Actors

, 25–27, 33

Africa

, 2–3, 25–26

Gaddafi’s Pragmatic Engagement in

, 61–64

territorial size in

, 38

United States’ intervention in

, 34

Africa-France summits

, 81

African Union (AU)

, 63

AFRICOM

, 34

Agricultural reform

, 104

Agriculture

, 105

Alliance of Democratic Forces for Liberation of Congo-Zaire (AFDL)

, 30, 36

Alliance of Democratic Forces for Liberation of Zaire (ADFL)

, 41–42

Ana Magdalena Figueroa

foreign interventions impact on democracy

, 2–3

third wave of democratisation

, 1

ANC (African liberation movement)

, 58

Army

, 87

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

, 117

Attacks

, 86

Authoritarian

, 6

regimes

, 1, 71, 75–76, 87

rulers

, 1

Balkans

, 9

Barcelona Process

, 67

Bechtel

, 42

Berlin Conference

, 94

Black Africa

, 82–85

Brazil

, 58

BrazzaNews

, 87–88

Bretton Woods Institutions

, 30–31

Brutal arrests

, 86

Burundi

, 30, 35–36, 40–41

Caleb International

, 42

Cameroon

, 88–89

Capitalism

, 27

CEN-SAD

, 63

Central Africa

, 82, 89–90

with special focus on Republic of Benin

, 82–85

Central African Republic

, 89

Central America

, 9–10

Chad

, 90

China

, 58

interventionism patterns from

, 102–105

China Global Investment Tracker

, 111, 113

China–Andean Community

, 117

China–Latin America Forum

, 117

China–South American Common Market Dialogue

, 117

Chinese Communist Party

, 108

Chinese economy

, 110

Chinese intervention in world markets

, 109–111

Chinese interventionism in Latin America

, 106

Chinese military interventionism in Latin America

, 105–109

Citizenship

, 9–10

Civil wars

, 89

Clandestine networks

, 32–33, 42–43

Clientelism

, 90

Cold War

, 6, 10

Colonial powers

, 79

Colonialism

, 79

Communist Party of China (CPC)

, 105

Comparative analysis of French-speaking blocks of black Africa

, 82–85

Conflict

, 7, 36, 70, 79–80

Congo-Brazzaville

, 87–88

Congolese Society for Exploitation of Timber (SOCEBO)

, 40–41

Consensualism

, 86–87

Conservative Party

, 103

1991 Constitution

, 85

1992 Constitution

, 87

Control variables

, 10, 114

Cooperation

, 65–66, 81

Corporations

, 27

Corruption

, 32

Coup d'état

, 79–80, 84, 87–88, 93

Crimes

, 9, 97

Data

, 7, 9, 11

Dataset

, 5–10

De facto

, 80–81

Defense modernizations

, 105

Deliberative democracy

, 111, 113–114

Democracies leaders

, 8

Democracy

, 1–3, 11, 25–26, 101–102

deliberative

, 113

egalitarian

, 113

electoral

, 112

liberal

, 6, 113

maximalist conception of

, 9–10

participatory

, 113

Democratic continuum

, 102

Democratic institutions

, 6–9, 21, 102

Democratic leaders

, 6

Democratic process in Francophone Central Africa

, 85–90

Cameroon

, 88–89

Central Africa

, 89–90

Chad

, 90

Congo-Brazzaville

, 87–88

Gabon

, 88

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

, 5–6, 26, 34–35

case in post–cold war period

, 35–38

from intervention to systematic and clandestine pillage of DRC’s natural resources

, 38–43

Democratic salvation

, 92

Democratic transitions

, 82

Democratization

, 8, 83–84

Department of Defense of United States

, 108

Dependency theory

, 30

Dependent variables

, 56, 112–113

Development

, 1, 65

Dictatorship of proletariat

, 105

Dodds Law

, 103–104

Domestic constituencies

, 6, 85

Dominant theory

, 1

Economic interests

, 7–8

Economic intervention

, 101–102, 111

Economics downsides of foreign intervention in Libya

, 71–72

Egalitarian democracy

, 111, 113–114

Elections

, 2, 88

Electoral democracy

, 111–112, 114

Electoral process

, 10, 14–15

Empowerment of civil service organizations

, 1

Ethnic cleansing

, 86

Ethnic discrimination

, 86

EU–Libya Framework Agreement

, 65–66

Europe

, 57, 75–76

European Union (EU)

, 65–66

Exporting democracy

, 56

Failed state

, 72–73

Falkland war

, 103

Foreign interventions

, 1–2

in Libya

, 55

Foreign military interventions

, 5–6

in international politics

, 6

in Latin America

, 103

Foreign policy

, 7

Formal actors

, 32

Framework Agreement

, 65–66

France

, 1, 68

France-Africa

, 81

comparative analysis of French-speaking blocks of Black Africa

, 82–85

lack of consensual and peaceful political system

, 90–93

mapping main types of conflicts in Africa

, 80

slow evolution of democratic process in Francophone Central Africa

, 85–90

Freedom of opinion

, 86

Freedom of press

, 86

French Air Forces

, 57

French constitutional model

, 90–91

French Revolution

, 81

Fundamental Law

, 88

Gabon

, 88

Gabonese Constitution (1991)

, 84

Gabonese Democratic Party

, 88

Gaddafi regime

, 55, 61

GDP growth

, 114

Generalized methods of moments (GMM)

, 10

Genocide

, 9, 35, 79–80

Global war on terror (GWOT)

, 34

Globalization

meaning and types of intervention in

, 28–35

new strategies of waging wars in interventionism in post–cold war period

, 33–35

rise of none-state actors and challenge of state in

, 30–33

Government

, 1, 72

Great rejuvenation of Chinese nation

, 108

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 110

Historical accounts

, 111

Human evolution

, 55

Human rights

, 2–3, 9, 25–26

in Africa

, 86–87

Human Rights Watch

, 33

Human societies

, 55

Humanitarian. See also Authoritarian

, 9

of foreign intervention in Libya

, 71–72

interventions

, 26, 56

Incentives for military interventions

, 7, 21

Incestuous relations

, 81

Independence

, 80–81

Independent variables

, 56, 113–114

Index

, 112

Indigenous peoples

, 79

Industrial fields

, 63

Industry

, 105

Informal actors

, 31–32, 44

Information, communication and technology (ICT)

, 30–31

Institutions

, 21

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

, 40

International law of human rights

, 29

International military interventions

, 9–10

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 104

International non-governmental organizations (INGOs)

, 40

Interpretive design

, 28

Intervention by invitation or consent

, 29

Interventionism

, 32

in Africa

, 28

individuals and companies involved in illegal exploitation of DRC

, 50, 52–53

from intervention to systematic and clandestine pillage of DRC’s natural resources

, 38–43

meaning and types of intervention in globalization

, 28–35

methodology and theoretical framework

, 28

patterns from United States and China

, 102–105

proxy wars and intervention

, 35–38

Western multinational companies

, 48–50

Investments

, 63

Iraq

, 5–6, 26, 69

Israeli parliamentary system

, 92

Italian colonial occupation

, 58

Italian Constitution (1948)

, 91

Italian Fundamental Law

, 91

Italian North Africa

, 58

Just cause principles

, 56–57

Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS)

, 43

Kleptocracy

, 32

Latin America

, 106–107

Chinese intervention effect on democracy in

, 115–116

Chinese intervention in world markets

, 109–111

Chinese military interventionism in

, 105–109

foreign military interventions in

, 103

hypothesis

, 111

literature review

, 102–111

methodology

, 111–114

military or economic intervention

, 101–102

patterns of interventionism from United States and China in

, 102–105

results

, 114–118

variables

, 112–114

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)

, 107

Leaders of civil society

, 86

Liberal democracy

, 6, 9, 111, 113–114

Libya

foreign intervention in

, 55

Gaddafi’s pragmatic engagement in Africa

, 61–64

historical landscape of Libya–Western powers relationships

, 58–61

humanitarian and economics downsides of foreign intervention in Libya

, 71–72

literature review

, 56–58

main military intervening actors in Libya

, 68–71

post-foreign intervention in

, 56

power politics of unfinished business

, 64–68

from stable to failing state

, 72–74

Lusaka cease-fire agreement

, 37

Market

, 42

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

, 110

Massacres of populations

, 86

Maximalist conception of democracy

, 9–10

Military intervening actors in Libya

, 68–71

Military interventionism

, 113–114

Military interventions. See also Foreign military interventions

, 8, 14–15, 101–102

basic model for estimation

, 11

data and methodology

, 9–11

descriptive statistics

, 23–24

GMM estimation, long run

, 20

GMM estimation results, short run

, 18

incentives for

, 15–21

random effects estimation

, 19

random effects estimation results, short run

, 16–17

results

, 14–15

theoretical considerations and hypotheses

, 8–9

Military-Civil Fusion Development Strategy

, 109

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

, 29–30

Minerals

, 36–38

Modern constitutionalism

, 81

Modus operandi

, 26

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

, 103

Mouvement de Libération du Congo (MLC)

, 37

Multilateral intervention of United States

, 26

National Constituent Assembly (1990)

, 83

Neo-colonial structures

, 81

Neo-colonialist project

, 68–69

Neo-patrimonial approach

, 32

Neo-patrimonialism

, 32

Neutral and supportive interventions

, 6

No-fly zone (NFZ)

, 56

Oil discovery in Libya

, 59

Opaque smuggling

, 40

Operation

, 38, 68

Opposition

, 2, 83

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries (OECD countries)

, 43

Organization of African Unity (OAU)

, 61

Organization of American States (OAS)

, 117

P.D.G.. See Gabonese Democratic Party

Pan-Africanism

, 60–61

Participation

, 9

Participatory democracy

, 111, 113–114

Peace

, 26, 28, 88

Peaceful political system

, 90–93

People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF)

, 109

People’s Liberation Army Army (PLAA)

, 109

People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN)

, 109

People’s Liberation Army Rocket Force (PLARF)

, 109

Policy

, 6

Political instability

, 89

Political leader

, 8

Political power

, 33, 92

Political regimes

, 8

Political system

, 92

Politics

, 5–6

Polity IV

, 111

Population

, 114

Post’-foreign intervention in Libya

, 56

Post–cold war period

DRC case in

, 35–38

waging wars in interventionism in

, 33–35

Power politics of unfinished business

, 64–68

Power-holding entities

, 55

Pragmatism

, 62

Preemption

, 26

Preemptive intervention

, 29–30

Private military contractors (PMCs)

, 42

Private service

, 34–35

Privatization

, 34

Proxy wars and intervention

, 35–38

R2P

, 56

Radicals

, 27

Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie (RCD)

, 36

Regime

, 25–26

Relationship

, 7, 65–66

Republic of Congo

, 87

Republic of Gabon

, 85

Resources smuggling

, 40

Responsibility

, 9

Responsibility to protect (R2P)

, 29–30

Revolution in military affairs (RMA)

, 33

Ribalism

, 86

Right authority and proper authorization principles

, 57

Roosevelt corollary

, 103

Rwanda

, 9, 30

Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF)

, 35–36

Sadam Hussein in Iraq

, 26

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)

, 62

Science and technology

, 105

Security Council Resolution

, 55

Seismic corruption

, 90

Selectorate Theory

, 7–8, 21

Sirte Declaration

, 63

Smuggling clandestine networks

, 32–33

Social phenomenon

, 28

Socialism

, 59

Socialist principles

, 105

Soldiers

, 2

Sovereign states

, 9

Stability

, 2

Stable nation

, 55

States

, 2

Statistical analysis of data

, 111–112

Strategic interventions

, 9

Strategic Support Force (SSF)

, 109

Superpower

, 6, 34

Syria

, 32, 60

Target state

citizens in

, 6

democratic institutions in

, 7

for humanitarian

, 7

Taylor, Charles

, 2

Technology

, 42–43

Terrorism

, 1

Third wave of democratisation’

, 1

Trade

, 114

Traditional African society

, 86–87

Troops

, 2

Uganda

, 30, 37

Uganda People’s Defence Force (UPDF)

, 40

Umbilical cord’

, 81

UN Security Council (SC)

, 29

Unfinished business

, 60

power politics of

, 64–68

Union for Mediterranean (UfM)

, 67

Union Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

, 27

UNITA

, 36

United Nations (UN)

, 9, 26

United States, interventionism patterns from

, 102–105

Unity policy

, 59

US Department of Defense

, 34

V-Dem dataset

, 111

Variables

, 112–114

control

, 114

dependent

, 112–113

independent

, 113–114

Violation

, 55, 91

Waging wars in interventionism in post–cold war period

, 33–35

War

, 1, 37

West Africa Conference. See Berlin Conference

West Africa with special focus on Republic of Benin

, 82–85

Westphalia conception

, 29

World Development Indicators

, 111

Zimbabwe Defence Forces (ZDF)

, 40–41