23andme

, 11

Abolition of donor anonymity

, 86, 118–119

Adoption

, 54, 92

Adult autonomy

, 25, 178, 190, 196, 199, 204

Adulthood

, 41, 177, 207, 220, 222, 225

Affinities. See also Mason, Jennifer

, 13, 38, 97, 141, 148, 163, 165, 168, 172–173, 211, 215–216, 219–220, 223, 229

orientation

, 216

sense of connection

, 37–39

Age of openness

, 37, 39, 102, 141, 143, 162–163, 166, 172–173, 212, 225, 229

Agency

, 5, 16, 24, 27, 31, 33, 35, 50–51, 57–58, 82, 86, 119–120, 123–124, 126, 135, 143, 153, 222–223, 228

Almeling, Rene

, 5, 32, 97, 100–101

‘Alternative’ families

, 104

Altruism

discourse

, 76, 162

donation

, 142

donors

, 76

Altruistic donors

, 12, 47, 56

AncestryDNA

, 11

Anonymous donation

, 10, 63, 72–73, 83, 146, 148, 166, 221

Anonymous sociality

, 216

Aunts

, 26, 33, 36, 199, 230

Autonomy

, 25, 120–121, 178–179, 183, 190, 193, 196–197, 199, 204

Blood donation analogies

, 78–80

Bodily donors (organ donation)

, 141

Brothers

, 33–34, 136, 188, 191, 193, 200, 213

Child Maintenance Service (CMS). See also Child Support Agency (CSA)

, 153

Child Support Agency (CSA). See also Child Maintenance Service (CMS)

, 153

Childhood

, 41, 50, 62, 106, 120, 122, 124, 127

Children Act 1989

, 19, 123

Children’s ‘best interest’

, 16, 83–84, 119, 121, 125–126

Children’s rights

, 106, 123–124, 126–127, 138, 228, 230

Civil partnership

, 8, 19

Clinic donation

, 151, 171, 194

Concealment

, 155, 161, 166, 172

Confluent love

, 183

Counsellors

, 11, 52, 70, 78, 80, 84, 118–119, 126, 178–179, 185, 187, 189, 191, 197, 200, 208–209, 233, 245

Couple relationships

, 59, 70, 88, 103, 106, 117–118, 179–180, 183–184, 198, 209, 212–213, 221, 224

Cousins

, 26, 33–34, 36, 192, 201–202, 213

Crafting relationships

, 150–151, 172

Cross border reproductive care

, 8

Curious Connections: The Impact of Donating Egg and Sperm on Donors’ Everyday Lives and Relationships–also the ‘Curious Connections project’

, 11, 233

Dating

, 58, 182

De-traditionalisation

, 25, 33

Direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTCGT)

, 11, 21, 171, 229–230

Disclosure. See also Openness

contemporary understandings of

, 180

to parents, wider family

, 131, 185, 198

to partners

, 9, 11, 14, 36, 39, 43, 47, 53, 60, 156, 158, 176, 178, 190

Donation

, 1–2, 45, 70, 147–148, 176–177, 182–183, 211–212, 214

and exploitation

, 5

as identity

, 2, 6, 9–10, 13, 19–20, 61, 63, 70, 75, 77, 81, 85, 89, 95, 99, 105, 108, 110, 115, 120, 126, 131–132, 143, 153, 161–162, 167–168, 172–173, 180, 185, 192, 194, 203, 218, 220, 231–232

and impact on family

, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 18, 25, 36, 39, 47, 53, 62–63, 65, 83, 118, 136, 175, 194, 206–207, 212, 214, 218

location

, 55, 64, 180, 236

multi-faceted donation pathways

, 47, 56, 64

outcome

, 42, 51, 64, 147, 237, 239

pathways

, 45, 67, 231–232, 238

pluripotency of

, 156, 161, 174, 177, 219

policy

, 15, 43, 86, 95, 126, 228, 232

as practice

, 12, 42, 46–47, 64, 67, 211

as process

, 58, 61, 170

as sexual encounter

, 55, 59, 154–155, 157

stories

, 39

Donor Conception Network (DCN)

, 19, 231, 234

Donor coordinators

, 11, 126–127, 234, 242–243

Donor Sibling Link (DSL)

, 20, 27, 230–231

Donor-conceived people

, 4, 9–10, 13, 16–17, 19–21, 23–24, 26, 29, 31, 70–71, 80, 86, 94, 96, 119, 122, 125, 127, 138–139, 215, 222, 228, 230–231

empowering

, 117, 127, 138, 224, 230

prioritisation of. See also Prioritisation of donor-conceived people

, 22

Donor conception

, 3, 6, 8, 15, 18–19, 30, 78, 94, 96, 101, 103, 106, 112, 118, 122, 124, 128, 136, 138, 184, 211, 220–221, 224, 227–228, 230, 232

Donor-recipient connection

, 141–174

identity-release donors relating to recipients

, 161–172

known donors relating to recipients

, 148–161

sense of affinity

, 143–148

Donors

, 1, 3, 70, 88, 103, 105–106, 114, 117–118, 176, 183, 213, 221, 224

age at first donation

, 176

anonymity

, 9, 11–12, 15–16, 69–70, 79, 83, 86, 118–119, 221, 225, 227–228

bounding relationships

, 151–155

characteristics

, 45, 67, 116, 233, 245

clinic categories

, 47–56

donating and partner relationships

, 178–184

donor-conceived children and young people

, 2, 5, 12, 16, 18–19, 21, 26, 30, 36, 38, 43, 54, 110, 122, 126–127, 133, 135, 141, 175, 185, 187–188, 194, 196, 198, 200–201, 214, 217, 221, 224, 228, 230–231

own children

, 9, 26–27, 30, 34, 73, 134, 187, 190, 206, 214, 230

as parents

, 6, 176, 193–194, 197, 240

relationships with parents

, 193–198

relationships with parents, siblings, nieces and nephews

, 190–202

relationships with partner. See also Partners of donors

, 11, 178, 184, 208

relationships with siblings

, 187, 198, 202

relatives

, 11, 80, 95, 175, 210, 227, 240, 243, 247

traceability

, 9, 16, 103, 220

Donors relating to recipients

, 148–161

donors bounding relationships

, 151–155

embeddedness and time

, 156–161

parameters of relationships

, 149–151

Double donation

, 54, 236

Edwards, Jeanette

, 34, 37, 86

Egg and sperm sharing programme. See also Egg-share donors; Sperm share

, 49, 60, 63, 100, 163, 188

Egg donation

, 3, 7–8, 12, 18, 38, 45, 50, 52, 60, 63, 81, 100–101, 110, 145, 157, 181, 212, 215–216, 236

Egg donors

, 3, 5, 8, 11, 47, 58, 97, 103, 110, 145, 153, 163, 165, 169, 179, 185, 191, 234, 236–237

agency

, 50–51

Egg-share donors. See also Egg/sperm-share donors

, 47–48, 148, 212, 218, 229

Egg/sperm-share donors

, 47, 55

Embeddedness

, 31, 36, 39, 156, 161

Embryo donation

, 2–3, 7–8, 57, 64

Empowerment

, 24, 100, 117, 121, 131, 134

Epigenetics

, 99

Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)

, 6, 11, 233

Ethos of openness. See also Disclosure; Openness

, 221–222

Facebook groups

, 234

Family resemblances. See also Resemblances

, 198, 217–218

Family responsibility

, 25

Fatherhood

, 147, 160

Fertility. See also Infertility

, 7–8, 11, 40, 49, 51, 53, 57, 61, 64, 69–70, 72, 79, 100, 126, 178, 183, 187, 189, 196, 221, 233, 245

Fertility counsellors

, 11, 52, 70, 79–80, 84, 126, 178, 187, 196, 221, 233, 245

Finch, Janet

, 37, 41, 133, 150, 160

Frozen embryo transfer (FET)

, 3, 55

Fuzzy donation pathways

, 47–48

Gender

, 5, 47, 66, 97, 102, 147, 153–154, 159, 165, 168–169, 178–179, 191, 212, 242

gendered pathways of donation

, 71

sexuality and

, 65

sexual order and

, 65

Genealogical bewilderment

, 19, 71

Genealogical knowledge

, 95–96

Genealogy

, 86, 96

Genes

, 35, 60, 86–87, 95–96, 99–100, 124, 215

Genetic

, 5, 27, 37–38, 84, 87, 99, 178, 188, 195, 215

connectedness

, 34, 37, 114, 209, 211

connections

, 27, 38, 207, 215

origin

, 19, 85, 114

processes

, 99

relatedness

, 37, 215

Gifting

, 5, 72, 76–77, 142, 146, 148, 217, 219

Gillick competence

, 123

‘Good will’ message

, 20, 22, 27, 108

‘Good’ intimate couple relationship

, 182

Grandparenthood

, 40, 193, 205

Grandparents

, 6, 26, 33–34, 89, 94, 118, 131, 175, 196, 198, 218

Guidance for donors

, 230–231

Half siblings

, 186–187, 207

History of egg donation

, 18

Home insemination. See also Self-arranged donor conception

, 7, 49, 52, 211

Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (HFE Act)

, 21, 60

Human Fertilisation Embryology Authority (HFEA)

, 3–4, 7, 11, 16, 20, 23, 27–28, 45, 65, 170, 231–232, 247

application form for recipients

, 22, 248

licensed clinics

, 16, 23

Identity-release donation

, 6, 9–10, 13, 19–20, 51, 61, 63, 69–70, 75, 77, 81, 85, 89, 93–94, 99, 105, 108, 110, 112, 116, 120, 126, 131–132, 141, 143, 145, 153, 161, 165, 167, 173, 179, 185, 188–189, 191–192, 196, 203, 205–206, 218, 220, 231, 240, 243

in UK policy

, 10, 18, 23, 28, 141, 220

Identity-release donors

, 18, 56, 63, 72, 75, 83, 92, 94, 107–108, 113, 127, 143, 146, 161–162, 167, 174, 185, 214, 218, 230, 236

relating to recipients

, 142, 148–149, 161–162

Identity-release policies. See also Law on donor conception

, 11, 24, 42, 102, 125, 221, 228–229

(Im)morality of speaking for others

, 134–138

Implications counselling

, 70, 78, 80

In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)

, 3, 7–8, 47, 49–50, 52, 54, 59–60, 63, 157, 170–171, 188, 237

In-family donation

, 122–123

Individual agency/autonomy/choice

, 16–17, 117, 126

Individualism

, 17, 25, 31, 33

to ‘critique of’

, 33–35

Zeitgeist

, 32

Infertility. See also Fertility

, 4, 12, 50, 52, 56–57, 70, 147, 169, 223, 234, 247

Information provider

, 115–117

Information sharing. See also Disclosure; Openness

, 16, 21, 24, 28, 45, 189, 220, 227

Intergenerational relating

, 118, 120–121, 126, 138

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

, 3, 40

Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)

, 3

Kinship

, 4–5, 27, 29–30, 34–35, 37, 39, 71, 73, 84, 86, 94, 107, 133–134, 148, 150, 165–166, 173, 187, 195, 200–201, 204, 208–209, 215, 219, 224

Known donation

, 9, 11, 13, 58, 62–63, 72, 89–91, 95–96, 99, 109, 115, 117, 127–128, 130, 142, 146, 148–149, 152, 154, 157, 160–161, 163–164, 169, 172–173, 197, 229, 231–232, 237

Known donors

, 12, 18, 42, 47, 56, 63–64, 74, 90–91, 97, 138, 144–145, 148, 156, 158, 168, 170, 172–173, 214, 218, 221, 234

Konrad, Monica

, 4–5, 82, 147–148, 165–166, 169, 216

Law on donor conception. See also Identity-release policies

, 11–12, 16, 18, 20, 23

Laws on donation across different countries

, 9, 15, 236

Lesbian couples

, 42, 58–59, 74

Local moral worlds

, 8

Making people

, 1–2, 4, 10, 12, 14, 16–17, 24–25, 28, 30, 41, 69, 104, 155, 174, 176, 178, 190, 202, 208, 212–213, 221

ambivalent status of ‘origins’

, 84–88

being available

, 81–84

blood donation analogies

, 78–80

Mason, Jennifer. See also Affinities

, 25, 29, 33, 35, 37, 41, 87–88, 92, 96, 133, 142, 150, 160, 165–166, 172, 190, 197, 211, 216–217, 219

‘Matching’ websites

, 11

Mixing gametes

, 30, 33, 180, 183, 198

Morality

, 5, 37, 39–40, 105, 139

moral appeal of ‘letting others lead’

, 117–127

egg donors

, 110

information provider

, 115–117

neutral attitudes towards future contact

, 107–108

neutral way of relating

, 127–131

playing things by ear

, 112–114

moral reasoning

, 122, 228

moral relational imperative

, 12–13, 175, 209

relationality and problem with individual ‘empowerment’

, 131–134

sperm donors

, 109

Morgan, David

, 33, 36, 47, 65–66, 158

Motherhood. See also Solo motherhood

, 54, 57, 101, 147, 180

Natural insemination (NI)

, 55, 59, 154, 156–157

Negotiated relationships

, 40, 150, 165, 174

Negotiation

, 40, 67, 88, 103, 133, 149–150, 160, 169–170, 213, 223

Neoliberal societies

, 25, 106, 118, 120, 122

Neutral attitudes towards future contact

, 107–108

Non-clinic donation

, 7, 74, 77, 92, 98, 109, 114, 127, 132, 145, 153, 157–158, 182, 203, 238

Openness. See also Disclosure; Information sharing

, 6, 9, 14, 16–17, 19, 185, 211–212, 227

without age restriction

, 229–230

between donors and recipients

, 229

increasing openness to known donation pathways

, 231–232

recognising webs of potential connections

, 230–231

Origins

, 17, 19, 26, 31, 33, 84, 88, 94, 102–103, 114, 124, 215, 220, 223

genetic

, 19, 85, 114

Parent-child relationships

, 19, 185, 190

Parental authority

, 202

Parenthood

, 56, 88, 91–92, 221

claims to

, 40–41, 58, 67, 71, 73, 76, 78, 101, 104, 123, 148, 180, 199, 207, 217, 219

Parents

, 23, 37–38, 72, 75, 78, 193, 198

donors as

, 185–190

gift of parenthood

, 76–78

Partners of donors

, 36, 47, 53, 58, 60, 67, 77, 100, 145, 157–158, 174, 176, 178, 184, 202–203, 207–208, 234

donating and partner relationships

, 178–184

Payment for donation

, 47, 248

Pen portrait

, 20, 79–80, 170

Pluripotency of donation

, 156, 161, 174, 220

Pregnancy

, 29, 50–51, 160, 170, 176, 188, 195, 216, 218

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)

, 3

Prioritisation of donor-conceived people. See also Donor-conceived people

, 4, 9–10, 13, 16–17, 20–21, 24, 31, 51, 61, 70, 80, 84, 87, 89, 94, 96, 99, 115–116, 119, 122, 138, 215, 222, 224, 227–228, 230

Procreation

, 28, 30, 33, 184

Quality of connection. See also Affinities; Sense of connection

, 216

Reception of Oocytes from the Partner (ROPA). See also Reciprocal IVF

, 60

‘Recipe model’ of procreation

, 28

Recipients

, 1, 5, 9, 12–13, 16–17, 20–21, 24, 26, 43, 74, 84, 90, 99, 111, 136, 152–153, 159, 165–166, 209, 213–214, 221, 223, 227–228

openness between donors and. See also Known donation

, 229

Reciprocal IVF. See also Reception of Oocytes from the Partner (ROPA)

, 60, 188

Regimes of openness

, 225, 227–228

Relatedness

, 35, 37, 39–40, 133–134, 215

Relating

, 2, 13–14, 31–33, 35, 37–38, 40, 42, 127, 131, 148–149, 161–162, 197, 204, 207, 213–214, 216, 222

Relational authority

, 13, 106, 120, 127–128, 134–135, 139, 222, 224, 228

Relational practice

, 14, 67, 133, 211, 223

Relationality

, 17, 131, 134, 149, 166, 212, 214, 220

Reproductive

autonomy

, 179

connectedness

, 177–178, 180, 190, 193, 202, 207

donation

, 2–4, 10, 26, 32, 42, 144, 146, 214, 216, 219

gift

, 147–148

medicine

, 3, 7

practices

, 8, 177, 207

Resemblances. See also Family resemblances

, 13, 71, 94, 99, 198, 214, 218

negotiating

, 88–90

risky

, 90–94

Rose, Nikolas

, 25, 200–201

Scott, Susie

, 130, 134

Secrecy

, 9, 16, 80, 96, 125, 161, 166, 206, 211–212, 223, 225, 227–228

Self-arranged donor conception. See also Home insemination

, 7, 49, 52, 211

Sense of affinity. See also Affinities

, 143–148

Sense of connection. See also Affinities; Sense of affinity

, 37, 39, 102, 141, 143, 163, 166, 172–173, 214, 220, 224, 229

Sense of responsibility

, 81–82, 214

Sexual intimacy

, 154, 183–184

Siblings

, 2, 11, 14, 20, 22, 26, 29, 31–32, 35, 55, 80, 134, 137, 176, 178, 181, 186–187, 189–190, 193, 199, 204, 207, 209, 214, 228, 230–231

donors relationships with

, 198–202

Simmel, George

, 155, 166

Sisters

, 6, 33–34, 43, 52, 92, 136, 175, 177, 187–188, 191, 195, 199, 204, 206–207, 213, 215

Smart , Carol

, 6, 19, 25, 36, 38, 90, 100, 122–123, 166, 220, 223

Sociology of

morality

, 5, 12, 37, 39–40, 105, 139

personal life

, 6

the family

, 29–30

Solo motherhood. See also Motherhood

, 180

Sperm donation

, 2, 8, 10–11, 18, 42, 45, 48, 53, 56, 58, 61, 64, 67, 70, 79–80, 84, 97–98, 100, 102, 105, 109, 114, 131, 134, 136, 145, 150, 153–154, 157, 161, 163, 169, 182, 184–185, 188–189, 191, 204, 231, 234, 236, 240

history of

, 18

Sperm share. See also Egg and sperm sharing programme

, 46–47, 55, 64, 169

Surrogacy

, 58, 63, 99, 152, 188

Telling children, principle of. See also Disclosure; Openness

, 188–189, 191

Temporal discordance

, 218–219

Temporality

, 40–42

Time

, 3–4, 7, 9–10, 13, 15, 19–20, 23, 28, 32, 40, 42, 49, 53, 57–58, 61–62, 64, 71, 86, 89, 91, 109, 112, 156, 161

Traceability of donors

, 9, 15–16, 18, 32, 103, 220

Transilience

, 216, 220

Transparency

, 10, 16, 24, 94, 96, 220

Truth-telling

, 15–16

UK identity-release policy. See also Identity-release policies; UK law on donation

, 18–19, 118, 221, 227

agency, choice and self-actualisation

, 24–26

current law and policy

, 20–23

‘identity’, origins and formation of self

, 27–31

sociological analysis and critique of current policy

, 24–33

UK law on donation. See also UK identity-release policy

, 122–123

UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC)

, 123–124

Uncles

, 26, 33, 36, 230

Warnock report

, 84