Aesthetic plastic surgery

, 211

Age categorization

, 58–59

Agricultural business activities

, 220

Agritismo

, 224

Agritourism

, 222–224, 232

development in Greece

, 224–228

“Agrotourism and agribusiness” specialization of EPAS MERA

, 172–173

Airbnb

, 83

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

, 192

Apprenticeship Grade

, 161

Artisanal entrepreneurship

, 243–244

Assisted hatching (AH)

, 212

Association of Women Entrepreneurs of Greece (SEGE)

, 225, 227

Atomistic management

, 2

Bartlett’s sphericity test

, 190

Bed and breakfast model

, 222–223

Best practices

, 279–280

Bias

, 154–155

Blastocyst transfer

, 212

Center for Equality Research

, 227

Change/breakdown

, 123–125

Chief executive officer (CEO)

, 269

Chiredzi Rural District Council (CRDC)

, 97–98

Community-based tourism (CBT)

, 81, 93–94

“Consolidation of rural tourism Corridor” Rutas Program

, 279–280

Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

, 11–12

Cooperatives

, 220, 226

Coordinating Committee of European Cooperative Organizations (CCACE)

, 226

Corporate climate (CC)

, 184

Craft tourism

, 102

Cronbach’s alpha

, 138, 190

Cruise

activity

, 39

industry

, 46

ship

, 37–40

Cruise tourism. See also Medical tourism

implications

, 47

literature review

, 40–42

negative effects of

, 39

popularity

, 39–40

Cruising

, 37

growth

, 38–39

sustainability in

, 45–46

“Culinary art” specialization

, 174

of EPAS OAED

, 173

Cultural heritage

, 243–244, 247

Customer satisfaction

, 55

in hospitality

, 57–58

Cypriot Agritourism Company

, 224

Dark tourism

, 243–244

Destination community

, 131

Domestic tourism

, 235–236

Economic globalization

, 11

Education systems

, 160

Egg donation

, 212

Elective medical tourism

, 206

ELSTAT

, 162

Embroidery

, 244

Emergency health incidents, management of

, 205

Emotional intelligence

, 27

EntreComp framework classification

, 21–22

Entrepreneurial activities

, 101–103

Entrepreneurial behaviors

, 12–13

Entrepreneurial leadership

, 12–13

Entrepreneurs

, 13

entrepreneur–community interactions

, 105–107

Entrepreneurship

, 219, 237–238

competence framework

, 13

education

, 159

process

, 94

EPAL MERA

, 163–171

“tourism management assistant” specialization of

, 171

EPAL programs

, 161

EPAS MERA

, 171–173

“agrotourism and agribusiness” specialization of

, 172–173

“hotel and food services” specialization of

, 172

EPAS OAED

, 161–162, 173–174

all tourism-related specializations

, 173

“culinary art” specialization of

, 173

“hotel and food services” specialization of

, 174

“hotel business” specialization of

, 173

“pastry and baking” specialization of

, 173

Equal Initiative of EU

, 228

Escape

, 115–117

EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (2000)

, 12

Europe, tourism in

, 82–83

European Economic Community (EEC)

, 225–226

European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE)

, 13–14

European Qualifications Framework (EQF)

, 161

European strategy

, 268

European Union (EU)

, 222, 265

Evidence-based tourism female career constraints

, 18–20

External therapy

, 210

Family business

, 219, 242–243

“Farm and Ranch Hospitality” tourism activity

, 223

Farmhouse holidays model

, 222–223

Favoritism

, 154–155

Female employees and GC

, 185–187

Female entrepreneurial experience

, 1–2

Female entrepreneurial networks in tourism industry

, 248–252

Female entrepreneurship

, 43, 236–237, 257

best practices

, 279–280

comparative analysis on world regions

, 263–279

comparative analysis within countries of Mediterranean region

, 270–279

effective female entrepreneurship leadership attributes in field of tourism

, 24–27

framework

, 1–2

literature review

, 258–263

policy recommendations

, 281–282

research context and methodology

, 263–279

responsible female entrepreneurship in tourism

, 242–248

sustainable regional development

, 242–248

in tourism

, 1

tourism and

, 237–242

Female leadership

, 151

Female solo travel

, 113–114, 118

Female tourism entrepreneurs

, 21–24

Feminism

, 286–287

5-star hotel

, 61

“Focus on Women” tour operator

, 279–280

Food and beverage (F&B)

, 190

Food operations

, 102

4-point Likert scale

, 61

4-star hotel

, 61

Frayed careers

, 79–80

Freedom/independence

, 117, 119–120

Frozen embryo transfer

, 212

Fun/adventure

, 123

Game changers

, 25

Gender

, 76

approaches to

, 292–293

benefits in tourism sustainability

, 287–288

conceptualization

, 293–295

in cruise

, 42–45

equal pay

, 12

gender-based violence

, 75–76

gender-equal economy

, 266

gendered relationships

, 39

issues

, 286–287

pay gap

, 85

preferences

, 39

prejudice in organizations

, 240

stereotypes

, 266

stereotyping and impacts to tourism

, 79–80

variance

, 237–238

Gender differences

, 129–130

demographic features of female and male respondents

, 137

findings

, 138–141

measurement

, 137–138

participants

, 132–136

tourism impacts, residents’ perceptions and support

, 131–133, 136

Gender discrimination

, 76–77

and pay gap in tourism labour market

, 84–85

Gender equality

, 42, 257–258

case of tourism

, 13–14

contribution of tourism to

, 80–81

data extraction

, 16

data sources

, 15

entrepreneurial leadership

, 12–13

implications for practice/policy

, 30–31

inclusion and exclusion criteria

, 15–16

objectives

, 15

process of study selection

, 16

results

, 16–27

and women’s entrepreneurial leadership in tourism

, 11–12

Gender gap

in employment and wages

, 159–160

in tourism

, 87

General Secretariat for Gender Equality

, 227

German Agricultural Society (GLG)

, 224

Glass ceiling (GC)

, 183–184

dealing with GC phenomenon

, 187

female employees and

, 185–187

frequency

, 184

in hospitality industry

, 184–185

Global Code of Ethics for Responsible Tourism

, 257

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)

, 221–222, 225–226

Global Gender Gap Index

, 78–79

Global Report on Women in Tourism 2010

, 14, 42

Globalization

, 11

Gonarezhou National Park (GNP)

, 99

Government

, 238

Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park (GLTP)

, 99

Greece

agritourism development in

, 224–228

medical tourism in

, 208–209

women’s cooperatives in

, 220

Greek Civil Code (GCC)

, 213

Greek Mediterranean Integrated Programs

, 228

Greek National Authority of Assisted Reproduction

, 212

Green Movement

, 7, 285, 296

Greening

, 288–289

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 13–14, 258, 261

Hate people

, 122–123

Horizon Europe European Innovation Council

, 268

Hospitality

, 55, 68, 75–76

industry

, 183

limitations

, 200–201

literature review

, 184–187

organizations

, 150

research findings

, 190–197

research goals

, 190

sample and data collection

, 189–190

survey instrument

, 187–189

“Hotel and food services” specialization

, 174–175

of EPAS MERA

, 172

of EPAS OAED

, 174

“Hotel business” specialization of EPAS OAED

, 173

Hotels, Catering and Tourism (HCT)

, 82

Human resource development (HRD)

, 15, 30

Hydrotherapy

, 210

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

, 212

Industry

, 78–79

Information technology (IT)

, 238

Innovation

, 26–27

Institutes of Vocational Training (IEK)

, 161, 174

Integrated Rural Development Programs (OPAHA)

, 226

Intended parents (IPs)

, 214

Internal therapy

, 210

International Labor Organization (ILO)

, 14, 81, 282

International organizations

, 220

International tourism

, 37, 235–236

Internationalization

, 78

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

, 212

Intrauterine insemination (IUI)

, 212

InvestEU programme

, 268

Joint Commission International (JCI)

, 217

Jordanian culture

, 155–156

Jordanian hospitality sector

, 149, 153–154

Julius Nyerere international convention centre

, 77

Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure of sampling

, 190

Kefraya

, 243–244

Kruger National Park (KNP)

, 99, 102

Ksara

, 243–244

La Maison de L’Artisan center

, 244

LEADER I program

, 226

Leaders’ professionalism

, 150–151

Leadership

, 12–13, 150

styles

, 151

Lebanese territory

, 243–244

Lebanon

, 236, 245–246

artisanal entrepreneurship

, 243–244

tourism sector in

, 241–242

Lifestyle-oriented entrepreneurs

, 238

Makuleke communities, rural women in

, 97–99

Makuleke Community Centre (MCC)

, 107

Male tourism entrepreneurs

, 21–24

Maltese Equality Mark

, 280

Medical tourism

, 205

aesthetic plastic surgery

, 211

characteristics

, 206

in Greece

, 208–209

Greek advantages

, 209–210

medically assisted reproduction

, 211–213

products

, 209–215

surrogacy

, 213–215

thermal spring baths

, 210–211

trends in international market

, 207–208

Medically assisted reproduction (MAR)

, 211–213

Meeting new people

, 118, 121

Mercer Consulting Group

, 55

Methodological assessment

, 18

Modern cruising

, 37

Modern tourism

, 235–236

MOP Aegean

, 228

MOP Attica

, 228

MOP Crete

, 228

MOP Eastern-Central Greece

, 228

MOP Informatics

, 228

MOP Macedonia-Thrace

, 228

MOP Western Greece-Peloponnese

, 228

Motherhood

, 219

Motivation of solo travellers

, 114–117, 120

“Mouftah al Sharq” in Lebanon

, 236

Multicollinearity

, 65

National Commission for the Promotion of Equality in Malta

, 280

National Tourism Organizations (NTOs)

, 281

Nature-based entrepreneurship

, 247

Netnography

, 118–119

Networking

, 14, 248, 250

Networks

, 248

relationships

, 25

New cultures

, 123

No one to travel with

, 120–121

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)

, 82–83, 95, 279–280

Non-traditional tourism

, 86

Occupational segregation

, 184

Older traveller

, 58–59

Online communication

, 118–119

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 183

“Pastry and baking” specialization

, 174

of EPAS OAED

, 173

Peace/relaxation

, 123

People or social line

, 286

Personal motivators

, 115

Personal networks

, 248

Pilgrimage

, 235–236

Planet or environmental line

, 286

Poverty

, 78–79

Principal component analysis

, 190, 193–194

Profit, planet, and people (three Ps)

, 288–289

Profit or economic line

, 286

Quality of life

, 103–104

Regional entrepreneurship

, 224–225

Regression analysis

, 65, 141

Rural tourism. See also Medical tourism

, 83, 244–245

Rural women

, 93

case study context

, 99–100

entrepreneur–community interactions

, 105–107

entrepreneurial activities

, 101–103

lived experiences

, 94

profiling participants

, 100–101

quality of life

, 103–104

results

, 100–107

in Sengwe and Makuleke communities

, 97–99

theoretical framework

, 94

tourism enterprises in rural Africa

, 94–97

work–family balance

, 105

Saint Petersburg, tourism in

, 59–61

Satisfaction

, 57–58

Seasonality of tourist activities

, 240

Secondary vocational tourism education

data

, 162

data analysis and methodology

, 162–163

EPAL MERA

, 163–171

limitations

, 178–179

results

, 163–175

secondary vocational education in Greece

, 163

tourism education and training in secondary level in Greece

, 161–162

Self-discovery and actualization

, 121–122

Self-empowerment

, 118

Self-enhancement/self-actualization

, 118

Sengwe communities, rural women in

, 97–99

Senior customer satisfaction in hospitality

, 56

data analysis

, 63

limitations

, 70

literature review

, 57–61

results

, 63–68

sample and data collection

, 61–63

Senior travelers

, 55–56, 58–59

Service innovation behavior

, 27

Sex

, 76

Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV)

, 75–76

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

, 14

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

, 237–238, 268

Small-scale tourism

, 86

Social, environmental, and economic responsibility and sustainability (SEERS)

, 24

Social discriminatory stereotypes

, 268

Social empowerment

, 78–79

Social exchange theory (SET)

, 4–5, 129–130

Society

, 290

Solo female travellers

, 113

literature review

, 114–118

research design

, 118–119

results

, 119–125

South African flag

, 102

South East Europe Women Business Network project (SEEWBAN project)

, 225

Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS)

, 63, 189–190

Stereotypes

, 183

Strategic alliances

, 25

Students’ enrollments

in EPAL and EPAS MERA

, 175

in EPAS MT

, 176

in EPAS OAED

, 175–176

Sub-Saharan view of tourism

, 77

Surgical sperm retrieval

, 212

Surrogacy

, 213–215

Sustainability

, 39–40, 257–258, 285–286

approaches to

, 290–291

in cruising

, 45–46

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 257–258

Sustainable entrepreneurship

, 246–247

Sustainable tourism

, 39–40, 45–46, 242–243, 286, 291–292

SWOT analysis

, 247–250

Thana-tourism

, 243–244

Thermal spring baths

, 210–211

3-star hotel

, 61

Tourism

, 75–76, 159, 205, 235–236

activities

, 93

approaches to sustainability in

, 291–292

career barriers and constraints

, 18–21

case of

, 13–14

conceptualization

, 293–295

contribution of tourism to gender equality

, 80–81

education and training in secondary level in Greece

, 161–162

effective female entrepreneurship leadership attributes in field of

, 24–27

employment

, 80, 238, 240

enterprises in rural Africa

, 94–97

entrepreneurs

, 236

in Europe

, 82–83

and female entrepreneurship

, 237–242

gender stereotyping and impacts to

, 79–80

labor market

, 159–160

management assistant specialization of EPAL MERA

, 171

residents’ perceptions and support tourism impacts

, 131–132

in Saint Petersburg

, 59–61

sub-Saharan view of

, 77

sustainability

, 42

women leadership in

, 150–153

Tourist behaviour

, 41

Transactional leadership

, 26

Transformational leadership approach

, 23–24

Transnational corporations (TNCs)

, 11

Transportation

, 235–236

Travel and Tourism (T&T)

, 271–272

Travel companion, lack of

, 115

Travellers of sustainability

, 86

Treaties of 1957

, 268

Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)

, 12

Treaty of Lisbon (2007/2009)

, 12

Treaty of Rome

, 12

Triple bottom line

, 286–287

approaches to

, 288–290

implementation

, 289

Uber

, 83

United Nations (UN)

, 131

United Nations Agenda 2030 (UN Agenda 2030)

, 257–258

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

, 60

United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

, 14, 77, 131, 257

Vacation rentals by owner (VRBO)

, 83

Vocational schools of ministry of tourism

, 174–175

Vocational Secondary Education

, 161

Women

, 81–82

entrepreneurs profile

, 16–17

paid less

, 83–84

projects in tourism

, 85–86

in tourism industry

, 160

Women leadership

, 149–150

features

, 152

methodology

, 153

results

, 153–155

in tourism

, 150–153

Women’s Charter (2010)

, 12

Women’s cooperatives

, 225

in Greece

, 220

Women’s entrepreneurship

, 219

and agritourism development in Greece

, 224–228

literature review

, 221–224

methodology

, 229

program

, 228

Work–family balance

, 105

Work–life balance directive

, 267

World Economic Forum (WEF)

, 271

World Tourism Organization

, 159

World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)

, 13–14, 81–82