Absorptive capacity

, 61–64, 76, 83

Accessibility

, 68, 79, 85

Accommodation

, 142

Activity level

, 28

African Export–Import Bank (Afreximbank)

, 26

Agadir Agreement

, 310, 322, 326

agreement clauses related to industrial goods

, 323–325

automotive industries sector in Agadir countries

, 326–345

cumulation of origin

, 323

industrial clusters

, 313–319

literature review and conceptual frameworks

, 311–313

regional industrial clusters

, 319–326

remarkable operational milestones

, 325–326

trade relations and global value chains

, 326

Agadir Business Council

, 325–326

Agadir Technical Unit (ATU)

, 328

Agglomeration

, 28, 166, 168, 226, 311–312

forces

, 230

typology of industrial clusters based on forces of

, 229–230

Agri-industry parks

, 290–293

Agribusiness

in Egypt

, 292–293

trends

, 287

Agribusiness MSMEs

challenges facing

, 295

impact of internal issues

, 297–298

impact of market-related issues on

, 295

Agricluster (see also Industrial clusters)

business models and inclusive market development

, 298–302

clustering and economics of competition

, 283–284

limitation and future research

, 302–304

link between agri-industrial clusters and growth of agribusiness

, 284–290

MSMEs in economic progress

, 282–283

research insights

, 294–298

study methodology

, 293–294

Agricultural industrial clusters

, 206

Agritech

, 287

Agro-Industrial Park (AIP)

, 288–290

Algeria

NIS analysis in

, 2

policies of action in favor of complete NIS in

, 18–20

Algerian government

, 2

Algerian National Institute of Industrial Property (ANIIP)

, 8

Algerian NIS

, 6–7, 18

Analytical hierarchical process (AHP)

, 232–233

importance weight using

, 244–245

methodology in supply chain sustainability performance

, 234–235

Applied Technical Schools (ATS)

, 49–50

Aquaculture

, 287

Arab world

, 101

data

, 107–116

SBR and industrial clusters in

, 105–107

theoretical perspective

, 101–107

Artificial intelligence (AI)

, 29

Asian Development Bank

, 158

Association Agreements

, 321

Automobile industrial cluster in Egypt

, 26–27, 32, 34

analysis and results

, 44–47

business cluster

, 27–28

challenges

, 29–30

data collection methods

, 43

design and key objectives

, 42–43

diamond conditions

, 34–35

implications and recommendation

, 47–50

importance

, 28–29

macrolevel

, 48–50

mesolevel

, 48–50

methodology

, 42–44

sample identification and rationale

, 43

status quo

, 31

Automotive industries

, 310

analyzing trade flows and methodological approach

, 332–345

in Egypt

, 329

Egypt–Morocco automotive trade dispute

, 342–345

in Morocco

, 329–331

parts, accessories, and components

, 338–342

passengers cars and commercial vehicles

, 332–334

rationale

, 326–329

sector in Agadir countries

, 326–345

in Tunisia

, 331

Average daily rate (ADR)

, 141

Aviation

, 144–145

Balanced scorecard (BSC)

, 232–233

Barcelona Declaration 1995

, 321

BavarianAuto Manufacturers (BMW)

, 43

Ben Arous industrial zone

, 331

Bizerte area

, 331

Bonding capital

, 68, 85

Business development services (BDS)

, 213, 317

Business models

, 298–302

Businesspeople

, 102

Capacities

, 7–18

Capacity building

, 3–6

Carbon sequestration

, 287

Centers of Competence (COC)

, 49–50

Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS)

, 170

Challenges

, 207

Chunghwa Telecom (CT)

, 227

Classical agglomeration theory

, 226

Cluster University (CU)

, 70

Cluster-o-Meter

, 315–318

Clustering

, 57–58, 206, 283–284

cases studies of clustering efforts in regions around world

, 288–290

Clusters (see also Agricluster)

, 25–26, 28, 58, 133, 135, 169, 205–206, 282–283, 313

cluster-based policies

, 57–58

coding study participants and identifying positions

, 64

designing

, 59

involvement

, 237–238, 245

knowledge sharing factors

, 76–79

promotion policies in Palestine

, 216–218

research on clusters in Palestine

, 208–213

stage of development

, 213

studies in Palestine

, 213–218

theory

, 25–26

Commonality

, 160

Competition

, 165–166

Competitiveness of nation

, 130

Competitors market

, 34

Complementary indicators

, 2

Completely knocked-down kits (CKD)

, 329–330

Composite indicators

, 2–3, 9

Convergence

, 159–160

Cooperative competition

, 311–312

Copycat organizations

, 229–230

Cronyism

, 107

Cross-sectional studies

, 168

Data envelopment analysis (DEA)

, 232–233

Dealers’ employees (see Internal market)

Degree of clustering

, 315–318

Demand conditions

, 139–140

Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing (DTCM)

, 133

Deutsche Telekom (DT)

, 226–227

Developing countries, NIS in

, 6–7

Development

, 205–206

Diamond model theory

, 133–135

Doing Business (DB)

, 107–108

Dual System Approach

, 44–46

Dubai International Academic City (DIAC)

, 137

Dubai International Airport (DXB)

, 145

Dubai Tourism and Commerce Promotion Board (DTCPB)

, 133

Dynamism of Palestinian clusters and research questions

, 209–210

Economic City Authority (ECA)

, 70

Economic Developer (ED)

, 70

Economic performance

, 3, 6–7, 16, 18

Economic relationships

, 66–67

Economics of competition

, 283–284

Education

, 11–13

Efficiency

, 314–315

Egypt

, 26–27, 167–168, 227–228, 281–282

automobile industrial cluster in

, 26–27, 32, 34

data

, 170–176

industry clusters in

, 31–32

labor competitiveness

, 36–38

method

, 178–179

results

, 179–185

TVET as main strategy to leverage labor competitiveness in

, 38–42

Egypt Vision 2030

, 227–228

Egyptian Auto Feeders Association (EAFA)

, 33

Egypt–Morocco automotive trade dispute

, 342–345

El Nasr Automotive Manufacturing Company (NASCO)

, 32

Emerging clusters

, 59–60

conceptual framework of knowledge sharing

, 62–63

theoretical framework for study of knowledge sharing in

, 61–68

Emerging industry clusters

, 58

Employment concentration ratios (ECRs)

, 212–213

Endogenous growth theories

, 159–160

Entertainment attractions

, 146–148

Entrepreneurial university

, 260, 267

Entrepreneurs

, 102–103

Entrepreneurship

, 164–165

capital

, 164

event

, 164–165

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG)

, 315

Euro-Mediterranean partnership

, 321–322

European Cluster Excellence Initiative (ECEI)

, 320–321

European Union (EU)

, 286–287

Eurostat

, 162

Events sectors

, 146–148

Extensive integration

, 328

Factor conditions

, 135–139

Farmer groups (FGs)

, 289

Favoritism

, 105

Firms

, 59, 164

firm-level knowledge sharing mechanisms

, 74–76

strategy, structure, and rivalry

, 148–149

Foreign direct investments (FDIs)

, 137–138, 290–291, 314

Free trade area (FTA)

, 321

Gaza Strip

, 206

German experience in upscaling Egyptian labor competitiveness

, 39–42

German interest in labor competitiveness

, 39

German International Cooperation (GIZ)

, 26

Germany

, 39–40

Global Competitive Index (GCI)

, 35–36

Global Competitiveness Indicators (GCI)

, 101

Global Competitiveness Report

, 9

Global Innovation Index

, 9

Global Value Chains (GVCs)

, 26, 310, 312, 326

Good governance

, 19–20

Government of Egypt (GoE)

, 34

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 129–130, 159, 265–266, 281–282

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)

, 264

Hartz reform

, 39

Hausmann–Klinger proximity matrix

, 176–178

Hausmann–Klinger technique

, 158–159

Horizontal actors

, 59–60

Hotel industry

, 141–144

Human Capital Authority (HCA)

, 70–71

Human Capital Project (HCP)

, 325

Human resources (HRs)

, 69–70

Immature NIS

, 6

Inclusive market development

, 298–302

Index development

, 253–254

Individual learning

, 4

Industrial agglomeration

, 158

Industrial clustering

, 226

Industrial clusters

, 25–26, 100, 166, 170, 228–229, 310–311

in Arab World

, 105–107

degree of clustering

, 315–318

developments, dynamics, and processes

, 313–319

drivers for industrial clusters’ competitiveness

, 314–315

effect of industrial clusters on supply chain sustainability

, 235–236

involvement

, 230–232

programs in Saudi Arabia

, 69–71

public policy for

, 101–102

TAPE

, 318–319

typology of industrial clusters based on forces of agglomeration

, 229–230

Industrial Clusters Program (ICP)

, 69–70

Industrial complex

, 166–167

Industrial innovation

, 269–270

Industrial liaison office (ILO)

, 267–268

Industrial sector

, 15–16

Industrial Technical Centers (ITC)

, 10–11

Industrial technologies

, 319

Industrial zones

, 31

Industrialization

, 25–26

Industry clusters

, 57–60

in Egypt

, 31–32

Information and communication technologies (ICT)

, 19, 132, 301, 331

Information technology–enabled services (ITeS)

, 241–242

Innovation

, 100, 162, 164

activities

, 8–16

capacities

, 4–5

at heart of economic performance

, 5–6

indicators from results of surveys on

, 2

of Palestinian clusters and research questions

, 209–210

support

, 9–11

Institutional context

, 213–214

Institutional economics

, 213–214

Institutional market

, 33

Institutional thickness

, 67

Institutions

, 167

Intellectual Property Law

, 213–214

Intellectual property rights (IPR)

, 101, 208

Intensive integration

, 328

Inter technological dependence

, 160

Interaction

, 28

Internal market

, 33

International Finance Corporation (IFC)

, 26–27

International Labor Organization (ILO)

, 27–28

International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC)

, 27–28, 171

International Trade Centre (ITC)

, 310

Interorganizational trust

, 65, 67–68, 77–78, 83–84

Intraregional technological dependence

, 160

Investment

, 160–161

Investment Promotion Law

, 213–214

Item allocation

, 242

King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST)

, 265

King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)

, 265, 271, 274

King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM)

, 271–274

Knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA)

, 137

Knowledge as source of competitive advantage for agribusiness clusters

, 287–288

Knowledge brokers as social capital bonders

, 84–85

Knowledge of expertise location

, 61–64, 76–77, 83

Knowledge sharing

, 57–58, 84

actor interactions and relationships

, 60

barriers in SAM cluster

, 85–86

designing industrial districts and clusters

, 59

findings of data analysis

, 72–80

implications on policy design and implementation

, 86–87

industry clusters and emerging clusters

, 59–60

links and relationships between actors and type of knowledge

, 73–74

literature review

, 59–68

mechanisms

, 58

methodology

, 71–72

research context

, 68–71

research contributions and future studies

, 87–88

synopsis of research’s contextual and conceptual framework

, 61

theoretical framework for study of knowledge sharing in emerging clusters

, 61–68

Knowledge transfer

, 267–268

Knowledge-based economy

, 7–8, 263–264

Korean innovation system

, 263

Labor competitiveness

, 44

definition and importance

, 35–36

Egypt

, 36–38

in industry clusters

, 35–38

Labor Market Inefficiencies

, 46

Labor productivity

, 157–158

Large-scale enterprises (LSEs)

, 282

Lateral actors

, 59–60

Learning by doing, learning by using, and learning by interacting (DUI)

, 4

Learning capacities

, 4–5

Legal and Regulatory Educational Framework

, 46

Likert scale

, 244

Local industries clusters

, 312–313

Localization forces

, 229–230

Location quotients

, 169–170

Manouba industrial zone

, 331

Marshallian approaches

, 166–167

Mature clusters

, 315

Means for performance measures

, 245–248

Memorandum of understanding (MoU)

, 32

Mercedes-Benz Commercial Vehicles (MCV)

, 43

Micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs)

, 100, 207, 281–282

in economic progress

, 282–283

in Egypt

, 291–292

Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

, 183, 185, 321

Ministry of Education (MoE)

, 38–39

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MHESR)

, 49

Ministry of Trade and Investment (MTI)

, 26

Moroccan Institute for Normalization (IMANOR)

, 343–345

Mubarak-Kohl Initiative

, 39–40

Multinational corporations (MNCs)

, 330

Multinational enterprises (MNEs)

, 82, 282

National Agency for the Promotion and Development of Technological Parks (NAPDTP)

, 8

National Agency for the Valorization of Research and Technological Development Results (NAVRTDR)

, 8

National Council for Scientific Research and Technologies (NCSRT)

, 8

National Focal Points

, 325

National Innovation System (NIS)

, 1–2, 259–260

Algerian NIS, capacities, and economic performance

, 7–18

analysis in Algeria

, 2

analyzing context of Saudi Arabia

, 264–266

and building learning and innovation capacities

, 4–5

capacity building, and economic performance

, 3–6

conceptual background

, 261–264

conceptual framework

, 1–3

in developing countries

, 6–7

importance of universities

, 266–269

key stakeholder

, 262

open innovation

, 269–270

policies of action in favor of complete NIS in Algeria

, 18–20

recommendations

, 271–275

National Science, Technology and Innovation Plan (NSTIP)

, 264–265

Neoclassical exogenous growth models

, 159

Nonprobability purposive sampling

, 43

Nontariff measures (NTMs)

, 310

NVivo software

, 72

Oil & Gas (O&G)

, 227–228

Open coding

, 72

Open innovation

, 269–270

Operationalization of variables

, 240–241

Organic clusters

, 31

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 12, 26, 162, 259–260

Organizational learning

, 4

Organizational strength

, 102–103

Original equipment manufacturer (OEM)

, 329

Oslo Manual

, 162–163

Outputs/inputs ratio

, 314–315

Pairwise closed-ended interview questions

, 244

Palestine

, 205–206

cluster studies in

, 213–218

methodology

, 213

Palestinian context

, 206

recommendations

, 218–220

research on clusters in

, 208–213

snapshot of Palestinian clusters

, 206–208

theoretical background

, 210–213

Palestinian clusters

innovative milieu in

, 214–215

success factors

, 215

Palestinian National Export Strategy

, 214

Patent counts

, 163

Patents

, 163

Periodical Newsletters

, 326

Physical proximity of firms

, 59

Plant-based foods

, 287

Policies

, 35–36, 209, 315

Portal for Notification of Obstacles

, 326

Porter’s diamond model

, 131

to assess sources of competitive advantage in tourism in UAE

, 135–149

countries benefiting from UAE’s experience

, 151–152

diamond model theory and clusters

, 133–135

future research

, 152

implications

, 150–151

UAE tourism profile

, 132–133

United Arab Emirates

, 131–132

Priority analysis

, 244–248

Private Sector Engagement

, 325–326

Private–public partnerships (PPPs)

, 47

Privatization

, 105

Productivity

, 100, 166, 170, 314–315

five drivers

, 159–166

Programme for International Students Assessment (PISA)

, 12

Proxy measures of innovation

, 163

Public bodies

, 261

Public policy

, 100–101

for clusters

, 102–104

for industrial clusters

, 101–102

Public Procurement Law

, 213–214

Public–private dialogues

, 105

Public–private partnership (PPP)

, 241–242

Purchaser market

, 33

Pure agglomeration

, 166–167

Qualitative methodology

, 42–43

Quran

, 68–69

Recruitment market

, 34

Regional industrial clusters

, 319–326

Euro-Mediterranean partnership

, 321–322

framework

, 319–321

Regional integration

, 320

Regional location quotients

, 158–159

Regional productivity

, 158

Regional studies

, 168

Related and supporting industries

, 140–148

Relational proximity

, 59

Research and development (R&D)

, 9, 11, 34, 106–107, 160, 261

expenditure

, 10

funding and execution

, 10

Research and innovation policy

, 7–8

Research staff

, 13–15

Resources-depended industries clusters

, 313

Reverse product life-cycle strategy

, 263

Reverse value chain

, 262–263

Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)

, 182

Saudi Arabia

analyzing context

, 264–266

industrial cluster programs in

, 69–71

national context of

, 68–69

Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority (SAGIA)

, 70–71

Saudi Arabian Manufacturing cluster (SAM cluster)

, 59, 61

cluster knowledge sharing barriers

, 79–80

cluster knowledge sharing mechanisms

, 74

factors affecting SAM cluster knowledge sharing

, 82–85

identification of participants in

, 66

Saudi Telecom Company (STC)

, 58

Schumpeter Mark I regime

, 164

Schumpeterian approach

, 165

Science and technology indicators (S&T indicators)

, 2–3, 9

Science Technology and Innovation (STI)

, 49, 264–265

Scientific and technological diasporas (STD)

, 19–20

Scientific production

, 13–15

Segmentation charts

, 212–213

Skilled workforce

, 136–137

Skills

, 161–162

development

, 11–13

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs)

, 100, 162, 207, 263–264, 281–282, 315

Smart specialization

, 165

Smart village in Egypt

, 241–242

Social capital

, 67–68, 78–79, 84

Social network effects

, 166–167

Socialism

, 105

Sousse industrial zones

, 331

Southeast Asia (SE)

, 290–291

Spare parts (SPs)

, 325

Special economic zones (SEZ)

, 107

Specialization

, 314

Specialization metric (see Employment concentration ratios (ECRs))

Standardized root mean square residual (SRMR)

, 182

State

, 100–101

capture

, 104

dominance

, 104

State–business relations (SBR)

, 100–102, 104

in Arab World

, 105–107

Structural equation modeling (SEM)

, 158–159, 178

Sunnah

, 68–69

Suppliers market

, 32–33

Supply chain efficiency

, 226

Supply chain sustainability

, 226

comparative judgment

, 240–244

contribution

, 252–253

framework development

, 238–248

future implications

, 253–254

effect of industrial clusters on

, 235–236

limitations

, 253

literature review

, 228–236

priority analysis

, 244–248

research methodology

, 237–238

research problem

, 236–237

structuring problem

, 239–240

Supply-chain operations reference (SCOR)

, 232–233

Sustainability

, 287

sustainability/involvement index

, 248

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 26, 28–29, 315

Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM)

, 232

Sustainable supply chains

, 232–235

indicators

, 233–234

performance measures

, 232–234

Technical and vocational education and training (TVET)

, 27

decade

, 40–42

German endeavors

, 39–40

as main strategy to leverage labor competitiveness in Egypt

, 38–42

players

, 38–39

Technical education

, 38

Technical training

, 12

Technological capability development strategy

, 262–263

Technological change

, 261–262

Technological dependence

, 160

Technological industries

, 319

Technological production

, 13–15

Technology adoption

, 318

Technology and Invention Support Centers (TISC)

, 10–11

Technology export

, 319

Technology production

, 318–319

Technology transfer

, 318

Technology transfer office (TTO)

, 267–268

Telecommunication industry

, 226–227

Tourism

, 132–133

Tourism supply chain (TSC)

, 140

Trade Map (online application)

, 310

Trade relations

, 326

Traded industries clusters

, 313

Traded interdependencies

, 230–231

Training

, 11–13

Transactional proximity

, 59

Transfer, Adoption, Production, and Export (TAPE)

, 318–319

Transport industry

, 144–145

Triple helix model

, 268–269

Trust

, 65–66

Twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU)

, 70–71

Tycoons

, 102–103

Union for the Mediterranean (UfM)

, 322

United Arab Emirates (UAE)

, 107, 129–132

countries benefiting from UAE’s experience

, 151–152

government role in improving tourism sector in

, 138–139

infrastructure

, 137–138

Porter’s diamond theory to assess sources of competitive advantage in tourism in UAE

, 135–149

tourism profile

, 132–133

United Nations (UN)

, 310

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

, 26

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)

, 26

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)

, 9, 25–26, 313

United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)

, 14

Universities

, 261

Untraded interdependencies

, 230–231

Urbanization forces

, 229–230

Value Adding Web (VAW)

, 59–61

Vertical actors

, 59–60

Vertical integration

, 167

Vision 2030 initiative

, 265–266

Vision Realisation Programs (VRP)

, 265–266

Vocational training

, 12, 38

Voice and accountability (V&A)

, 106

Volkswagen (VW)

, 43

West Bank

, 206

Williamson’s hypothesis

, 168

World Bank

, 101, 157–158

World Development Indicators (WDI)

, 107–108

World Innovation Report

, 9

World of research

, 15–16

World Trade Organization (WTO)

, 310

Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI)

, 106