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Prelims

Tatenda Talent Chingono (University of Johannesburg, South Africa)
Charles Mbohwa (University of Johannesburg, South Africa)

Supply Networks in Developing Countries: Sustainable and Humanitarian Logistics in Growing Consumer Markets

ISBN: 978-1-80117-195-3, eISBN: 978-1-80117-194-6

Publication date: 8 June 2023

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Citation

Chingono, T.T. and Mbohwa, C. (2023), "Prelims", Supply Networks in Developing Countries: Sustainable and Humanitarian Logistics in Growing Consumer Markets, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. i-xiii. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-194-620231011

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Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2023 Tatenda Talent Chingono and Charles Mbohwa

Half Title Page

Supply Networks in Developing Countries

Title Page

Supply Networks in Developing Countries: Sustainable and Humanitarian Logistics in Growing Consumer Markets

BY

Tatenda Talent Chingono

University of Johannesburg, South Africa

and

Charles Mbohwa

University of Johannesburg, South Africa

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2023

Copyright © 2023 Tatenda Talent Chingono and Charles Mbohwa.

Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.

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No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. Any opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the authors. Whilst Emerald makes every effort to ensure the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald makes no representation implied or otherwise, as to the chapters’ suitability and application and disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-80117-195-3 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-80117-194-6 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-80117-196-0 (Epub)

Contents

Foreword xiii
Chapter 1: Humanitarian Logistics, Identifying and Reacting to Disasters 1
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Humanitarian Logistic Background Review 1
1.3. Humanitarian Supply Chains 2
1.4. Characteristics of Humanitarian Logistics 3
1.5. Humanitarian versus Commercial Supply Chains 4
1.6. Humanitarian Supply Chains 4
1.7. Disasters 4
1.8. Armed Conflict 5
1.9. Xenophobia 6
1.10. Natural Disasters 7
1.11. Flooding 7
1.12. Climate Change 7
1.13. Disasters and Sustainable Development in Africa 8
1.14. Unpredictable Demand and Supply 9
1.15. Efficiency of Disaster Response 9
1.16. The Need to Avoid Fixed and Irrelevant Logistics Networks 10
1.17. Disaster Risk Management and Contingency Planning in Africa 11
1.18. Analysis and Review 12
1.19. Procurement 12
1.20. Concluding Remarks on Research Work on Humanitarian Logistics 13
1.21. References 14
Chapter 2: Frameworks Supporting Humanitarian Logistics 19
2.1. Introduction 19
2.2. Building Theory of Human Supply Chain (HSC) Policy 19
2.3. Humanitarian Logistics Frameworks and Policy 20
2.4. Humanitarian Logistics Coordination and Frameworks 21
2.5. Multiplicity of Actors: The Critical Roles of Inter-agency Communication, Collaboration, and Coordination 22
2.6. Human Capacity Building for Disaster Risk Management in Africa 23
2.7. Policies for Training in Disaster Management 23
2.8. Policy and Framework Challenges of Humanitarian Logistics in Africa 24
2.9. Benefits of Merging 26
2.10. Humanitarian Policy in Response to Tougher Host Government Regulations 26
2.11. Conclusion 27
2.12. References 27
Chapter 3: Disasters in Selected Emerging Economies 31
3.1. Introduction 31
3.2. AU Regional Strategy 32
3.3. Sub-Saharan Africa’s Disaster Profile 32
3.4. Vulnerability and Systematic Risk 35
3.5. Systematic Risk Reduction Recommendations 37
3.6. Population Growth in Hazard-prone Urban Areas 37
3.7. Climate Change: Possible Impacts in Developing Economies 38
3.8. Economic and Social Impacts of Disasters in Emerging Economies 38
3.9. Overview of Disasters Across the Globe 39
3.10. Emerging Economies: Recovering from Disasters 42
3.11. Success and Failure in Recovery Outcomes 42
3.12. Failure to Recover 43
3.13. References 43
Chapter 4: Supply Chain Channels and Network Design 45
4.1. Introduction 45
4.2. Groupings of Stakeholders 45
4.3. Supply Network Components of Humanitarian Aid 46
4.4. Characteristics of Humanitarian Logistics 46
4.5. Humanitarian Logistics Versus Commercial Logistics 47
4.6. Humanitarian Operations 47
4.7. Disaster Management 47
4.8. Humanitarian Supply Chains 48
4.9. Generic Humanitarian Supply Chains 48
4.10. The Generic Supply Chain 51
4.11. Performance Measurement 52
4.12. Supply Chain Management Practices Applicable During Humanitarian Relief Operations 52
4.13. Conclusions and Future Research 54
4.14. References 54
Chapter 5: Supply Chain Systems and Disaster Management 57
5.1. Introduction 57
5.2. Disasters and Supply Chain Systems 57
5.3. Disaster Management Cycle 57
5.4. Relief Operations and Disaster Management 59
5.5. Planning and Preparedness 59
5.6. Recourse Mobilisation 60
5.7. Recommendations for Investment in Disaster Relief 61
5.8. Sourcing, Purchasing, and Positioning 62
5.9. Holding Inventory 62
5.10. Inventory Management Approaches for Humanitarian Logisticians 63
5.11. Gathering Donations 63
5.12. The Transport and Execution System 64
5.13. Modes of Transportation Optimised for Humanitarian Logistics: Air Cargo Supply Chain 64
5.14. Management of Transportation Systems 64
5.15. Operational Bottlenecks 65
5.16. Tracking and Tracing 65
5.17. Stock Asset Management 66
5.18. Extended Point of Delivery and Relief to Beneficiaries 66
5.19. The Relief Supply Chain Umbrella: Coordination, Collaboration, and Communication 67
5.20. References 67
Chapter 6: Modelling Humanitarian Supply Chains 69
6.1. Introduction 69
6.2. Existing Models: Linear Sequence Models Versus Cyclical Models 70
6.3. A Theoretical Model of Disaster Relief: Dual-cycle Model 70
6.4. Model-based Strategy for Simulation 71
6.5. Creating Supply Chain Resilience 73
6.6. Supply Chain Reconfiguration 74
6.7. Mapping the Supply Chain 74
6.8. Reconsidering Supply Approach for Humanitarian Logistics (HL) 74
6.9. Applying a Proper Supply Chain Strategy 74
6.10. Collaboration in Supply Chain Management 75
6.11. Agility 75
6.12. Creating a New Culture 75
6.13. Relief Supply Chain Management Challenges 76
6.14. Coordination and Cooperation Issues 76
6.15. Supply Chain Structure 76
6.16. Humanitarian Logistics and Relief Supply Chain Steps 76
6.17. Conclusions 77
6.18. References 77
Chapter 7: Strategies and Opportunities for Reverse Logistics 79
7.1. Introduction 79
7.2. Returns Management Is About 81
7.3. Product Recovery and Waste Management 81
7.4. The Impacts of Reverse Logistics 82
7.5. Cost Implications 82
7.6. Barriers to Good Reverse Logistics 83
7.7. Logistics and the Environment 83
7.8. GSCM Compliance-centred Strategies for Reverse Logistics 83
7.9. Agile and Lean-based Strategies for Reverse Logistics 84
7.10. Innovation-centred Strategies for Reverse Logistics 84
7.11. The Future: Closed Loop Strategies 85
7.12. Reverse Logistics and the Environment 86
7.13. Challenges for Reverse Logistics 86
7.14. Conclusions 86
7.15. References 87
Chapter 8: Information Technology in Humanitarian Logistics 89
8.1. Introduction 89
8.2. Research Constructs 89
8.3. Technological Shortage 90
8.4. Usage Level of IT 90
8.5. IT Applications for Relief Organisations 91
8.6. Effectiveness of IT on Relief Logistics 92
8.7. Drivers for IT Use in SCM 93
8.8. Forecasting and Quantification 93
8.9. Procurement 94
8.10. Transaction Processing 94
8.11. Supply Chain Planning and Collaboration 94
8.12. Order Tracking and Delivery Coordination 95
8.13. Summary and Conclusions on HSC and IT 95
8.14. Recommendations on Information Technology and the Way Forward 95
8.15. References 96
Chapter 9: Humanitarian Logistics in the Industry 4.0 99
9.1. Introduction 99
9.2. Science and Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) 100
9.3. Transportation Management Systems 101
9.4. Humanitarian Logistics Knowledge Base 106
9.4.1. Web of Needs 106
9.4.2. i-Cargo Ontologies 107
9.5. Supply Chain Service Descriptions 108
9.6. Logistics Information Requirements 109
9.7. Message Retraction 110
9.8. Distributed Transactions and Long-running Work 110
9.9. Expressing Technology User Agreement 111
9.10. The Digitalisation of the Humanitarian Aid and Logistics 111
9.11. Towards Another Digitalised Logistics: The Event Management 112
9.12. Blockchains in Logistics and Supply Chain Management 113
9.13. Basics of Blockchains 114
9.14. Blockchains in Humanitarian Logistics and SCM 115
9.15. Ease of Paperwork Processing Freight Transportation 116
9.16. Identifying Counterfeit Products 117
9.17. Industry 4.0 and Tracking 117
9.17.1. Humanitarian Logistics Routeing 118
9.17.2. Humanitarian Logistics Tracking 118
9.17.3. Humanitarian Logistics Security 118
9.18. Operations and the IoT in Humanitarian Logistics 118
9.19. Prospects of Blockchain in Logistics and SCM 119
9.20. Digitised Supply Chains and Humanitarian Logistics 120
9.21. Humanitarian Logistics in Industry 4.0 Literature 122
9.22. Decentralised Value Chain Operations 123
9.23. Multi-modal Routeing Algorithms 123
9.24. Conclusion 124
9.25. References 124
Chapter 10: Humanitarian Logistics: The Way Forward 129
10.1. Introduction 129
10.2. Key Humanitarian Logistics Challenges 130
10.3. The Impact of Humanitarian Logistics Research 130
10.4. Humanitarian Logistics, Research, and Relevance for Practice 131
10.4.1. Poorly Defined Problems 131
10.4.2. Contextualisation Issues 132
10.4.3. Difficult Data Collection 132
10.4.4. Validation Issues 133
10.4.5. Access to Research Issues 134
10.4.6. Trust Issues 134
10.4.7. Communication Issues 134
10.4.8. Academia, Humanitarian Organizations, and Competition 134
10.5. Humanitarian Logistics and Performance Metrics 136
10.6. Humanitarian Logistics and Open Agendas 136
10.7. Collaboration in Humanitarian Logistics 137
10.8. Data Collection in Humanitarian Logistics 137
10.9. Importance of Validating Findings with Relief Organisations 138
10.10. Language Usage and Translation 138
10.11. Importance of Results Sharing and Dissemination 138
10.12. Coordination of Research Activities 139
10.13. Opportunities and Challenges for Humanitarian Logistics in Growing Consumer Markets 140
10.14. References 141
Index 145

List of Figures and Tables

Figures

Fig. 3.1. Summary of Impact by Natural Disaster Events and People Affected from 2008 to 2018. 33
Fig. 3.2. Disasters and Country Mortality Risk. 34
Fig. 4.1. Supply Chain Formulation Framework. 49
Fig. 4.2. Context-contingent Sustainable Supply Chain Capabilities. 50
Fig. 4.3. The Key Configurative Components of the Humanitarian Supply Chain. 51
Fig. 5.1. Explanation of a Disaster. 58
Fig. 5.2. The Disaster Management Circle. 58
Fig. 5.3. Humanitarian Logistics Steps. 59
Fig. 6.1. Model for Disaster Relief Activities. 72
Fig. 6.2. Supply Chain Vulnerability and Resilience. 73
Fig. 7.1. Waste Hierarchy Chronology. 82
Fig. 8.1. Relationship Between IT in Supply Chain Management and the Drivers for Using It. 93
Fig. 9.1. Basic Properties of Blockchain. 107

Tables

Table 3.1. Main Disaster Occurrences and the Corresponding Beneficiary Needs. 41
Table 5.1. Importance of Inventory in Different Times and Situations. 62
Table 9.1. Summary of the Use Case Exemplars. 116
Table 9.2. The Supply Chain at the Centre of the Digital Enterprise. 119

Foreword

The book discusses research-based and evidence based upcoming issues in humanitarian logistics. These include new disaster occurrences, frameworks, and policies, the fourth industrial revolution, information technology, reverse logistics, supply chain modelling, and blockchains, and how these might be used to improve logistics for aid in underdeveloped nations. In light of the rising number of emergencies, as well as the complexity and size of international emergency disaster operations, it analyses challenges with the management of the humanitarian supply chains.

It presents research results on the logistics involved in providing humanitarian aid in light of the complexity and scope of emergencies and disasters that are growing. This book uses the research findings to propose the skills and information necessary to manage supply chains in both unpredictable and challenging contexts. It similarly further discusses the roles and duties of key stakeholders, including the victims of disasters, donors, relief agencies, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), governments, the military, the private sector, shipping/logistics companies, and academia. It outlines the duties and tasks of government agencies, NGOs, and academic institutions in preparing the various stakeholders with the information and abilities necessary to save lives in disasters and uncertain environments.

In circumstances that are frequently volatile, dangerous, unexpected, and unstable, supply chain management plays a crucial role in disaster planning and response. Insightful evidence-based advice and discussion of the major problems facing practitioners handling the logistics of disaster relief are provided in the book. It also based on broad literature review and research results, contains recommendations for best practices and global viewpoints on the nature of the logistical challenge facing humanitarians and the victims of the disaster.

Additionally, it suggests solutions for waste management and reverse logistics in times of disaster. This book is essential reading for all researchers and experts who need to understand and research on supply change management in times of emergencies. The main focusses identified in the research monograph is the need to pay attention to cooperation, coordination, and information exchange as three of the largest issues facing the humanitarian sector. Each chapter stands alone as a research chapter and connects its information to the supply chain as a whole. This makes it simple for the reader to select relevant chapters and get useful results that can contribute to their work.

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