Prelims

Half Title Page

Pragmatic Engineering and Lifestyle

Title Page

Pragmatic Engineering and Lifestyle: Responsible Engineering for a Sustainable Future

Edited by

David S-K. Ting

University of Windsor, Canada

And

Jacqueline A. Stagner

University of Windsor, Canada

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2023

Editorial matter and selection © 2023 David S-K. Ting and Jacqueline A. Stagner.

Individual chapters © 2023 The authors.

Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-80262-998-9 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-80262-997-2 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-80262-999-6 (Epub)

Dedication

To everyone who practices responsible engineering and living.

About the Editors

David S-K. Ting is a Professor in the Mechanical, Automotive & Materials Engineering Department at the University of Windsor, Canada. He has been teaching for more than 25 years. He has coauthored over 160 journal papers. He is the founder of the Turbulence & Energy Laboratory, and his research focuses on Flow Turbulence along with Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy.

Jacqueline A. Stagner is the Undergraduate Programs Coordinator in the Faculty of Engineering, University of Windsor, Canada. Dr. Stagner is a professional engineer with a PhD in Materials Science and Engineering and supervises research students primarily in sustainable energy and living in the Turbulence & Energy Laboratory.

About the Contributors

Radhamanohar Aepuru is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. He also worked as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Tecnologica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile. He worked as a Principal Investigator for the FONDECYT Postdoctoral Project in the Universidad de Concepcion and Universidad Tecnologica Metropolitana during the years 2018–2021 funded by ANID National Agency for Research Development, Government of Chile. Dr Aepuru served as an invited researcher (2017–2020) in the Department of Microelectronics, Technical University of Sofia, Bulgaria, for a project funded by the Bulgarian National Scientific Fund, Ministry of Education and Science, Bulgaria. He worked as a National Postdoctoral Researcher as a Principal Investigator during the years 2017 and 2018 in the Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (INST), Mohali, India, funded by the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India.

He has published 38 refereed SCI-indexed international journals, four book chapters, one patent, and contributed to research presentations/invited talks in several international conferences. He has participated in two research projects funded by ANID National Agency for Research Development, Govt. of Chile, as a Responsible Investigator and Sponsoring Investigator. He has two projects as an Investigator and Co-Investigator funded by Universidad Technologica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile. He currently works as a postdoctoral researcher guiding several UG students who are working in the area of Mechanical and Materials Engineering. He is an active reviewer of various international projects (Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica-FONCyT de la República Argentina) and international peer-reviewed journals in the area of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering.

Kheir Al-Kodmany is a Professor of Urban Planning at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), USA. He has published several books and over 100 papers on vertical urbanism, sustainability, eco-towers, placemaking, vertical farming, eco-iconic skyscrapers, transit-oriented developments, urban design, geographic information systems, and urban data visualization. Prof. Al-Kodmany also worked for the Chicago firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, where he designed prominent skyscrapers around the globe.

Sholihin As'ad is an Associate Professor and the Dean of the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS), Indonesia. He completed his doctoral degree from the Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Innsbruck, Austria, in 2006 and earned his master's and bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering in 1999 and 1992, respectively, from the Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Indonesia.

Figen Balo is a Professor of Engineering Faculty at the University of Firat, Turkey. She has published 67 papers in scientific journals, 39 book chapters, 111 research papers in conferences. As reviewer, she reviewed more than 1,653 articles for scholarly journals. Her main research area is renewable energy, renewable building-insulation materials, optimization of energy efficiency at buildings, and MCDM for renewable energy systems.

Praveen Barmavatu is working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Rajasthan, India. He is one of the youngest doctorates in India and well known for his research contribution in the field of heat exchanging systems subjected to heavy industries. He received a Master of Technology in Thermal Engineering from JNTU Hyderabad and Doctor of Philosophy from Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Rajasthan, India. He has filed his inventions and published more than six patent grants. He has participated and presented papers in many national and international conferences. He has published many book chapters and over 28 papers in scientific journals on heat transfer enhancement, compact heat exchanger, study on heat transfer characteristics by liquid jet impingement, CFD, composite preparation, plastic recycling, IC engine cylinder liners, vertical axis domestic wind mill, renewable energy systems, etc. He has supervised (supervising) many doctoral, master's, and bachelor's student theses. He is a regular reviewer for many top-class scientific journals and also has experience in funded projects.

Rupp Carriveau is the Director of the Environmental Energy Institute and the Turbulence and Energy Lab at the University of Windsor. He is a Professor in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at the University of Windsor, Canada. His research activities focus on energy systems futures. He has authored and coauthored multiple peer-reviewed scientific papers and presented works at many national and international conferences.

Mihir Kumar Das is Associate Professor in the School of Mechanical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India. He is known for his research contribution in the field of boiling heat transfer, thermal management of electronic devices using PCM-based cooling technology, and boiling techniques. He is also into the field of thermal management of Li-ion battery. He received his MTech and PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India. He has been involved in several sponsored projects by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Centre Power Research Institute (CPRI), and Bilateral collaborative projects from Department of Science and Technology (DST). He has guided many PhD, MTech, and BTech students. He has authored several scientific publications in refereed international journals, conference proceedings, and book chapters. He is also a regular reviewer of manuscripts for peer-reviewed journals of well-known publishers and reviewed external doctoral dissertations.

Sonali A. Deshmukh is working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, S. B. Patil College of Engineering, Indapur. She is well known for her research contribution in the field of Liquid Jet Impingement for Industrial Applications. She received a Master of Technology in Heat Power Engineering from Pune University and Doctor of Philosophy from Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Rajasthan, India. She has filed her inventions and published more than three patents. She has participated and presented papers in many national and international conferences.

Mehdi Ebrahimi received his BSc in Mechanical Engineering from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, and his MSc and PhD in Aerodynamics from Polytechnic University of Tehran, Iran. He has published 11 ISI papers and 7 book chapters, and currently, as a research engineer works at the Turbulence and Energy laboratory of the University of Windsor, Canada.

Fazıl Gökgöz received his BSc and MSc in Engineering and earned an MBA and PhD in Management with Superior Achievement Award. He served as acting head of the Privatization Project Group and associate in numerous M&A operations at the Privatization Administration of Turkey. He served as member of the board of directors and member of the auditing board at various state-owned companies. He is a full-time Professor and Head of Quantitative Methods Division in Department of Management at Ankara University Faculty of Political Sciences. He served as rectorate management coordinator and vice dean of the faculty of political sciences at Ankara University. He has supervised numerous PhD and MBA theses. He teaches Quantitative Methods at undergraduate and graduate levels and has carried out numerous international academic publications on finance, energy, and quantitative methods.

John M. Irungu is a candidate of Bachelor of Technology in Building Construction in the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering of Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. His focus areas are sustainable materials, sustainable architecture, and smart urban.

Edwin K. Kanda is a Civil Engineer by profession. He is a holder of a PhD in Agricultural Engineering specializing in Irrigation Engineering from University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN). He also holds Master of Science degrees in Water Engineering and Project Management from Moi University and Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, respectively. Dr Kanda obtained a First Class Honors in a Bachelor of Technology in Civil and Structural Engineering from Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (MMUST). He is currently pursuing a PhD in Civil Engineering at UKZN. He is currently a Lecturer in the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering of MMUST. He has also worked as a consultant in design and supervision of civil infrastructure projects. Dr Kanda is a member of a number of professional bodies such as the Engineer's Board of Kenya (EBK) and International Association of Hydrological Sciences.

Esmail Lakzian is an Associate Professor at Hakim Sabzevari University (*Currently, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Andong National University, South Korea, es.lakzian@pyunji.andong.ac.kr) specializing in renewable energy and energy conversion planning. Dr. Lakzian has published over 130 papers on renewable energy, wet steam, energy conversion, and optimization methods. All of Dr. Lakzian's works carry the mark of excellence and have been very well received in the scientific community. For instance, 21 of his papers are among the Top 10 JCR journals.

Elizabeth Lusweti is a hydrologist skilled at developing and analyzing hydrological models, analyzing maps and data sets, writing scientific articles and publications, and evaluating water quality, water use, and surface–groundwater interaction. He has over five years of experience conducting studies and consultancy services in hydrology, hydrogeology, water resources management, and conservation. Her research and writing are rooted in environmental concerns in Kenya and cross the field of gender issues, hydro-politics, and socio-hydrology. Her recent research is on the effects of oil exploration on surface water resources. Currently, she is an instructor at the Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (MMUST), Department of Civil and Structural Engineering. When she isn't publishing or teaching, Elizabeth loves spending time with her family and friends or going on hikes around Kenya with her son and their dog.

Fatemeh Massah holds an MSc in Mechanical Engineering from the Isfahan University of Technology, Iran. She has acquired expertise in the area of Energy Conversion after working as a Research and Development Engineer in industry. Fatemeh is presently working as a Research Assistant in the fields of solar energy harvesting, thermal energy storage, and building energy performance in the Mechanical Engineering Department at York University.

Bukke Kiran Naik has been an Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department at NIT Rourkela from 2020. He received both his PhD (2019) and MTech (2014) from IIT Guwahati and BTech (2012) from JNTU Anantapur in Mechanical Engineering. He worked as a Queen Elizabeth Postdoctoral fellow at Simon Fraser University, Canada, during 2019–2020 and as Project Engineer at IIT Guwahati in 2019. He is the recipient of Queen Elizabeth Scholars (QES) Fellowship from Universities Canada, CCSTDS Travel fellowship from INSA/CSIR/DAE-BRNS-CCSTDS, and SERB-ITS travel grant from DST, Government of India. Further, he was selected as Young Indian Scientist to the sixth BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) conclave 2021 in the thematic area of Energy Solutions, and he also received an INAE fellowship for working as a visiting researcher at IIT Kanpur. He has filled three patents till date and secured three funded research projects from ISRO, SERB, and NIT Rourkela. He also received funding from several funding agencies (SERB, ATAL, and ISHRAE) to organize outreach programs (workshops and short-term courses). He served as a student's activities chair, K-12 chair, and CWC member for ISHARE Guwahati subchapter from 2016 to 2018 and Program chair for ISHARE Bhubaneswar subchapter from 2021 to 2022. Currently, he is serving as ISHRAE Bhubaneswar Subchapter President for the year 2022–2023. He has about 50 research articles in reputed international journals and conference proceedings. Moreover, Dr. Naik has been invited by various reputed institutes/societies to deliver talks on his research work carried out in the energy–building–water nexus or sustainable energy and buildings.

Francis N. Ngugi is a candidate of Bachelor of Technology in Building Construction in the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering of Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. He is passionate about sustainable buildings and the concept of smart cities.

Paul G. O'Brien is an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Canada, and has extensive experience working in leading research labs based in materials, mechanical, electrical, and chemical engineering. His interdisciplinary research efforts focus on the application of expertise from these fields to develop solutions for the realization of a transition to clean energy. Dr. O'Brien has authored over 40 papers in the areas of materials and energy. He is the founder of the Advanced Materials for Sustainable Energy Technologies Laboratory at York University, Canada, where he and his students continue to innovate and advance clean energy solutions.

Bernard O. Omondi holds a Doctorate Degree in Engineering (Applied Sciences) from Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Belgium. His areas of academic and research interest are in the fields of Affordable Housing, Green building designs, Structural Health Monitoring, Emerging Construction Materials, Advances in Concrete Technology, and Structural Design Based on Eurocodes. His major scholarly contribution was his role in developing a methodology for crack detection in structural concrete using combined Digital Image Correlation and Acoustic Emission with practical application in Prestressed Concrete Railway Sleepers. He currently serves as the Departmental Postgraduate Coordinator and Departmental Final Year Projects Coordinator. Nationally, he is a member of the technical committee on Eurocodes with Kenya Bureau of Standards. Professionally, Dr. Omondi is a registered Graduate Engineer with Engineers Board of Kenya (EBK).

Ariva Sugandi Permana earned his PhD in Urban Planning and Environmental Management from the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. He is currently an academic staff of the Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang. Ariva's research interests include water resources engineering, water security, water-sensitive urban design, climate change associated with water disasters, and waste management.

Chantamon Potipituk was born in April 22, 1977. She was a PhD graduate in the field of Urban Environmental Management, at the School of Environment, Resources, and Development (SERD), Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. She is an Assistant Professor in Architecture at the Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin, Thailand. Her research interests include urban environment, sustainable development, environmental impact assessment, low carbon communities, and energy saving.

Alety Shivakrishna has been an Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering Department at Anurag Engineering College since 2014. He received an MTech (2016) from JNTUH and BTech (2013) from JNTUH in Civil Engineering. He is a research scholar in JNTU Hyderabad, Telangana. He has published eight papers on concrete partial replacements, GHG emissions, level of service, volume to capacity ratio, neuran system, etc. and presented papers in various scientific conferences.

Vineet Singh Sikarwar is a joint researcher at the Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences in Prague, Czech Republic, the Department of Power Engineering of the University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Czech Republic, and the Department of Green Chemistry and Technology of the Ghent University in Belgium. He is working on the experimental and theoretical investigations of thermal plasma assisted waste valorization with the recovery of useful energy and value added materials. His other research interests include carbon capture, biofuels synthesis, and solar desalination systems. He has published his works in journals such as Energy and Environmental Science and Progress in Energy and Combustion Science among others. He is a regular reviewer for several prestigious scientific journals (e.g., Journal of Cleaner Production, Environmental Science and Technology, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Environment Development and Sustainability, International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering). Prior to his career in research, he served as a Project Engineer in a leading heat exchanger manufacturing industry in India.

Harmeet Singh holds an MSc in Mechanical Engineering from York University, Canada. Prior to acquiring his MSc he was a full-time lecturer at Doaba Polytechnic College, India, where he was responsible for content development and teaching courses such as Machine Design, Manufacturing Technology, and Engineering Design. Harmeet presently applies his knowledge and skills working in the building sector.

Lutfu S. Sua is an Associate Professor at the Southern University and A&M College, USA. He obtained his PhD from the University of Mississippi, USA, in 2005. He also has an MBA from Troy University, USA. His primary research areas are quantitative analysis and mathematical programming, renewable energy systems, industry 4.0, and supply chain management. He has over 120 publications in international academic journals and conference proceedings within these fields.

Rathod Subash is an Associate Professor in the Malla Reddy Institute of Engineering and Technology, Medchal, Telangana, India. He is known for his research contribution in the field of thermal analysis and crack propagation of a gas turbine blade with reference to nanocoatings. He received his Master of Engineering from University College of Engineering, Osmania University, and PhD from Shri JJT University, Rajasthan, India. He has been involved in several sponsored projects by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB). He has guided many MTech and BTech students. He has authored several scientific publications in refereed international journals and conference proceedings. He is also a regular reviewer of manuscripts for peer-reviewed journals of well-known publishers.

Samuel G. Waweru holds a doctorate degree in Highway Engineering from Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. He is an established scholar and a researcher with over 20 years' university teaching experience in Civil Engineering. His areas of academic and research interest are in the fields of highway engineering – asphalt pavements, low-cost building materials, and construction management. He has published in many international journals and participated in local and international conferences and workshops. His major scholarly contribution was his research on causes of structural failures of asphalt pavements on Kenyan highways. His current research is on the use of low-cost materials to construct affordable houses in line with the Big four agenda. He currently serves on various boards of the university and is also the current Director of Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) at MMUST.

Hoong Sang Wong graduated with a PhD in Applied Economics and specialized in the areas of Fisheries Economics. He had published a couple of articles in leading international journals: Fisheries Regulation: A Review of the Literature on Input Controls, the Ecosystem, and Enforcement in the Straits of Malacca of Malaysia (Fisheries Research) and Bioeconomic Approach for Assessing the Status of Trawl Fishery in the Straits of Malacca (Asian Fisheries Science). He continues to provide expert advice in the areas of fisheries conservation to fishermen residing in the central part of the Straits of Malacca, Malaysia.

Engin Yalçın received a BA in Management from Gazi University in 2014 and an MBA from Pamukkale University in 2017. He continues to his PhD at Ankara University Department of Management and he is a research assistant at Ankara University Social Sciences Institute.

Shima Yazdani is a waste management and energy conversion planning researcher at the Hakim Sabzevari University, Iran. Dr. Yazdani has published over 17 papers on waste management, energy evaluation and sustainability, energy conversion, and optimization methods.

Chen Chen Yong is currently an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Business and Economics, University Malaya. Her research interests include human capital and applied economics. She has published several papers in international journals such as Singapore Economic Review, International Trade and Economic Development, Chinese Business Review, Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies, Journal of Developing Areas, International Journal of Economics and Management, Fisheries Research, Asian Fisheries Science, and so on. She has undertaken several consultancies for PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), PE Research, Talent Corp Malaysia, Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB), Institute of Labour Market Information and Analysis (ILMIA), Economic Planning Unit, Malaysian Science and Information Technology Centre (MASTIC), Faradisse High Sdn. Bhd, and the Malaysian Bureau Labour Statistics.

List of Contributors

Book Description

Pragmatic Engineering and Lifestyle draws together international experts from engineering and architecture to disclose the latest insights into forging viable means to sustain tomorrow's needs. It focuses on breaking through barriers and fully realizing promising remedies by explicitly including the social aspect in the equation. The best way to engage the entire society is to involve them in the development and execution of the solutions. This book covers, among other topics, simple and responsible engineering and living, ecological and socially friendly buildings and infrastructures, socially resilient farming, and agroecology. This is an indispensable volume for tomorrow's engineers, architects, and policymakers. Veridically, every soul should be acquainted with, and be part of, Pragmatic Engineering and Lifestyle.

Preface

Tall buildings will continue to be an integral part of tomorrow's society. Pragmatically, measures must be taken to design them to be socially, economically, and environmentally sustainable. Al-Kodmany maps out the unsustainable aspects and furnishes the remedies for improving the sustainability of tall buildings whenever and wherever they are constructed in Chapter 1, “High-Rise Developments: A Critical Review of the Nature and Extent of their Sustainability.”

Replacing fossil-fuel-based fibers in engineering applications such as reinforcing building materials is inevitable. The selection of the most appropriate natural fiber for a specific task with the required engineering properties such as strength, on the other hand, is not a simple process. In Chapter 2, “Application of Expert Decision Systems for Optimal Fiber Selection for Green Building Design Components,” Balo and Sua present an approach for selecting the best fiber. For this green building case study, a reference is established using materials from different places.

To sustain a thermally comfortable living standard, traditional air conditioning systems must be transformed into renewable-energy-driven ones. Deshmukh et al. present the latest “Advances in Solar driven Air Conditioning Systems for Buildings” in Chapter 3. The emphasis is on reducing energy usage and, for this, solar adsorption is a promising method as it is a green technology that uses solar energy for driving the cycle.

For most developed countries, heated water is a life necessity. Tapping into solar energy can result in substantial savings in heating bills, both financially and environmentally. Singh et al. present the use of water-based Trombe walls, along with appropriate thermal energy storage, for providing heated water in Chapter 4, “Evaluating Water-based Trombe Walls as a Source of Heated Water for Building Applications.” They find superior performance in terms of supplying heated water for building applications and reducing the heating load during typical Canadian winter days.

Gökgöz and Yalçin present “Investigating Waste Management Efficiencies and Dynamics of the EU Region” in Chapter 5. We cannot live responsibly if we do not manage the waste that we produce responsibly. The European Union scenario is analyzed using Slack Based Measure and Super Slack Based Measure in this chapter. Reuse and recycling resonate, and zero-waste-oriented policies are effective tools for increasing waste management efficiency.

A case study of a zero-waste-to-landfill site is disseminated in Chapter 6, “The Multipronged Approach of Solid Waste Management toward Zero Waste to Landfill Site: An Indonesia and Thailand Experience,” by Permana et al. It is critical that we understand ‘zero waste,’ meaning no waste to the landfill rather than no waste produced. To dump no waste in one's backyard, a multipronged approach involving all stakeholders from all levels of government to every individual is required. It is found that the waste management activities realized by individual households and communities are the prerequisite for the upper levels of governing bodies.

Another way to look at zero waste is conservation, that is, start with waste reduction and proceed to zero waste. Yazdani and Lakzian detail the creation of measures to limit waste volume and toxicity in Chapter 7, “Conservation; Waste Reduction/Zero Waste.” The idea is to preserve and recover resources rather than burying or burning them. A pragmatic approach is the engineering of cradle-to-cradle products, where the end of one product becomes the beginning of another. As expected, zero waste can only be accomplished with the participation of all stakeholders.

Kanda et al. enlighten us with “Adoption of Green Building Practices in Kenya: A Case of Kakamega Municipality” in Chapter 8. The aim of the study is to further green building adoption in developing countries. To do so, a better understanding of the state of green buildings is realized via a detailed survey. With that, the promotion of health and well-being, along with minimal impact on the environment via green building, can be furthered with the help of incentives including legislation and certification programs.

Furthering renewable energy is a necessary element for a sustainable future. Compressed air energy storage is one of the most promising technologies for mitigating the intermittency of renewable energy and the mismatch between energy supply and demand. In Chapter 9, “Transient Thermodynamic Modeling of Heat Recovery from a Compressed Air Energy Storage System,” Ebrahimi et al. expound on the transient behavior of a compressed air energy storage system with heat recovery from the compression process and using it for heating the air during the expansion phase. Heat recovery is the key to mitigating CO₂ emission while simultaneously boosting efficiency.

Healthful nourishment is essential to sustain tomorrow and, thus, responsible fishing is included as Chapter 10, “Trawl Fisheries Management and Conservation in Malacca Straits.” In this chapter, Wong and Yong convey a systematic analysis of trawl fisheries management and conservation measures in Malacca Straits. They highlight resolving of unclear and conflicting national and international territorial waters rights, strengthening national and multilateral research collaboration, employing effective and cost-saving ecological tools to identify and expand marine-protected area, and other measures to further sustain marine fisheries.

Acknowledgments

It has been a pleasure working with the wonderful Emerald publishing team; this goes all the way back to the summer of 2021 with Kimberley Chadwick. Also, a big shout-out goes to Gabriella Barnard-Edmunds, Tony Roche, Hemavathi Rajendran, Lydia Cutmore, and those working behind the scenes. We are most grateful to the 32 experts around the world who contributed the 10 chapters that made up this volume. Also invited to savor the fruits of this labor are the anonymous reviewers who ameliorated the manuscripts. Above all, providence from above sustained this endeavor from start to finish.

David S-K. Ting & Jacqueline A. Stagner

Turbulence and Energy Laboratory, University of Windsor