/international level and authored 45 publications including research articles and book chapters. 15 postgraduate students have graduated under his supervision, and currently he is supervising seven PhD scholars. Along with being an active member of several national and international associations, conferences, and journals, he is also serving as an associate editor for Asia-Pacific Journal of Innovation in Hospitality and Tourism (APJIHT).

Pedro Liberato holds a PhD in Tourism and is Tourism Professor at the Polytechnic Institute of Porto, School of Hospitality and Tourism, Portugal. He is also coordinator of the Master's Program in Tourism Management, and Head of Tourism and Leisure Department. He is a researcher in CiTUR, IELT | Nova FCSH and CEI – ISCAP (Portugal).

Dália Liberato holds a PhD in Tourism and is Tourism Professor at the Polytechnic Institute of Porto, School of Hospitality and Tourism, Portugal. She is coordinator of Tourism Activities Management Degree and researcher in CiTUR, IELT | Nova FCSH and CEI – ISCAP (Portugal).

Puja Mondal is a student of MBA in Hospitality Management, FHMCT, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India. She is interested in travel and tourism studies. Her interest in travel and tourism began during her internship period in 2021 when she got an opportunity to learn deeply about the tourism industry. She spends most of her time traveling and cooking. She aspires to become a successful entrepreneur in the travel and tourism industry.

Mr Kaustav Nag a post graduate in Tourism Administration from Amity Institute of Travel and Tourism, Kaustav Nag has been working with Victoria Travels in Kolkata, India. His area of research interest is online travel agency business and travel portal analysis.

Farhad Nazir is Lecturer at the Institute of Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Hospitality Management ICHTHM, University of Swat, Pakistan. Before joining the University of Swat, he has served as coordinator at Marriott Hotel International. Presently, he is pursuing a Doctorate in Tourism, Heritage, and Territory at the Department of Geography & Tourism, University of Coimbra, Portugal. He has an MPhil in Development Studies from the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics PIDE. He obtained his MA in Tourism & Hospitality from Hazara University, Pakistan, and was awarded a Gold Medal on distinguished performance. His research lines corroborate Cultural Tourism Sites and Cultural Identity, Islamic Legislation and Tourism Laws, and Hospitality Laws in the Islamic preview. During his career at Marriott Hotel Islamabad, he demonstrated various training sessions as Master Trainer.

Brighton Nyagadza is a full-time Lecturer and A/Chairperson in the Department of Marketing (digital marketing) at Marondera University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (MUAST), Zimbabwe, a full member of the Marketers Association of Zimbabwe (MAZ), an Associate of The Chartered Institute of Marketing (ACIM), United Kingdom, and Power Member of the Digital Marketing Institute (DMI), Dublin, Ireland. He has published several book chapters in Routledge books of Taylor & Francis Publishers, New York (USA), Emerald Insight, United Kingdom (UK), Lexington books of the Rowan & Littlefield Publishers, Maryland (USA), and in reputable international journals such as the Journal of Digital Media & Policy (JDMP) (Intellect Publishers, Bristol, UK), Sustainable Technology & Entrepreneurship (STE) (Elsevier), Journal of Fashion Marketing & Management (JFMM) (Emerald Insight, UK), Journal of Environmental Media (JEM) (Intellect, Bristol, UK), European Journal of Innovation Management (EJIM) (Emerald Insight, UK), Africa Review (Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands), Tourism Critiques: Practice & Theory (TCPR) (Emerald Insight, UK), Journal of Asian & African Studies (JAAS) (SAGE, London, UK), PSU Research Review (PRR) (Emerald Insight, UK), Youth & Society (SAGE, London, UK), Cogent Business & Management, Cogent Economics & Finance, Cogent Psychology, Cogent Social Sciences (Taylor & Francis, England & Wales, UK), The Marketing Review (TMR) (Westburn Publishers, Scotland), and others.

Dr Santosh K. Patra has 17 years of work experience in teaching, research, and academic administration. He has held various positions at MICA, Ahmedabad, IMT-Ghaziabad, and has been associated with different IIMs like the Indian Institute of Management, Indore (IIMI), and other business schools in the capacity of visiting faculties and also serving as a member of different academic councils. He has completed his master's in Sociology, MPhil in Political Economy and Development Sociology, and PhD in Digital Sociology from Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi. His teaching and research interest cuts across different subfields in media and entertainment management, social studies, which includes media sociology, digital sociology, self and cyberspace, and theories of political economy.

Dr Avadhut Patwardhan holds a Fellow NITIE degree from the National Institute of Industrial Engineering, Mumbai, India. He is presently working as an Assistant Professor with Somaiya Vidyavihar University (SVU) at K.J. Somaiya Institute of Management (KJSIM), Vidyavihar East, Mumbai. His research areas emphasize on Technology Adoption and Services Management. He has published his research work in refereed journals including Journal of Medical Marketing and International Journal of Healthcare Marketing. He has coauthored research works published in the International Journal of Product Development and International Journal of Electronic Banking.

John Ericson A. Policarpio is an Assistant Professor and Program Chairperson of the Tourism & Hospitality Management Department of PATTS College of Aeronautics, Philippines. He is a Tourism Professional and currently a candidate for Doctor of Business Administration degree. He is an immediate past Board Member of the Union of Filipino Tourism Educators (UFTE), South Manila Membership Ambassador of the Philippine Association of Researchers for Tourism & Hospitality (PARTH), and a Senior Fellow at the Asia Pacific Institute for Events Management (APIEM). His research interests are in Special Interest or Niche Tourism, Tourism Marketing, Destination Management, and Events Management.

Nosheen Rafique has an MPhil scholarship from the Department of Management Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad. She is working on numerous research papers and book chapters under the supervision of Dr Syed Haider Ali Shah. Her research interest are proenvironmental behavior, employee turnover, motivation enhancing practices, green HR practices, and emotional intelligence.'

Dr Nilanjan Ray is from Kolkata, India, and presently associated as an Associate Professor and Head of the Department at Department of Management Studies, Institute of Leadership Entrepreneurship and Development and Director IQAC. Prior to joining iLEAD, Dr Ray was at Adamas University as an Associate Professor of Marketing Management and Centre Coordinator for Research in Business Analytics at Adamas University in Department of Management, School of Business and Economics, West Bengal, India. Dr Ray has obtained certified Accredited Management Teacher Award from All India Management Association, New Delhi, India. He has obtained his PhD(Mktg); M.Com (Mktg); MBA (Mktg), STC FMRM (IIT-Kgp). He has more than 13 years teaching and 6 years Research experience, awarded two Doctoral Scholars, and guided around 56 Post Graduate students’ project also. Dr Ray has contributed over 90 research papers in reputed National and International Referred, Peer Reviewed Journals, Proceedings, and 13 Edited Research Hand Books from Springer, IGI-Global USA, and Apple Academic Publisher CRC Press (A Taylor & Francis Group), USA. He has obtained one Patent from Germany and one Copyright from India. He has also associated himself as a reviewer of Tourism Management Elsevier, Journal of Service Marketing Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Journal of Business and Economics, Research Journal of Business and Management Accounting and as an Editorial Board Member of several referred Journals. Dr Ray has organized several FDPs, National and International Conference, Management Doctoral Colloquium. Dr Ray is a life-member of the International Business Studies Academia, Fellow Member of Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors Universal Association of Arts and Management Professionals (UAAMP) New York, USA Calcutta Management Association (CMA).

Sharjeel Saleem (Assoc Prof, Dr) obtained his PhD in Management from the University of Vienna, Austria. His research interests include international human resource management, specifically expatriate adjustment, organizational behavior, and leadership. He has published his work in highly reputed international journals including Personnel Review, The Service Industries Journal, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Journal of Management Development, etc. He has presented in renowned international conferences, including the Academy of Management Conference, International Congress of Psychology, Academy of Human Resource Development Conference, and Australian & New Zealand Academy of Management Conference. He is currently reviewing for well-reputed journals, including the International Journal of Human Resource Management, Personnel Review, and International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, among others. He has vast experience in industry and academia. Currently, he is working as an Associate Professor at Lyallpur Business School, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Norberto Santos is Full Professor at the University of Coimbra. He has published more than 55 articles in specialized magazines and dozens of works in proceedings of events. He has around 50 book chapters and 14 published and/or edited books. It has 155 technical production items. He participated in 24 events abroad and 121 in Portugal. He supervised 14 doctoral theses and co-supervised 1, supervised more than 50 master's dissertations in the areas of Tourism and Leisure, Economic, and Social Geography and Cultural Geography. He participated in nine research projects and coordinated one of these. He works in the areas of Social Sciences with an emphasis on Tourism, Tourism Destination Management, Economic and Social Geography, in Cultural and Heritage Tourism, in Tourism Management and in Local Development. In his professional activities, he interacted with more than 55 collaborators in coauthorship of scientific works. The most frequent terms in the context of its scientific and technological production are: Tourism, Development, Heritage, Local Development, Coimbra, Gastronomy, Leisure, City, Geography, World Heritage, and Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Dr Syed Haider Ali Shah is the Senior Assistant Professor/Research Cell Coordinator at Business Studies Department, BUIC. He holds a PhD from the University of Malaya, Malaysia. His area of specialization is HR Practices, Leadership, and Management with a special research interest in HR Practices, Green HR Practices, Talent Management, Green HR Practices, Leadership Styles, CSR Practices, and Pro-environmental behavior. Dr. Haider has more than 10 years of experience in Industry and Academia. He has multiple research publications in multiple impact factor journals, ABDC, ABS, Scopus Data Base, and HEC-recognized journals and various book chapters. Moreover, he has presented papers at both national and international conferences. In addition to that, he chaired various sessions at different international and national conferences. Further, he is a reviewer of various reputed journals and works on various projects nationally and internationally. Dr. Haider Shah is engaged in many academic activities and professional training both nationally and internationally. He has been conducting training through different platforms like Leadership Development Center (LDC), Bahria University, and CALWASS. His training activities/Seminars/Webinars on CLAWASS “Center for Academic Learning Writing and Support Services (CALWASS)” can be accessed at https://www.calwass.com, YouTube Channel (CALWASS).

Dr Sofia Devi Shamurailatpam has a PhD in Economics with specialization in the areas of Banking and Financial Economics. Currently she is serving as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Banking and Insurance, Faculty of Commerce, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. She has published several research papers to her credit and authored a book entitled Banking Reforms in India: Consolidation, Restructuring and Performance, published by Palgrave Macmillan, UK (2017). Her major research area of interests includes Economics of Banking, Financial Economics, Economics of Gender, Agricultural Economics, and Development Economics particularly Contemporary Issues on Sustainability.

Roshan Lal Sharma is Professor of English in the Department of English and European Languages, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala. He has been a Senior Fulbright Fellow at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) during 2007–2008. He has authored Raja Rao's Shorter Fiction: The Enlightenment Theme (2009), Walt Whitman (2000), coauthored Som P. Ranchan: Dialogue Epic in Indian English Poetry (2012), coedited Communication in Contemporary Scenario: Its Multiple Dimensions (2017) and Mapping Diaspora Identities (2017). He has more than 60 published papers and book chapters to his credit. His areas of interest include contemporary literary and cultural theory, communication studies, and new media ecology.

Dr Anukrati Sharma is the Head and Associate Professor of the Department of Commerce and Management at the University of Kota (a state government university) in Kota, Rajasthan, India. She is the Director of the Skill Development Center of the same University. She is also Dean (Honorary) of two faculties, Tourism and Hospitality and Aviation and Aerospace at Rajasthan Skill University (a government state university) in Jaipur. In 2015, she received a Research Award from the University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, for her project “Analysis of the Status of Tourism in Hadoti and Shekhawati Region/Circuit (Rajasthan): Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Prospects.” Her doctorate from the University of Rajasthan is in Tourism Marketing, and she completed her dissertation research on Tourism in Rajasthan – Progress and Prospects. She has two postgraduate degree specialties – one in International Business (Master of International Business) and the other in Business Administration (Master of Commerce). Her special interest areas are Tourism, Tourism Marketing, Strategic Management, and International Business Management. Dr Sharma is a featured author of Routledge publishers. Dr Sharma is the Book Series Editor of “Building the Future of Tourism” under Emerald Publishing, UK. She is also the book series editor of Insights in Tourism book series, Routledge. She has edited books on Tourism – Opportunities and Ventures, on Maximizing Business Performance and Efficiency through Intelligent Systems, under IGI Global (Scopus Indexed), Tourism Sustainable Tourism Development Futuristic Approaches under Apple Academic Press (CRC Press, a Taylor & Francis Group), USA, under the series Advances in Hospitality and Tourism and book titled Tourism Events in Asia Marketing and Development, Routledge, USA, under Advances in Events Research series, Sustainable Destination Branding and Marketing: Strategies for Tourism Development under CABI, UK, Future of Tourism: An Asian Perspective, under Springer, Singapore, Over-tourism as Destination Risk: Impacts and Solutions, Emerald Publishing UK under the Tourism Security – Safety Series, Over-tourism, Technology Solutions and Decimated Destinations, Springer, Singapore, Event Tourism in Asian Countries: Challenges and Prospects under Apple Academic Press (Taylor & Francis Group), USA, and The Emerald Handbook of ICT in Tourism and Hospitality under Emerald Publishing UK. She also authored a book entitled Event Management and Marketing Theory, Practical Approaches and Planning. Another book she wrote is entitled International Best Practice in Event Management and it was published by the United Kingdom Event Industry Academy Ltd and Prasetiya Mulya Publishing, Indonesia. Her current projects include editing a book on COVID-19 and Tourism Sustainability: Ethics, Responsibilities, Challenges and New Directions for Routledge, USA, Festivals and Event Tourism: Building Resilience and Promoting Sustainability for CABI, UK, The Emerald Handbook of Destination Recovery in Tourism and Hospitality, Emerald Publishing, UK, COVID-19 and the Tourism Industry: Sustainability, Resilience & New Directions, Routledge, UK, Event Tourism & Sustainable Community Development: Advances, Effects and Implications, Apple Academic Press, USA, Crisis, Resilience and Recovery in Tourism and Hospitality, Springer Nature, Singapore, Strategic Tourism Planning for Communities: Restructuring and Rebranding, Nova Science Publishers, USA, Dynamics of Tourism Industry Post-Pandemic and Disasters, Apple Academic Press, USA, and Resilient and Sustainable Destinations after Disaster: Challenges and Strategies, Emerald Publishing, UK. She is also working on a major research project under Mahatma Gandhi National Council of Rural Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development Government of India. A member of 10 professional bodies, she has attended a number of national and international conferences and presented 45 papers. She has been invited as keynote speaker and panel member by different countries such as Sri Lanka, Uzbekistan, Nepal, and Turkey. She has been invited as Visiting Professor to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

Dr Kasturi Shukla is a trained Hospital Administrator and has completed her PhD (Doctorate) in Health-Related Quality of Life in the adolescent population. She is presently working as Associate Professor, She is Presently working as Associate Professor, Symbiosis Institute of Health Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India, and has more than 18 years' experience in industry, research, and academics. She has published more than 30 original research articles in journals of national and international repute and has published books on applied areas of Hospital Management and Conceptual Frameworks of Quality of Life. She is on the review board of some of the reputed health journals. She has taught Medical Tourism for several years to Health Management students and has delivered invited lectures for students of the Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management, India. Besides hospital management and healthcare quality, her core research interest includes Health-Related Quality of Life, Resilience, Medical Value Travel, Sustainability, and Green practices in Business.

Dr Parag S. Shukla has been working as an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Commerce at the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda (MSUB), Vadodara, Gujarat. Moreover, he has been serving as Honorary Assistant Coordinator at the Management Development Center (MDC) at the Trivenidevi Kashinath Agrawal Management Development Center, and he is also appointed as an Assistant Coordinator of the Main Building at the Faculty of Commerce. Parag Shukla holds a PhD (Commerce), an MCom, BCom, and PG diploma in Marketing Management from the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. Dr Shukla holds teaching and research experience of more than 10 years. He has been actively associated with various academic organizations like All India Management Association [AIMA], Indian Society of Training and Development [ISTD], and MTC Global, to name a few. Dr Shukla is the recipient of the Best Business Academic of the Year Award [BBAY]. He has also received accolades for his research papers from various academias. Dr Shukla has presented more that 70 research papers in national and international conferences and seminars. He has to his credit more than 30 research papers published in national and international journals.

Luis Avila Silveira has completed his PhD in Tourism, Leisure, and Culture in 2016 from University of Coimbra, Master in Human Geography – Territory and Development and Bachelor in Geography from the University of Coimbra. He is Integrated Researcher at the Center for Studies on Geography and Spatial Planning, Assistant Professor at the University of Coimbra (Department of Geography and Tourism), Sub-director of the journal Cadernos de Geografia in the University of Coimbra, and published 12 articles in journals. He has seven section(s) of books. He has supervised one PhD thesis and cosupervised 1. He has also supervised eight MSc dissertation(s) and received 5 awards and/or honors. He participates and/or participated as Research Fellow in one project(s) and was Researcher in seven project(s). In his curriculum Ciência Vitae the most frequent terms in the context of scientific, technological, and artistic-cultural output are: Development; Azores; territories; nautical; Leisure; Marina; impacts; Islands; Figueira da Foz; Vegetable garden; Tourism; Nautical tourism; Recreational Boating; Finland; Tourism; and Portugal.

Bruno Barbosa Sousa, PhD in Marketing and Strategy, is a Professor in the Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave (IPCA, Portugal), Head of Master Program – Tourism Management. He is a researcher at CiTUR and Applied Management Research Unit (UNIAG), Portugal.

Derya Toksoz graduated from Ege University, Department of Hospitality Management in 2012. She completed her MSc and PhD in the field of Tourism Management at Mersin University. Toksoz is continuing her academic career at Isparta University of Applied Sciences Tourism Faculty. Her research interests are mainly focused on tourism planning, cultural heritage management, visitor management, and tour guiding.

Dr Sangeeta Tripathi is currently an Assistant Professor of Mass Communication at the University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Oman, and was previously associated with the Institute of Management Studies, Noida, India. Dr Sangeeta has completed her education at Banaras Hindu University and M.G.K.V., State University, India. She started her career as a TV journalist. Later she embarked on an academic career. She has been active in Communication and Mass Media Research. Her area of research is communication, tourism, public relations, advertising, media education, and online media. She attended Oxford Media Summer Policy School 2019. She has presented her research papers to different international conferences in Dubai, Thailand, Turkey, Hungary, London, the SAUnited States, and India. Recently her research project titled “Advance Communication Role in Creating Consensus and Acceptability for Innovative Tourism to Support Diversified Economy Drive in The Sultanate” was approved by The Research Council (TRC), Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, Oman.

Shivani Trivedi is a doctoral scholar at MICA, Ahmedabad, India. Her interest area is in Tourism Marketing. Previously she worked at IIM, Indore, as an Academic Associate in Marketing for three years. She has participated in several national and international management and marketing conferences.

Promise Zvavahera holds a PhD in Human Capital Management from the National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe. He is the Deputy Registrar-Human Resources & Administration at Africa University. He is a Visiting Lecturer at the Great Zimbabwe University and a part-time Lecturer at Africa University, Zimbabwe. His areas of research are talent acquisition and retention, gender, higher education, marketing, change management, corporate governance, works ethics, and artificial intelligence.