Academy of Higher Education Leadership (AKEPT)

, 21

Accelerated capital allowance (ACA)

, 107

Accelerated Programme for Excellence (APEX)

, 224

Administrative arrangement

, 194

Advanced Manufacturing Partnership (AMP)

, 217–218

Aerospace industry

, 62

Africa, MPO exports to

, 87

Agrarian enhancement program

, 82

Agriculture-based economy

, 151–152

Agrofood Facility (AF)

, 301

Air transport

, 282–283

AirAsia Berhad

, 282–283

AirAsia Group Bhd

, 62

All Economic Sector (AES)

, 300

Alliance of FinTech Community (aFINity@SC)

, 241

Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM)

, 179

Americas, MPO exports to

, 87

Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM)

, 155

Anjung Singgah

, 185–186

Anti-money laundering

, 240, 243

Artha

, 204

Artificial intelligence (AI)

, 5, 18, 26–27, 171, 237

research framework

, 27

Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM)

, 270

Asia Middle East Dialogue (AMED)

, 270

Asia Pacific, MPO exports to

, 83–84

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

, 270

Asian financial crisis (AFC)

, 132

Association of the Southeast Nations (ASEAN)

, 271–272

Attitude

, 245

Attrition rate

, 225

Austerity

, 132

Automation

, 3, 4, 215–216

Automation and Digitalization Facility (ADF)

, 301

Balance of payments (BOP)

, 131

Baleh Hydroelectric Dam

, 147

Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad

, 240

Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM)

, 147, 239, 296–297

additional measures by

, 300–301

Bank Simpanan Nasional (BSN)

, 299

Big data

, 5, 7–8

analysis

, 142

usage

, 145–146

Bilateral diplomacy

, 270

Bills

, 244

Bioeconomy Transformation Program

, 98–107

Biogas at palm oil mills

, 89

“Born digital” business

, 76

Bottom-up policies

, 132–133

Brundtland Report

, 94

Building Information Modeling technology

, 66

Bumiputera Commercial and Industrial Community (BCIC)

, 260

Business

, 52

agility

, 143

Malaysian initiatives in supporting business sustainability

, 146–147

networks

, 63

processes

, 237–238

Business environment effecting Malaysian entrepreneurs

, 72–76

COVID-19 post environment effect

, 73–74

fast-changing business environment

, 72

government policy and enforcement on entrepreneurs

, 73

nurturing entrepreneurs

, 74–76

Business to consumer (B2C)

, 286–287

Capital and financing issues for SMEs

, 36

Capital Markets and Services (CMS)

, 243

Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy

, 66

Central Bank of Malaysia (BNM)

, 241

Change

, 137

China, MPO exports to

, 85

Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry Malaysia (2018)

, 35

CIMB Bank

, 240

Circular economy (CE). See also Green economy

, 96–113

history

, 96–97

situation in Malaysia

, 98–108

Citilink

, 282

“Click and collect” option

, 8

Clusters

, 60–61

Cognitive model (COGM)

, 244–245

Communities of practice

, 64

Competency, accountability, and transparency (CAT)

, 128

Competitive advantage

, 138–139

Competitive organizations

, 136

challenges

, 136–138

change

, 137

future uncertainty

, 136–137

increased competition in market

, 138

integrity

, 138

recruiting right talent

, 137

strategies

, 138–144

technology advancement

, 137–138

Competitiveness

, 139–140

Competitors

, 140

Comprehensive University (CU)

, 19

Concentrated decentralisation

, 194

Conditional movement control order (CMCO)

, 295

in Malaysia

, 294–295

Condor

, 282

Continuity

, 268

Continuous intention to using Fintech services

, 245–246

Cost-effectiveness

, 10

Counter financing of terrorism

, 243

COVID-19

, 136, 291–292

crisis

, 77

impact on SMEs

, 295–296

mental health problem during

, 207–208

pandemic

, 71, 76

post environment effect

, 73–74

scenarios

, 293–294

suggestions for SME recovery of

, 302–303

Cradle-to-cradle economy

, 97

Creative destruction

, 66

Creativity

, 142–143

Credit

assessment

, 36

card

, 236

Credit Guarantee Corporation (CGC)

, 297, 301

Credit Rating Analysis (CRA)

, 133

Crowdfunding

, 65

Crude palm oil (CPO)

, 86

Culture

, 26

Customer relationship management (CRM)

, 13–14

Customization

, 10–11

Data

, 143

Department of Commerce

, 288

Department of Skills Development (DSD)

, 163

Developing Eight (D8)

, 270

Dharma

, 204

Diamond-shaped labor market, preparing for

, 226–227

Digital

business practice

, 39

economy

, 77

entrepreneurship

, 76

identity supervision

, 240

law development in Malaysia

, 243–244

literacy

, 226–227

revolution

, 4

Digital Free Trade Zone (DFTZ)

, 241, 286

Digital Investment Management framework

, 243

Digitalization

, 12, 39

limitations on implementation

, 39–40

Malaysian employment landscape

, 145–146

Draft Kuala Lumpur City Plan 2020

, 194–195

E-commerce

, 34–35

increasing growth in

, 286–287

Early education programs

, 155

East Coast Economic Region (ECER)

, 195

East Coast Economic Region Development Council (ECERDC)

, 195–196

East Coast Economic Region Development Council Act 2008 (Act 688)

, 195–196

East Coast Rail Link (ECRL)

, 147

East Malaysia

, 280

Economic

corridor

, 196

development

, 92–93

policies

, 134

regions

, 195–196

Economic Fund for National Entrepreneurs (TEKUN)

, 179–180

Economic Transformation Program (ETP)

, 3, 87, 184–185

Education

, 153

in human capital development in Malaysia

, 160–162

objectives

, 153

structure

, 154

system of Malaysia

, 48–49

Education Act, The (1996)

, 23

Efficiency

, 10

Efficient Management of Electrical Energy Regulation (EMEER)

, 111–112

Electric train system (ETS)

, 283–284

Electric vehicle (EV)

, 112–113

Electrical and electronic products (E&E products)

, 128

Electronic commerce

, 286–287

Electronic know-your-customer system (e-KYC system)

, 243

Emerging standards

, 64

Employability rate

, 167–170

Employee Provident Fund (EPF)

, 147

Employees

, 141

Employer Advisory Services (EAS)

, 297

Empty fruit bunch (EFB)

, 98

Energy Audit Grant for Industrial sector

, 111–112

Energy efficient vehicle (EEV)

, 112–113

Energy Management Gold Standard (EMGS)

, 111–112

Enhance Franchise Development Program (EFDP)

, 256–257

Enhanced Time of Use tariff (EToU)

, 111–112

Enterprise management systems (EMSs)

, 13–14

Enterprise resource planning (ERP)

, 13–14

Enterprise Survey for Innovation and Entrepreneurship in China (ESIEC)

, 296

Entrepreneur Development Ministry

, 73

Entrepreneur Development Programme

, 111–112

Entrepreneur Economic Chamber Malaysia

, 75–76

Entrepreneurial architecture (EA)

, 18, 25–26

culture

, 26

leadership

, 26

strategies

, 26

structures

, 26

systems

, 26

Entrepreneurial universities (EUs)

, 18

agenda

, 24–25, 27

Malaysian Higher Education Systems

, 19

MOHE

, 21–24

PCs

, 20

private universities

, 19

public HEIs

, 19

UCs

, 19

World university rankings and Malaysia

, 21

Entrepreneurs

based innovation networks

, 64

government policy and enforcement on

, 73

nurturing

, 74–76

Entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation in

, 60

Entry point projects (EPP)

, 87

Environment development

, 93–94

Environmental Scan (ES)

, 216

Environmental sustainability in Malaysia

, 109

‘Ernst & Young’s census (EY census)

, 239

Errors and omissions (EOs)

, 131

Europe, MPO exports to

, 86

European settlers and entrepreneurs

, 82

European Union (EU)

, 86, 271–272

Existing customers

, 141

Expectation confirmation model (ECM)

, 244–245

Expectation confirmation theory (ECT)

, 245–246

Exports

, 271–272

Far East Asia Latin America Cooperation (FEALAC)

, 270

Federal Land and Development Authority (FELDA)

, 82

Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM)

, 46, 128–129

Fifth Fuel Policy

, 98–107

Financial institution (FI)

, 240

Financial management problems

, 36–37

Financial service

, 237–238

Financial system

key enablers for development of

, 129–130

safeguarding stability of

, 128–129

Financial Technology Enabler Group (FTEG)

, 239, 241

Financing, implication of

, 12

Fintech

, 236

and banks in Malaysia

, 239–241

conceptual framework

, 248

digital law development in Malaysia

, 243–244

Fintech-friendly industry

, 241–242

growth

, 237

literature review and theoretical background

, 244–248

perceived security protection

, 248

service knowledge

, 247

services

, 237–244

Fintech Association of Malaysia (“FAOM”)

, 241

“Fintech Hacks” initiative

, 239–240

First industrial revolution

, 4

Fiscal policies

, 147

Focus group discussion

, 220–226

method

, 220–221

results

, 221–226

steps

, 222

Focus University (FU)

, 19

Followers

, 228–229

Forecast

, 89

Foreign economic policies and strategies

, 270–271

bilateral diplomacy

, 270

institution and improving human capital

, 271

multilateral diplomacy

, 270–271

public diplomacy

, 271

Foreign economics relationship

, 271–273

Foreign labor

, 223

Foreign policy

, 268

Foundation Studies (FSC)

, 20

Fourth industrial revolution

, 3–5, 66, 139–140, 215–218, 236

benefits of embracing

, 10–11

challenges

, 9–10

impact

, 5–13

recommendation

, 13–14

retailers of Malaysian SMEs respond to

, 11–12

ways of IR4. 0 impact on retailing

, 7–9

Franchise Development Assistance Fund (FDAF)

, 256–257

Franchise Development Program (FDP)

, 256

Franchise International Malaysia (FIM)

, 262

Franchise Malaysia (FM)

, 262–263

Franchise supports in Malaysia

, 260–263

Franchi. See selection

, 264

Franchising

, 256

business

, 256

contribution of franchising industry in Malaysia

, 258–259

industry in Malaysia

, 256–257

issues and challenges in

, 264–265

perspective in Malaysia

, 255

Franchisor

, 264

Free Industrial Zones (FIZs)

, 147

Free Trade Agreement (FTA)

, 272

Fresh fruit bunches (FFBs)

, 88

Frog Virtual Learning Environment (FROG VLE)

, 161

14th General Election (GE14)

, 268

George Town Conurbation

, 194

GFC

, 132

Global Competitive Index (GCI)

, 286

2^nd pillar in GCI Index

, 286

Global Competitiveness Index 4. 0

, 139

Global halal authority

, 118

Global Innovation and Creativity Center Social Entrepreneurship (MaGIC SE)

, 182

Global Manufacturing Competitiveness Index

, 217–218

Global ratings

effective intermediation for high value-added and high-income economy

, 133

enhancing regional and international financial linkages

, 131–133

key enablers for development of financial system

, 129–130

Malaysia’s economy outlook

, 128–129

Globalization. See also Digitalization

, 139

GoGoVan

, 287

Golden Triangle

, 194

Government

business supports and assistances

, 296–301

of Malaysia

, 256–257

monitoring

, 301–302

policy and enforcement on entrepreneurs

, 73

Government Transformation Plan (GTP)

, 185–186

Government-linked corporations (GLCs)

, 130, 299

Grab

, 287

GrabExpress

, 287

Graduate employee requirements

, 54

access

, 54

efficiency

, 54

quality

, 54

Grassroots innovation

, 183–185

Greater Kuala Lumpur

, 195

Green economy. see also Circular economy (CE)

, 108–113

environmental sustainability in Malaysia

, 109

green technology in Malaysia for sustainable business development

, 109–111

Malaysia green technology initiatives

, 111–113

Green manufacturing

, 111–112

Green technology

, 96

Green Technology Master Plan

, 109

Greenhouse gas emission (GHG emission)

, 109

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 5, 21, 33, 109, 118, 128, 140, 258, 274, 285

Gross national income (GNI)

, 82, 98, 128

Group of Seventy Seven (G77)

, 270

Growth

, 87

Habluminallah, improving mental health through fulfilling deeds of

, 210

Habluminannas, improving mental health through fulfilling deeds of

, 211–212

Halal Development Corporation (HDC)

, 122

Halal industry

, 118

lessons learning

, 124–125

outlook, constraints, and needs

, 119–124

Halal logistics

, 120–122

constraints

, 121

market outlook

, 120–121

needs

, 122

Halal marketing and sales

, 122–123

constraints

, 122–123

market outlook

, 122

needs

, 123

Halal operation

, 123–124

“Hard to Fill” occupations

, 219–220

High value-added economy, effective intermediation for

, 133

High-income economy, effective intermediation for

, 133

Higher education. See also Education

, 157–159

in Malaysia

, 49

Higher education institutions (HEIs)

, 18

Higher learning institutions (HLIs)

, 21

Higher-order thinking skills (HOTS)

, 48

Hong Leong Bank

, 240

Human capital

, 152–153

Human capital development (HCD)

, 147, 152

education in

, 160–162

issues and challenges

, 167–171

in Malaysia

, 153–159, 162–167

Human Capital Index (HCI)

, 145

Human Resource Development (HRD)

, 171

Human Resource Development Fund (HRDF)

, 147, 163, 297

Human Resources Development Act

, 163

Imports

, 271–272

IMSME. com. my (portal)

, 301

Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)

, 270

IndiGo

, 282

Industrial building allowance (IBA)

, 107

Industrial Energy Efficiency for Malaysian Manufacturing Sector (IEEMS)

, 111–112

Industrial mutation

, 66

Industrial revolution

, 3–5

evolution

, 4–5

Industrialization. See also Digitalization

, 215–216

of Malaysia

, 52–53

Industry

association

, 225–226

ecology

, 97

Industry 4. 0 (IR4. 0). See Fourth industrial revolution

Industry value chain (IVC)

, 119

Information and communication technology (ICT)

, 34–35

cluster

, 60–61

limitations on implementation

, 39–40

skills

, 45

Initial Coin Offerings (ICO)

, 244

Inland ports

, 281–282

Inland Revenue Board (IRB)

, 302

Innovation

, 60, 142–143, 178

markets

, 65

networks

, 63–65

rate

, 170–171

Innovative industrial cluster

, 61–63

Innovative sectors, expected transformation of

, 65–68

Institute of Labor Market Information and Analysis (ILMIA)

, 219

Integrity

, 138

Intermodal freight transport

, 283

Internal entrepreneur networks

, 64

Internal project teams

, 64

International Data Corporation (IDC)

, 13

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 128

International predegree certifications

, 157

International Trade Administration

, 288

Internet commerce

, 286–287

Internet of Things (IoT)

, 3, 7–8, 122, 171

Investment tax allowance (ITA)

, 107

Iskandar Malaysia (IM)

, 195

Iskandar Regional Development Authority (IRDA)

, 195–196

Iskandar Regional Development Authority Act 2007 (Act 664)

, 195–196

Islamic finance

, 238

Islamic mental health model

, 209–210

JAKIM (Department of Islamic Development Malaysia)

, 120–122

Job attractiveness

, 225

Johor Bahru Conurbation

, 194

Kama

, 204

Kedah state

, 198

Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia (KR1M)

, 185–186

KEMAS preschools

, 155

Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC)

, 256

Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB)

, 284

Keretapi Tanah Melayu Intercity (KTM Intercity)

, 283–284

Key performance indicators (KPIs)

, 186, 271

Klang Valley

, 181

KLIA Air Cargo Terminal 1 (KACT 1)

, 283

Klinik 1Malaysia (K1M)

, 185–186

Know-your-customer procedures (KYC procedures)

, 240

KTM Komuter

, 284

Kuala Lumpur

conurbation

, 194

internet city

, 241

structure plan

, 194

Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA)

, 179, 195, 282

KLIA2

, 282–283

Kuantan Conurbation

, 194

Kulim Hightech Park (KHTP)

, 287

Kyoto Protocol

, 98–107

Labor intensiveness

, 223

Labuan FSA

, 244

Labuan International Business and Financial Center (“Labuan IBFC”)

, 238

Lalamove

, 287

Langkawi International Maritime & Aerospace Exhibition (LIMA)

, 62

Last mile logistics

, 287

Late-followers

, 229

Law

, 52

Leaders

, 228

Leadership

, 26

Learning networks

, 65

Light Rail Transit (LRT)

, 179

LRT3

, 147

Light Rapid Transit (LRT)

, 284

Local context

, 142

Local governments

, 192

Logistics

, 120, 279–280

Department of Commerce

, 288

economic growth

, 285–286

increasing growth in e-commerce

, 286–287

International Trade Administration

, 288

new international airport

, 287

regional supply chain linkages

, 286

sector

, 285–286

strategic geographical location

, 285

strength of transportation services

, 286

STS transfer

, 288

United States of America

, 288

Machinery and equipment sector (M&E sector)

, 215–216

analyzing challenges facing by M&E sector of Malaysia

, 219–220

challenges

, 219–220

method

, 219

Madrid Protocol

, 244

MaGRIs project

, 183

Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA)

, 146

Malayan Banking Berhad (Maybank)

, 240–241

Malaysia

, 151–152, 191–192, 280–281

CE situation in

, 98–108

economy outlook

, 128–129

education system of

, 48–49

environmental sustainability in

, 109

Fintech services in

, 239

foreign policy

, 268–270

franchise supports in

, 260–263

franchising in

, 255–257

HCD in

, 153–159, 162–167

industrialization

, 52–53

public universities

, 20, 22

retail sector in

, 2–3

safeguarding stability of financial system

, 128–129

scenario of mental health in world and

, 202–204

SD in

, 95–96

SMEs in

, 292

STEM components in

, 47, 50–51

trade performance

, 274–278

value proposition to Fintech players

, 238

World university rankings and

, 21

Malaysia Airlines (MAS)

, 283

Malaysia Airport Holdings Berhad (MAHB)

, 282

1Malaysia Biomass Elective Procedure (1MBAS)

, 82

Malaysia Digital Economic Corporation (MDEC)

, 286, 302

Malaysia Digital Hub

, 242

Malaysia Education Blueprint (2015–2025)

, 18, 49–50, 162–163

Malaysia Energy Efficiency and Solar Thermal Application Project (MAEESTA Project)

, 111–112

Malaysia Franchise Act (1998)

, 262–263

Malaysia Franchise Association (MFA)

, 257, 262

Malaysia green technology initiatives

, 111–113

Malaysia International Halal Showcase (MIHAS)

, 122

Malaysia National Cancer Institute

, 66

Malaysia Palm Oil Board (MPOB)

, 86

Malaysia Plan

, 193

10th Malaysia Plan

, 193

11^th Malaysia Plan

, 178–179, 215–216

Malaysia Quality Agency (MQA)

, 23

2020 Malaysia Roadmap toward Zero Single-use Plastics (2018–2030)

, 98

1Malaysia Training Scheme (SL1M)

, 166

Malaysian British Institute (BMI)

, 146

Malaysian central bank

, 239

Malaysian Certificate of Education

, 225

Malaysian context

, 178–186

grassroots innovation

, 183–185

microfinancing

, 179–181

public service delivery

, 183–186

social entrepreneurship

, 181–182

Malaysian Employer Federation (MEF)

, 205

Malaysian entrepreneurial behavior and attitudes

, 75

Malaysian equity market

, 68

Malaysian France Institute (MFI)

, 146

Malaysian German Institute (GMI)

, 146

Malaysian Global Innovation and Creativity Center (MaGIC)

, 180–181

Malaysian government

, 60

Malaysian Higher Education Certificate (STPM)

, 157

Malaysian Higher Education Systems

, 19

Malaysian Highway Authority

, 281

Malaysian industries

, 62

Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA)

, 62

Malaysian palm oil industry (MPO industry)

, 82–87

regional market performance

, 83–87

Malaysian professional service sector

, 68

Malaysian public and private universities

, 19

Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA)

, 20, 158

Malaysian Qualifications Agency Act (2007)

, 23

Malaysian Qualifications Framework (MQF)

, 158–159

Malaysian Skills award

, 163

Malaysian SMEs

, 31–32, 44

capital and financing issues for smes

, 36

contributions

, 32–33

financial management problems

, 36–37

issues and challenges

, 34–40

lack of facilities and infrastructure

, 38

limitations on implementation of ICT or digitalization

, 39–40

limited market

, 37

low networking with large firms

, 38–39

obstacles obtaining raw material

, 37–38

reluctant to attend training

, 38

rising cost of running business

, 37

unskilled labor

, 38

Malaysian Technical Cooperation Program (MTCP)

, 270

Malaysian Technical University Network (MTUN)

, 159

Manufacturing

industry

, 215–216

sector

, 67

MARA Japan Industrial Institute (MJII)

, 146

Maritime

, 283

Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)

, 284

Mass Rapid Transit Line 2 (MRT2)

, 147

McDonalds (McD)

, 256

Mental disorder

awareness

, 205

problems

, 206

Mental health

challenges and issues

, 205–207

through fulfilling deeds of Habluminallah

, 210

through fulfilling deeds of Habluminannas

, 211–212

Islamic mental health model

, 209–210

problem during COVID-19 pandemic

, 207–208

scenario of mental health in world and Malaysia

, 202–204

Mental illness

, 203–204

Metropolitan planning system

, 194–195

Micro Enterprises Facility (MEF)

, 301

Microfinancing

, 179–181

Middle East, MPO exports to

, 85

Ministry of Domestic Trade, Cooperative and Consumerism (MDTCC)

, 260–261

Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs (MDTCA)

, 258, 259

Ministry of Education (MoE)

, 155, 166

building in Putrajaya

, 22

Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change (MESTECC)

, 60

Ministry of Entrepreneur and Cooperative Development (MECD)

, 260–261

Ministry of Entrepreneur Development (MED)

, 182

Ministry of Entrepreneur Development and Cooperative (MEDAC)

, 261

Ministry of Finance Incorporated (MOF Inc)

, 261

Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE)

, 19, 21–24, 153–154, 158

Ministry of International Trade & Industry (MITI)

, 286

Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI)

, 183

Mobile broadband

, 39–40

Modes of transport

, 280

Moksha

, 204

Monetary policies

, 147

Money service businesses

, 243

Monorail

, 284

Morals

, 212

Movement control order (MCO)

, 208, 295

in Malaysia

, 294–295

Multichannel offerings

, 8

Multilateral diplomacy

, 270–271

Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC)

, 107, 242

MyHIJAU SME

, 111–112

National Accreditation Board Act (1996). See Malaysian Qualifications Agency Act (2007)

National Agency of Innovation Malaysia (AIM)

, 183

National Biofuel Policy

, 98–107

National Biomass Strategy (NBS)

, 98

NBS2020

, 98

National Biotechnology policy

, 98–107

National Blue Ocean Strategy (NBOS)

, 185–186

National Council of Higher Education Act, The (1996)

, 23

National eCommerce Council (NeCC)

, 286

National Entrepreneur and SME Development Council (NESDC)

, 301

National Entrepreneurship Framework (NEF)

, 182

National Franchise Development Blueprint (NFDB)

, 256–257

National Franchise Development Plan (NFDP)

, 256–257

National Green Technology Policy (NGTP)

, 98–107, 109

National Health Morbidity Survey (NHMS)

, 206

National Key Economics Areas (NKEA)

, 3, 87

National Occupational Skills Standards (NOSS)

, 163

National Philosophy of Education

, 153–154

National Physical Plan (NPP)

, 192

National Policy on Industry 4. 0

, 60

National Policy on Science, Technology and Innovation (NPSTI)

, 184–185

National schools

, 155

National Urbanisation Policy (NUP)

, 194

National Vocational Training Council (NVTC). See Department of Skills Development (DSD)

Networking and collaboration with other countries

, 146

New Economic Model (NEM)

, 52–53, 184–185, 292

New Economic Policy (NEP)

, 292

New international airport

, 287

New markets

, 141

New products or process development consortium

, 64

New resource approaches

, 65

New Straits Times

, 296

New technology development consortium

, 64

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

, 270

Nonfinancial public corporations (NFPCs)

, 131

North Africa, MPO exports to

, 85

North Borneo Railway

, 284

Northern corridor economic region (NCER)

, 195–198

Northern Corridor Implementation Authority (NCIA)

, 195–197

Northern Corridor Implementation Authority Act 2008 (Act 687)

, 195–196

Oil extraction rate (OER)

, 88–89

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis)

, 81–82

plantation

, 82

Oleo derivatives

, 89

On Competition (Porter)

, 61

Online entrepreneurial startups

, 77

Open Application Programming Interface (Open API)

, 243

Open innovation. See also Innovation

, 63

network management

, 65

Orbit

, 242

Organization competitive challenges

, 140

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 60

Organization of Islamic Corporation (OIC)

, 270

Organization sustainability, Malaysian strategies and initiatives in supporting

, 144–147

Organization’s image

, 140

Outsiders

, 229

Padang Besar Inland Port

, 281–282

Palm oil

, 82

accelerating replanting

, 88

biogas at palm oil mills

, 89

expediting growth in food and health-based downstream segments

, 89–90

future of

, 87–90

improving fresh fruit bunch yield

, 88

improving worker productivity

, 88

increasing oil extraction rate

, 88–89

oleo derivatives

, 89

second-generation biofuels

, 89

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)

, 89, 98

Pan Borne Highway

, 281

Partnership opportunities

, 144

“Pay-for-impact” exchange

, 183

Payment express (PEX)

, 240

Peer-to-peer lending (P2P lending)

, 242

Pembangunan Sumber Manusia Berhad Act (PSMB Act)

, 147, 163–165

Pembiayaan Mikro

, 180

Peninsular Malaysia. See East Malaysia

Perak state

, 198

Perbadanan Nasional Berhad (PNS)

, 257, 260–262

Perbadanan Tabung Pendidikan Tinggi Nasional (PTPTN)

, 21

Perceived ease of use (PEU)

, 244–246

Perceived security protection

, 248

Perceived usefulness (PU)

, 244–246

Perlis state

, 198

Perpaduan preschool

, 155

Plastic pollution

, 107

Policy

, 88

Port Bintulu

, 283

Port Johor

, 283

Port Kemaman

, 283

Port Klang

, 283

Port Kuantan

, 283

Port of Tanjung Pelepas (PTP)

, 281–282

Port Penang

, 283

Port Tanjung Pelepas

, 283

Postsecondary education. See Preuniversity education

Preschool education

, 154–155

Preuniversity education

, 156–157

PRIHATIN PLUS

, 298–301

Prihatin Rakyat (PRIHATIN)

, 296–298

Primary education

, 155, 156

Primary School Achievement Test

, 155

Private colleges (PCs)

, 19–20

Private higher educational institutions

, 157–158

Private Higher Educational Institutions Act, The (1996)

, 23

Private schools

, 155

Private universities

, 19

Process skills

, 47

Productivity improvement

, 10

Public debt

, 132

Public diplomacy

, 271

Public HEIs

, 19

Public higher educational institutions

, 157–158

Public organizations

, 208

Public servants

, 208

Public service delivery

, 183–186

Public–private partnerships (PPPs)

, 195–196

issues and challenges

, 186–187

model

, 178–179

Quadrelli Symonds (QS)

, 21

Quantitative easing (QE)

, 132

QUEST System (Malaysian Quality Assessment System for Private Colleges)

, 24

Rail transport

, 283–284

Readiness of SMEs retail

, 9

Recombinant innovation networks

, 65

Regional plan

, 195

Regional Planning Committee (RPC)

, 195

Regional policy

, 196–197

Register of Franchise

, 262

Regtech

, 241

Renewable energy

, 98–107

Renewable Energy Act 2011

, 98–107

Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan

, 98–107

Renewable Energy Transition Roadmap (RETR)

, 98

Research and Development (R&D)

, 23, 163

Research Universities (RUs)

, 19

Retail(ing)

, 1

sector in Malaysia

, 2–3

ways of IR4. 0 impact on

, 7–9

Retailers

, 8

benefits for

, 11

issues facing by SMEs and

, 12–13

of Malaysian SMEs respond to IR 4. 0

, 11–12

Return on Sales (ROS)

, 223

RHB Bank Berhad

, 241

Road transport

, 281–282

Robotics

, 8–9

Robots

, 8

Sabah Development Corridor (SDC)

, 196

Sabah ports

, 283, 284

Sabah State Railway

, 284

Sandbox Framework

, 243

Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE)

, 196

Sarawak ports

, 283

Sarawak Water Supply Grid Program

, 147

Satisfaction

, 245

“Scan and deliver” features

, 8

Schenker Logistics

, 120–121

Schizophrenia (SCZ)

, 205

Schools’ system transformation

, 145

Science & technology (S&T)

policy

, 183

skilled employment

, 46

Science, technology, and Innovation (STI)

, 183

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics education (STEM education)

, 46–47, 145

components in Malaysia

, 47

education system of Malaysia

, 48–49

gap between STEM demands and offerings

, 51–52

graduate employee requirements

, 54

industrialization of Malaysia

, 52–53

literature review

, 48

in Malaysia

, 50–51

student performance in science and mathematics

, 48

Second industrial revolution

, 4

Second-generation biofuels

, 89

Secondary education

, 156, 157

Sectoral networks

, 64

Securities Commission (SC)

, 241

Self-efficacy

, 247

Service industry

, 67

SETARA (Rating System for Malaysia HEIs)

, 24

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

, 293–294

Shahada

, 212

Ship-to-ship transfer (STS transfer)

, 288

Short and landing take-off ports (STOLport)

, 282

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

, 31–32, 44, 60, 73, 107, 219–220, 291–292

benefits for

, 10–11

impact of COVID-19 on

, 295–296

in Malaysia

, 292

readiness

, 9

retailing

, 1–3

SME Corp

, 302

SME Corp. Malaysia

, 34–35

Small Renewable Energy Program

, 98–107

Social development

, 93

Social Enterprise Accreditation (SEA)

, 182

Social entrepreneurship

, 181–182

Social Impact Exchange (SIX)

, 183

Social innovation

, 178, 186

Social Outcome Fund (SOF)

, 181

Social Public–Private Partnership (Social PPP)

, 182

Social purpose organizations (SPOs)

, 182

Social sciences

, 52

Social Security Organization (SOCSO)

, 299

Socioeconomic

growth

, 163

planning systems at national level

, 192–194

Spatial clusters

, 64

Spatial development

, 195

Spatial planning system

, 192

Special Relief Facility (SRF)

, 297, 300

Steady-state economy

, 97

Stigma

, 206

Strategic capabilities

, 136

Strategic digital entrepreneurship

, 76–77

Strategic roadmap

, 216

analyzing challenges facing by M&E sector of Malaysia

, 219–220

development

, 226–230

focus group discussion

, 220–226

reacting to Industry 4. 0

, 216–218

Streamyx

, 39–40

Strengths of business

, 142

Strong industry body

, 221–223

Subcontinent region, MPO exports to

, 85–86

Supply chain

learning

, 65

management

, 279–280

Sustainability

, 96–97

Sustainable competitive advantage (SCA)

, 268

Sustainable development (SD)

, 92–95

CE

, 96–108

green economy

, 108–113

in Malaysia

, 95–96

pillars

, 93

Sustainable Development Financing Fund

, 98

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 95, 96

Syarikat Jaminan Pembiayaan Perniagaan (SJPP)

, 297

Targeted incentives, transitioning through

, 227–229

Tax holiday effect

, 130

Tebedu Inland Port

, 281–282

Technical and Vocational Education and Training programs (TVET programs)

, 54, 159, 221–223

Technical skills

, 47

Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET)

, 145

Technological parks

, 60–61, 67

Technology acceptance model (TAM)

, 244–245

Technology advancement

, 137–138

Technology continuance theory (TCT)

, 244–245

Technology Park Malaysia (TPM)

, 60–61

Technology-driven innovation

, 61

Technopreneurs

, 60–61

Tenth Malaysia Plan (10MP)

, 292

Tertiary education

, 157–159

Testlab

, 229–230

Theory of Reasoned Action

, 244–245

Third industrial revolution

, 4–5

3D printing

, 8

Time

, 39–40

Titan

, 242

Transformation

, 60–61

Transition process

, 229–230

Transport infrastructure

, 280

Transportation

, 280

Uncertainty

, 136–137

Unifi

, 39–40

Unique selling point (USP)

, 140

United Kingdom (UK)

, 118

United Nations (UN)

, 96–97, 268

United Nations Decade of Sustainable Development (DESD)

, 92–94

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

, 109

United Nations Sustainable Development Summit

, 95

United States of America

, 288

Universities

, 18–19

University College of Dublin (UCD)

, 23

University colleges (UCs)

, 19

Unskilled labor

, 38

Upper middle income country (UM income country)

, 128

Urban areas

, 195

Urban Transformation Centers (UTC)

, 185–186

User networks

, 65

Value chain

, 223–224

Value chain analysis (VCA)

, 118–119

Water transport

, 283

West Malaysia

, 280

Workforce

gaps and challenges

, 224–225

training

, 12

Working silos

, 143

World and Asian University Rankings (WUR/AUR)

, 21

World Economic Forum (WEF)

, 166

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 202

World university rankings

, 21

Yayasan Usaha Maju (YUM)

, 179–180

YIM (Malaysia Innovation Foundation)

, 183

“Your Success Begins Here” (TPM motto)

, 60