Accountability theory

, 63, 67

Accounting-based measures

, 4, 82

Africa, sustainability reporting in

, 177–182

Agency costs

, 61–62

Agency theory

, 61, 98–99

Agriculture and food industries sector, sustainability reporting in

, 120–123

Augmented Dicky–Fuller test (ADF test)

, 20–21

Autocorrelation

, 20–21

Banks and financial services sector

, 136–143

Benefits of sustainability reporting

, 77

Bloomberg ESG index

, 151–152

Breusch–Pagan test

, 21

Capitalization

, 111

Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES)

, 47

Control variables

, 7–11

Corporate environmental sustainability

, 30–31

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

, 7, 15, 43, 129–131

empirical studies

, 97–98

history of corporate social responsibility reporting

, 44

risks

, 95–96

Corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD)

, 95–96

on banks’ performance

, 96

descriptive analysis and correlation

, 102–105

empirical analysis

, 105–112

practices

, 96

theoretical framework and hypotheses development

, 98–101

variables

, 102

Cost of capital

, 78

Costs of sustainability reporting

, 77–78

Country specific variables

, 11

Cross-sector research

, 119

Cross-sector studies

, 4

Cross-sectorial research

, 174

Descriptive design

, 12–13

Durbin–Watson test (DW test)

, 21

Economic policy, theory of

, 35

Economic sustainability

, 34

Economic theory

, 34

Empirical studies

, 97–98

Energy sector, sustainability reporting in

, 123–127

Environmental, social and governance (ESG)

, 2, 35, 37, 79, 82–83, 173

in developed countries

, 139–141

disclosure

, 4–5, 55, 168

effect

, 138

integration

, 2–3

issues

, 64

methods of ESG measurement

, 8–10

policy

, 169

Environmental disclosure

, 8, 10, 31

Environmental reporting, history of

, 44–47

Environmental score

, 7

Environmental sustainability

, 30

Europe, sustainability reporting in

, 167–173

Financial leverage (FL)

, 7, 11

Financial performance

, 6, 57

Firm sustainability

, 29–30

economic dimension

, 34–35

environmental dimension

, 30–31

governance dimension

, 32–34

interdependence of sustainability dimensions

, 35–37

social dimension

, 32

Firm(s)

, 2

firm-country perspective

, 68

firm-government perspective

, 67

firm-society perspective

, 68

firm-specific variables

, 7

firm-stakeholder’s perspective

, 67

performance

, 6–7, 31–35, 37

Fixed-effect approach (FE approach)

, 170

Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)

, 2, 47

development

, 48

Standards

, 49

Governance

, 33

disclosure

, 8, 10, 33–34

score

, 7

Greenhouse gases emissions (GHGs emissions)

, 129–130

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 72, 129–130, 144

Hausman Test

, 170

Hypothesis development

, 11–12

Institutional quality (IQ)

, 98

Instrumental stakeholder theory (IST)

, 97

Integrated reporting

framework

, 43

history of

, 50

International Integrated Reporting Council Committee (IIRC)

, 43, 50

IV-GMM

, 101–104, 139, 142

descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients

, 106

regression results

, 107–108

Jarque–Bera test

, 19

Koenker test

, 21

Legitimacy theory

, 63, 68, 71, 135–136

Manufacturing sector

, 129–136

Market measures

, 4, 82

Market performance

, 7, 57

Mathematical models

, 14–15

Middle East and North Africa countries (MENA countries)

, 173

sustainability reporting in

, 173–177

Moderating variable

, 55, 57–59

Multi-group analysis (MGA)

, 126–127

Neoclassical economics

, 34–35

Neoclassical theory

, 83–84

Nonlinear models

, 153–155

Normality test

, 19

OLS

, 101

regression

, 139–140

Operational performance

, 6, 57

Panel fixed-effect regression

, 101–102

Partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM)

, 126

Phenomenological methodology

, 13

Political-economy theory

, 64, 68, 71–72

Positive accounting theory

, 64–65

Positivistic research paradigm

, 13

Primary sectors

agriculture and food industries sector

, 120–123

energy sector

, 123–127

sustainability reporting in

, 120–127

Public governance

, 111

Quantitative research

, 13

Random-effects approach (RE approach)

, 170

Reliability

, 15–19

Research design

, 12–14

Research methodology

, 14–21

data collection

, 15

data diagnostics

, 19

mathematical models

, 14–15

models diagnostics

, 21

reliability and validity

, 15–19

sample selection

, 15

variables diagnostics

, 19–21

Research paradigms

, 13–14

Resource-based theory

, 30–31, 64

Retail sector

, 144–146

Return on assets (ROA)

, 6, 71, 82, 102, 138

Return on equity (ROE)

, 4, 71, 82, 102, 138

Secondary research

, 13

Secondary sectors

manufacturing sector

, 129–136

sustainability reporting in

, 128–136

Shareholder expense theory

, 65

Signalling theory

, 64

Slack resource theory

, 65

Social disclosure

, 8, 10, 32

Social score

, 7

Social sustainability

, 32

Socially responsible investment (SRI)

, 138

Stakeholder theory

, 30–31, 62, 67, 70–71, 99

Structural equation modelling

, 126–127

Sustainability. See also Firm sustainability

, 29–30

interdependence of sustainability dimensions

, 35–37

Sustainability disclosure

, 1, 35, 37, 119

benefits of sustainability reporting

, 77–79

costs of sustainability reporting

, 77–79

Sustainability reporting

, 1–2, 7, 37, 43, 81

in Africa

, 177–182

assign theories to perspective

, 66–68

assign variables to theories

, 70–72

conceptual model

, 5–12

different perspectives on

, 66

in Europe

, 167–173

and financial performance

, 82–84

history

, 47–49

history of corporate social responsibility reporting

, 44

history of environmental reporting

, 44–47

history of integrated reporting

, 50

integrating theories

, 68–70

literature gap

, 2–5

and market performance

, 84–85

in Mena

, 173–177

negative relationship between firm performance and

, 87

neutral relationship between firm performance and

, 87–89

and operational performance

, 82–83

positive relationship between firm performance and

, 85–87

practical contributions

, 22

in primary sectors

, 120–127

in secondary sectors

, 128–136

in tertiary sectors

, 136–155

theoretical contributions

, 22

theoretical framework

, 65–72

theories against

, 65

theories supporting

, 61–65

Sustainability reporting law (SRL)

, 57

mandatory law and regulations

, 53, 56–57

relationship between environmental, social and governance and firm’s performance

, 58–59

on relationship between sustainability reporting and firm’s performance

, 57–58

Sustainable development goals (SDGs)

, 120

Sustainable Stock Exchange (SSE)

, 168

Telecommunication and information technology sector

, 146–150

Tertiary sectors

banks and financial services sector

, 136–143

retail sector

, 144–146

sustainability reporting in

, 136–155

telecommunication and information technology sector

, 146–150

tourism sector

, 150–155

Tobin’s Q (TQ)

, 7, 71, 82, 84, 102, 135, 138

Too-little-of-a-good-thing effect (TLGT)

, 153–154

Too-much-of-a-good-thing effect (TMGT)

, 153–154

Total assets (TA)

, 7

Tourism sector

, 150–155

Trade-off theory

, 65

Triple-bottom-line (TBL)

, 47

Two-stage least squares (2SLS)

, 101–102

United Nations (UN)

, 168

United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP)

, 2

United Nations Global Compact (UN Global Compact)

, 1–2

Validity

, 15–19

Value creation

, 78

Variables

, 102

Variance inflation factor (VIF)

, 19–20