Acceptance of OGD

, 27–35

Acquisition methods

, 70, 72, 85, 87

Adequacy

, 75–76

tests

, 109

Age of participants

, 70, 72–74

Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

, 40

in evaluation

, 45–47

exclusion of evaluation elements

, 46

hierarchy structure

, 54

Anti-corruption

, 25

Application programming interface (API)

, 143

Baidu (search engines)

, 124

Bartlett’s test of sphericity

, 109

Big Five Personality dimensions

, 176–177

“Browse”

, 70–72

Budget and spend

, 50

Case study

, 11–12, 48

in China

, 105–106

method

, 105

Cause-and-effect relationships

, 12–13

Chi-Square tests

, 87, 89–90

of citizens’ preferences of virtual agents’ appearance

, 90

of demographic background and two-task accuracy rate

, 209

of OGD utilization purpose

, 85

China

case study in

, 105–106

local OGD portals evaluation in

, 48–54

OGD development in

, 35–36

province-level OGD portals in

, 56

China Open Data Index

, 41

Citizens

acceptance and utilization of OGD Portals

, 11

acquisition methods

, 85–87

data analysis and results

, 73–90

data collection

, 72–73

demands for OGD

, 66

descriptive analysis of citizens’ demands for OGD subjects

, 77

help functions

, 87–88

knowledge of OGD

, 91–92

knowledge of OGD and OGD portals

, 75, 91

methodology

, 69, 73, 154, 169

OGD attributes

, 71, 78, 82

OGD demand

, 67–68, 76, 82, 93, 96

and OGD demands

, 92

OGD subjects

, 76–78

OGD Users’ attitudes toward OGD portal usage

, 212–218

OGD Users’ possibility of using OGD portals

, 219–220

OGD utilization

, 68–69

OGD utilization

, 82–90

and OGD utilization

, 93

OGD utilization

, 93–96

participants and demographics

, 73–75

Pearson correlation analysis

, 96–97

reliability and adequacy

, 75–76

research model and hypothesis

, 66, 69

results and analysis

, 169–212

socio-demographic background

, 73–75

survey design

, 70–72

T-tests of citizens’ knowledge of OGD and OGD attributes

, 83–84

tests of citizens’ knowledge of OGD and demands of OGD subjects

, 79–80

users

, 66–67

utilization purpose

, 85

virtual agents

, 88, 90, 152, 154

Civil society movements

, 1

Comparative analysis of international OGD

, 23–24

Comparative multiple-case research

, 11–12

Comparative research method

, 13–14

Comparison framework

, 14

Compatibility

, 101–105, 111–112, 117

improving

, 225

Complete metadata

, 71

Complexity

, 101–103, 105, 113, 117

reducing

, 225–226

Computer games, playing of

, 172–176

Consistency ratio (CR)

, 45

Consumption

, 20, 68–69

Conversational virtual agent

, 159–160

interface for

, 160

Coordination

, 154

Correlation analysis of datasets

, 61

Cost–benefit analysis

, 132

Credit records

, 50

Cultural activity

, 50

Data accessibility

, 19

by category

, 59

Data acquisition

, 68, 93

citizens’ acceptance of data-acquisition methods

, 86

Pearson correlation analysis of

, 96

T-tests of

, 95

Data attribute

, 96

Data Openness Indicator

, 22–23

Data preprocessing

, 108

Data quality

, 19

by category

, 59

Data quantity for OGD

, 19

Data subject

, 93, 233–234

Data utilization

, 19, 54, 226

Data-acquisition functions

, 68

Demand side of OGD

, 24, 26, 99–100, 121

comparison model of OGD’s supply-side and demand-side

, 102–103

Demand-driven system

, 20

Demographic questionnaire

, 161

Demographics

, 73, 75, 169, 176

Diffusion of Innovation (DOI)

, 28–29, 31, 33, 100–101, 155, 224

accuracy rates of models for DOI variables

, 215

analysis of demographic background and

, 201

analysis of demographic background and DOI

, 203–204

descriptive analysis of DOI for OGD portal

, 200

models for DOI variables

, 216–217

for OGD Portal

, 195–202

process for building DOI models

, 214

questionnaire

, 162

relationship map of variables in DOI models

, 218

for virtual agent

, 202–205

Digital format

, 55, 61, 70

Digital media

, 1

Download in bulk

, 71

Easy access

, 71

Ecosystem

, 7–10

Education

, 50

Educational qualification

, 74–75, 161, 170–171

Eight Open Government Data Principles

, 19, 67–68

Environment quality

, 50

Ergonomics of Human System Interaction

, 34

Evaluation frameworks

, 39–40, 231, 233

build

, 41–45

local OGD portal

, 54

priorities of

, 54

Evaluation procedure

, 137

Evaluation study

, 12

Evaluators

, 132–137

Experiment

, 12–13

Experimental procedure

, 163–165

Experimental research method

, 12–13

Extended case method

, 11–12

External validation studies

, 13

Extrinsic motivation

, 28

Five Star Scheme

, 22–23

Fleiss’s Kappa

, 138

for principles and criteria

, 139

Force Atlas 2

, 214–215

Free of charge

, 71

Gender

, 161, 170–171

Generalizability studies

, 13

Gephi software

, 217–218

Goal model

, 12

Google

, 124

Google Scholar

, 41

Government bid

, 50

Health

, 50

Help functions

, 72, 87–88

improving

, 227

Heuristic evaluation

, 122–123

Human–computer interaction (HCI)

, 66–67, 122

Imitated OGD portal

, 158

home page of Imitated Portal

, 158

homepage of Imitated Portal with virtual agent

, 168

Information

, 1

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)

, 1, 17, 19, 67

Information retrieval

, 68

Intention–compatibility (ICP)

, 213–214

Intention–complexity (ICL)

, 213–214

Intention–observability (IOB)

, 213–214

Intention–relative advantage (IRA)

, 213–214

Intention–trialability (ITR)

, 213–214

International trade

, 50

Internet

, 1

Intrinsic motivation

, 28

“Keyword search”

, 70–72

Knowledge of OGD

, 91–92

and OGD portals

, 75

“Knowledge-based society”

, 1

Kruskal–Wallis H test

, 142

Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis

, 195–202

Lifecycle of OGD

, 20–21

Likelihood ratio

, 75, 85, 89–90

Local OGD portal

compute assessment result and carry out analysis

, 49–54

determining categories expected to disclosed by each of entities

, 49

evaluation framework

, 54

evaluation in China

, 48–54

identifying all province-level OGD portals

, 48–49

Local OGD Portal Evaluation Framework

, 51–53

selection

, 48

Local statistics

, 50

Machine-readable

, 71

Mann–Whitney U test

, 181, 183, 195, 202

of DOI and trustworthiness scales and two-task accuracy rate

, 211

of DOI for virtual agent and two-task accuracy rate

, 213

Map

, 50

Monthly Income

, 75, 161, 170–171

Motivational Model (MM)

, 28–29, 31

Multiple data collection methods

, 11–12

Mutual attentiveness

, 154

MySQL database

, 159

Normal distribution detection

, 176

Observability

, 101–104, 109–110, 117

improving and

, 224

Occupation

, 70, 74–75, 78, 87–88, 161

Occupation

, 161, 170–171

OGD Portals

, 231

analytical findings

, 114–116

case study in China

, 105–106

comparative results for supply-side and demand-side

, 111, 113

comparison model of OGD’s supply-side and demand-side

, 102–103

compatibility

, 104–105, 111–112

complexity

, 105, 113

construct operationalization

, 106–107

correlation analysis of relative advantage and compatibility

, 115

correlations between observability, relative advantage, and compatibility

, 114

data analysis and results

, 108–113

data collection

, 107–108

data preprocessing

, 108

methodology

, 105–107

modified DOI research model

, 101

modified research model

, 116

observability

, 101, 104, 109–110

online visibility of OGD portals

, 110

pragmatic implications

, 118

relative advantage

, 104, 110–111

reliability and adequacy tests

, 109

research model

, 100–105

theoretical contributions

, 117–118

OGD Users

attitudes toward OGD portal usage

, 212–218

possibility of using OGD portals

, 219–221

One-way ANOVA

, 78, 82, 186, 207

of age, education, occupation, and OGD attributes

, 82

of age, education, occupation, and OGD subjects

, 81

Portals’ average scores by

, 144–145

Online access

, 61, 70

Online smart agent

, 72

Open access

, 19, 55, 61, 70

Open Data Barometer

, 22–23, 36, 67

Open Data Census

, 41

“Open data ecosystem”

, 7–10

Open Data Index

, 22, 40

Open data initiatives

, 1–2

Open Data Monitor

, 22–23

“Open Data Policy”

, 35

Open Data Poral Requirement

, 22

Open Data Portal Index

, 22, 41

Open government data (OGD)

, 1–2, 5, 17, 20, 223, 231

acceptance and usability of

, 27–35

characteristics

, 19

chosen methodology

, 11–14

comparative analysis of international OGD

, 23–24

connecting supply side and demand side

, 224–226

contributions

, 235–237

demand side of

, 24–26

demands and utilization

, 93–96

development in China

, 35–36

DOI

, 31–33

ecosystem

, 20

ecosystem theory

, 121

evaluation

, 22–23

findings

, 237–238

future directions for OGD Portal development

, 226–228

identifying user types

, 226

impacts

, 19–20

improving compatibility

, 225

improving help functions

, 227

improving observability and trialability

, 224

increasing online visibility

, 226–227

intended contributions

, 14

lifecycle

, 21

limitations and future work

, 238–240

local governments and local OGD portals

, 26–27

portals as bridge

, 26

pragmatic implications

, 237

reducing complexity

, 225–226

reinforcing OGD characteristics

, 228

research design

, 7–11

research objectives and research questions

, 232–233

research questions

, 5–7

strengthening relative advantage

, 224–225

strengthening user interaction

, 227–228

structure and flow of selected literature review topics

, 18

structure of objectives and research questions

, 8–9

supply side of

, 20–24

TAM

, 33

technology acceptance models and theories

, 27, 29, 31

theoretical contributions

, 235–237

trustworthiness

, 33–34

usability

, 34–35

usability of OGD portals

, 122–123

users

, 24–25

utilization

, 25–26

Open innovation

, 19–20, 32

Open Knowledge Foundation

, 23, 40–41

Open Knowledge International

, 2

Open license

, 71

Openness

, 5

Operationalization, construct

, 106–107

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 21

OUR Data Index

, 22, 36

Participants

analysis of participants’ past experience with OGD and trustworthiness

, 206

knowledge of OGD and OGD Portals

, 173

socio-demographics of participants

, 170–171

Pearson chi-square testy

, 75

Pearson correlation analysis

of data acquisition and OGD attributes

, 96

of need of help and OGD attributes

, 97

Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC)

, 28

Perceived ease of use (PEOU)

, 33, 183, 186

correlation analysis of importance, PEOU and PU

, 191–195

Pearson’s correlation analysis of importance and PEOU

, 193–194

Pearson’s correlation analysis of PEOU and PU

, 198–199

Perceived usefulness (PU)

, 33, 191

correlation analysis of importance, PEOU and PU

, 191–195

descriptive analysis of TAM perceived usefulness scale

, 192

Pearson’s correlation analysis of importance and PU

, 196–197

Pearson’s correlation analysis of PEOU and PU

, 198–199

Personality

, 161

Policies and legislation

, 50

Portal visibility

, 49, 55, 109–110

Portals’ average scores

by criterion and one-way ANOVA results

, 145

by principle and one-way ANOVA results

, 144

Positivity

, 154

Posthoc pairwise comparison

, 143

Priorities of evaluation framework

, 54

Province-level OGD portals

, 48–49, 106

in China

, 56, 124

Psychological differences studies

, 13

Public administration

, 4

Public safety

, 50

Public sector information (PSI)

, 2, 17, 19

Publishing process

, 20

Qualitative research methods

, 11

Qualtrics survey software

, 157, 160

Quantitative elements of evaluation framework

, 49

Quantitative research methods

, 11

Questionnaire

demographic

, 161

DOI

, 162

Rapport

, 163

TAM

, 161–162

trustworthiness

, 162–163

“Ranking”

, 70–72

Rapport

, 154, 227–228

analysis of socio-demographic background and

, 208

creating Rapport with virtual agents

, 154

descriptive analysis of

, 206

with help pages and virtual agent

, 205–207

questionnaire

, 163

“Recommendation”

, 70–72

Recruitment

, 168–169

Refined research model

, 97

Registration

, 50

Regular

, 70–72

Reinforcing OGD characteristics

, 228

Relative advantage

, 104, 110–111, 117

strengthening

, 224–225

Reliability

, 75–76, 109, 176, 178–179

Research question

, 5, 7, 232–233

Scoring methods

, 12

Search engines

, 124

Self-administered questionnaires

, 12

Shanghai OGD Portal

, 148

Shapiro–Wilk normality test

, 176, 180

6-point Likert scale

, 163

Socio-demographic background

, 73, 75, 169, 172

characteristics

, 74

of participants

, 170–171

Sojump tool

, 72–73

SPSS modeler

, 214–215, 219

Standardized questionnaires

, 12

Supply side of OGD

, 20, 24, 39, 121

AHP in evaluation

, 45–47

build evaluation framework

, 41–45

case study in China

, 55–61

comparison by category

, 58–61

comparison by portal

, 55

comparison model of OGD’s supply-side and demand-side

, 102–103

comparison of OGD Portal Evaluation Frameworks

, 42

correlation analysis of contexts and number of datasets

, 61

data accessibility by category

, 59

data quality by category

, 59

derive priorities for evaluation elements

, 47

description of cases for supply-side

, 107

evaluation aspects of frameworks and principles

, 43–44

evaluation of local OGD portals in China

, 48–54

evaluation results

, 57

local OGD portal evaluation framework

, 54

methodology

, 40–54

priorities of evaluation framework

, 54

province-level OGD portals in China

, 56

results and findings

, 54–61

Supply-side development

, 5

Survey design

, 70–72

Survey research

, 12

System model

, 12

System-oriented evaluation

, 12–14

T-Tests

of citizens’ knowledge of OGD and OGD attributes

, 83–84

of data-acquisition methods and OGD attributes

, 95

of OGD utilization purposes and demands for OGD subjects

, 94

of TAM scales and two-task accuracy rate

, 210

Task accuracy

analysis by

, 207–212

Chi-Square tests of demographic background and two-task accuracy rate

, 209

Mann–Whitney U tests of

, 211

T-tests of Rapport scales and

, 212

T-tests of TAM scales and two-task accuracy rate

, 210

Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)

, 28–29, 31, 33, 155

analysis

, 181–195

analysis of PEOU and OGD and OGD Portal experience variables

, 189–190

analysis of PEOU and socio-demographic variables

, 187–188

correlation analysis of importance, PEOU and PU

, 191–195

descriptive analysis of TAM importance scale

, 184

descriptive analysis of TAM PEOU

, 185

importance scale

, 183

PEOU

, 183–186

perceived usefulness scale

, 191

questionnaire

, 161–162

and theories

, 27–31

Ten Principles for Opening Up Government Information

, 67–68

Ten-item personality inventory (TIPI)

, 161

Text to Speech (TTS)

, 159

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

, 28–29, 31

Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)

, 28–29, 31, 33–34, 162–163

Theory-driven comparative study

, 13–14

Transportation

, 50

Trialability

, 101–103

improving and

, 224

Trust model

, 155–156

Trust tendency

, 176–177

Trustworthiness

, 33–34, 155, 205

analysis of participants’ past experience with OGD and trustworthiness

, 206

questionnaire

, 162–163

UK Public Data Principles

, 67–68

Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)

, 28–29, 31

United Kingdom’s Public Data Principles

, 19

Unity 3D

, 159

Up to date (OGD attributes)

, 71

Update regularly

, 71

Usability

, 34–35, 121–123

average values for principles and criteria

, 140–141

comparison of portals

, 142–146

comparisons by principle and criterion

, 138–142

criteria for usability principles

, 133–137

data collection and analysis

, 137–138

development of evaluation criteria

, 132

evaluation

, 234–236

evaluation procedure

, 137

evaluators

, 132–137

extension of usability principles

, 125

Fleiss’s Kappa

, 138

methodology

, 124–138

of OGD

, 27–35

of OGD portals

, 122–123

Portals’ average scores

, 144–145

results

, 138–146

selection of OGD portals

, 124

Shanghai OGD Portal

, 148

Usefulness

, 121–122

User interaction, strengthening

, 227–228

User-centered design

, 66–67

Utilization purpose

, 68, 70, 73, 85

Validity

, 176, 178–179

Virtual agent

, 88, 90, 152, 154, 227–228

advantages

, 153–154

analysis by task accuracy

, 207–212

Big Five Personality dimensions and trust tendency

, 176

changes to experimental design

, 167–168

completion of tasks

, 181–182

conversational

, 159–160

creating Rapport with

, 154

DOI for

, 202–205

experimental design

, 156–157

experimental environment

, 160–161

experimental materials

, 157–161

experimental procedure

, 163–165

imitated OGD portal

, 158

instruments

, 161–163

integrated research model

, 155

knowledge of OGD and OGD portals

, 172

methodology

, 154–169

normal distribution detection

, 176

OGD Portal, DOI for

, 195–202

OGD Users’ attitudes toward OGD portal usage

, 212–218

OGD Users’ possibility of using OGD portals

, 219–220

participants and demographics

, 169–176

participants’ knowledge of OGD and OGD Portals

, 173

pilot study

, 165–168

playing of computer games

, 172–176

Rapport with help pages and

, 205–207

recruitment

, 168–169

reliability and validity

, 176, 178–179

results and analysis

, 169–212

socio-demographic background

, 169–172

TAM analysis

, 181–195

theoretical model

, 155–156

trustworthiness

, 205

usage frequency of OGD and OGD Portals

, 174

useable OGD portal

, 151–152

Visibility

increasing online visibility

, 226–227

online visibility of OGD portals

, 110

portal

, 49, 55, 109–110

Vivek Kundra’s 10 principles for improving federal transparency

, 19

Weather

, 50, 58

Web 2. 0 technologies

, 1

WebGL programs

, 159–160

WeChat

, 72–73

Weibo

, 72–73, 169