Index

Citation

(2019), "Index", Håkansson, P.G. and Bohman, H. (Ed.) Investigating Spatial Inequalities, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 217-224. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78973-941-120191017

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2020 Selection and editorial matter Peter G. Håkansson and Helena Bohman. Published under exclusive licence. Individual chapters authors

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INDEX

African-Americans

, 18

Agency for Transactions and Mediation in Immovable Properties (APN)

, 164

Agglomerations

, 5, 18, 23, 27, 28, 32

urban

, 200

Algorithms

, 2

Amenity-based adjustments

, 47, 50

Amenity index

, 199–200

APN. See Agency for Transactions and Mediation in Immovable Properties (APN)

Artificial intelligence

, 2

Automation vs manual work

, 2

Bid-rent theory

, 35, 48

Big data

, 2

Capital income

, 152–153

Centralization

, 55–56, 67–69

Centralization tendencies, in Norway

, 31

Centrality

, 6–7, 37–38

regressing population growth

, 37

Centrality index

, 37, 188

Chechen War, 1999

, 73–74

Cities vs. municipalities

, 59

City municipalities

, 59

Collective rent negotiations

, 143

Commuting patterns

distribution of

, 192, 193

gender gap

, 180–181, 185–186, 189–192

gender patterns in

, 178–181

household responsibility hypothesis

, 179–180

men and women

, 178

part-time employment

, 180–181

regional differences in

, 188–189

spatial segregation

, 180

in Sweden, Norway and Serbia

, 186–192

Commuting rates

, 182–184, 193–194

Conceptual Model

, 19–22, 24, 25

Control of corruption

Scandinavian countries

, 97

South East Europe

, 97–99

Convergence

, 4, 55–56

Croatia

, 3, 55–56, 93–94, 127–131

average flat price

, 167–168

housing market in

, 169–171

labour force mobility in

, 169–171

prices of property in

, 165–168

proportion of homeowners

, 165–167

unemployment

, 169–171

Croatian economic development, 2000–2016

, 56–58

Decentralizing

, 6

Decision Maker (DM)

, 201

Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)

, 74

Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-Optical Line Scanner (DMSP-OLS)

, 72

DMSP-OLS night-time lights

, 73–75

Demographic indicators (DI)

, 202

Descriptive approach

, 32

Descriptive statistics

, 26–27

DI. See Demographic indicators (DI)

Digitalization

, 1, 55–56

Digital numbers (DN)

, 74

Disequilibrium explanations

, 46, 47

Disintegration, Yugoslavia

, 75–82

DM. See Decision Maker (DM)

DMSP. See Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)

DMSP-OLS. See Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-Optical Line Scanner (DMSP-OLS)

DN. See Digital numbers (DN)

EAA. See Estate Agents Act (EAA)

EC. See European Commission (EC)

EC competition law

, 143

Economic and labour market (ELMI)

, 198–199, 202

Economic development

, 1, 5, 6

ECU-crisis

, 22

Educational mismatch

, 2

Educational upgrade

, 1

EES. See European Employment Strategy (EES)

ELECTRE Tri-C

, 201, 215

methodology

, 213

ELMI. See Economic and labour market (ELMI)

Employment growth

and local unemployment rates

, 47–48

and population growth

, 48

Endogenous theory

, 90–91

EQI. See European Quality of Government Index (EQI)

Estate Agents Act (EAA)

, 131–132

EU-28

, 56, 57

EU initiatives

creating new jobs

, 112

European Employment Strategy (EES)

, 111–112

experimental work

, 112

helping people into jobs

, 112

improving the employability

, 112

Local Employment Development Action Programme

, 112

local employment programmes

, 111

Local Social Capital Pilot Actions

, 112

Preparatory Measures for a Local Commitment to Employment

, 112

reducing inequality

, 112

Territorial Employment Pacts

, 112

Third Sector and Employment Programme

, 112

EU regional policy

, 1

Europe

, 1, 3

European Commission (EC)

, 143

European Employment Strategy (EES)

, 111–112

European Quality of Government Index (EQI)

, 102

European Structural Funds

, 6

European Union

, 111, 146–147

European Union Structural and Cohesion Funds

, 91

‘Flexicurity’ system

, 119

Fordist production system

, 55–56

Fourth industrial revolution

, 2, 55–56

GDP. See Gross domestic product (GDP)

GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity (GDP (PPP))

, 75

Gender gaps

, 179, 185–186, 189–191, 194

Geographical mobility

, 2

Global financial crisis, 2008–2009

, 23

Global Gender Gap Index

, 181

Globalization

, 1

Governance

, 102

importance and characteristics of

, 90–93

definition

, 90

Government housing policy

, 164–165

Great Recession

, 23, 57

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 73, 75

Gross regional product (GRP)

, 203

GRP. See Gross regional product (GRP)

Harris-Todaro mechanism

, 40, 46, 66–67

High-touch jobs

, 21

HMA. See Housing market indicators and amenities (HMA)

Household debt

, 147–152

Household responsibility hypothesis

, 179–180

women

, 180

House prices (in Sweden) 1985–2014

, 23

Housing market

, 124, 125, 126, 127–128, 131, 135–136

corporatism

, 144

in Croatia

, 169–171

household debt

, 147–152

internal migration

, 200–201

and labour market

, 19

political interventions on

, 147–152

prices

, 40

reforms in 1990s

, 148–150

regime

, 141

transaction costs in

, 126

Housing market indicators and amenities (HMA)

, 202

Housing right

, 162

ICT development

, 3

IDELE. See Identification, Dissemination and Exchange of good practice in Local Employment development (IDELE)

Identification, Dissemination and Exchange of good practice in Local Employment development (IDELE)

, 112

ILO. See International Labour Organization (ILO)

Income inequalities

, 1

Inequality

, 2–4

agglomeration

, 5

geographical mobility

, 2

labour market

, 39–40

meaning

, 4, 5

spatial

, 5

Theil index

, 32

Institutions

, 90, 91–92, 102

Interest tax deduction

, 152–153

Internal migration

, 197–198

economic market

, 199

housing market

, 200–201

infrastructure

, 199–200

labour market

, 199

quality of life

, 199–200

in Serbia

, 201–203

urban agglomerations

, 200

International Labour Organization (ILO)

, 184–185

JIS. See Joint Information System (JIS)

Joint Information System (JIS)

, 131

Knowledge-hubs

, 113–114

Labour force mobility, Croatia

, 169–171

Labour Force Survey

, 186

Labour market

average wage

, 62–63

classification of municipalities (Croatia)

, 62–69

classification of municipalities (Norway)

, 40–46

classification of municipalities (Serbia)

, 65

Commuting

, 179

in Croatia

, 58–59

development

, 184–186

disequilibrium

, 46, 47, 51

employment growth

, 62–63

equilibrium

, 46

female

, 182

and housing

, 19–22

indicators

, 62–63

inequalities

, 39–40

internal migration

, 199

local employment growth and local unemployment rates

, 47–48

local unemployment rates and local population growth

, 48–50

Norwegian region

, 33, 34

part-time employment

, 182

policy

, 116–117, 119

recessions

, 23

rent-setting

, 143

residential location decisions

, 37

in Serbia

, 58–59

unemployment

, 21, 62–63

Labour mobility

, 3, 178

LAU. See Local Administrative Units (LAU)

LAU2

, 6–7, 56, 58–59, 182

LAU-2

, 67–69

The Leader Initiative

, 118

LEED. See Local Economic and Employment Programme (LEED)

Levene’s and Brown-Forsythe’s tests

, 27

Levene’s robust test statistic (W0)

, 26–27, 28

Levene test

, 26–27

Light at night

, 72

Local Administrative Units (LAU)

, 6–7, 8

Local Area Units (LAU)

, 182

Local Economic and Employment Programme (LEED)

, 113

Local Employment Development Action Programme

, 112

Local employment growth

and local unemployment rates

, 47–48

Local employment programmes

, 111, 116–117

Local Social Capital Pilot Actions

, 112

Local unemployment

, 110–111

decentralization and

, 117–118

EU initiatives on

, 111–117

rates and local population growth

, 48–50

Lock-in effects

, 152

Low indicator value

, 62–63

Marshall

, 32

MCDA. See Multiple Criteria Decision Aiding (MCDA)

MHCs. See Municipal housing companies (MHCs)

Monocentric model

, 179

Multiple Criteria Decision Aiding (MCDA)

, 12, 201

Municipal housing companies (MHCs)

, 143, 146–147

Municipality

, 182

absolute population growth

, 36, 38

Bergen region

, 49

centrality index

, 37

classification of

, 40–46

different centrality

, 38

employment changes by

, 60–61

employment growth

, 32–33

labour-market classification of

, 62–69

local housing market

, 32–33

local labour market situation

, 40–46

population changes by

, 60–61

population growth and jobs in

, 37–38

population size

, 35, 36

relative population growth

, 36, 38

unemployment rate

, 32–33

National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC)

, 74

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

, 74

Neoclassical economic theory

, 140

Neoclassical theory

, 18, 19, 50, 90–91

Net Migration Rate (NMR)

, 206

New Institutional Economics (NIE)

, 92

NGDC. See National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC)

NIE. See New Institutional Economics (NIE)

Night-time light

, 72–73

armed conflicts

, 73–74

Chechen War, 1999

, 73–74

conflicts

, 73–74

disasters

, 73–74

and economic activity

, 73

refugee migrations

, 73–74

Russia-Georgia war, 2008

, 73–74

Syrian civil war

, 73–74

in Yugoslavia

, 78, 79

NMR. See Net Migration Rate (NMR)

NOAA. See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS)

, 6–7, 8

Norway

, 3, 32, 55–56, 93

NUTS. See Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS)

Out-commuting rate

, 182–184, 188–189, 192, 193

Over-education

, 2

PES. See Public employment service (PES)

Population growth

absolute

, 36

for categories of municipalities

, 43

centrality

, 37

in Croatia

, 62, 67

geographical variation in

, 33–37

and jobs in municipalities

, 37–38

in labour market regions, 1970–2017

, 34

and local unemployment rates

, 48–50

relative

, 36

in Serbia

, 62, 67

Porta Futuro, Italy

, 115

POS. See Publicly Subsidized Residential Construction Programme (POS)

PPP. See Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

Preparatory Measures for a Local Commitment to Employment

, 112

Property tax

, 153

Public employment service (PES)

, 116

Publicly Subsidized Residential Construction Programme (POS)

, 164–165

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

, 75

Quality of Government (QoG)

, 89

control of corruption

Scandinavian countries

, 97

South East Europe

, 97–99

country-level WGI

, 94

factors

, 92

government effectiveness and voice & accountability

Scandinavian countries

, 99–101

importance and characteristics of

, 90–93

local and regional

, 91

public investment decisions

, 92–93

regional economic performance

, 91

regional environmental performance

, 92–93

rule of law

, 95–97

Scandinavian countries

, 95

South East Europe

, 95–97

in Sweden, Norway, Croatia and Serbia

, 93–95

traditions and institutions

, 90, 92

Raster data

, 74–75

Real Estate Law

, 128–129

Refugee migrations

, 73–74

Regional conflict evaluation

, 72

Regional inequalities, Norway

, 32, 51–53

Regional inequalities, Sweden

, 19

conceptual model

, 20–22

divergence for employment rates

, 25–26

house prices

, 23, 25–26

local growth

, 18

related to geography

, 18

structural change

, 22

Swedish economy 1985–2014

, 22–23

Swedish municipalities

, 25–26

Rehn-Meidner model

, 19

Remote sensing data

, 72–74

Rental Act

, 143

Rent control

1942

, 144

1968–78

, 145–146

Rent Control Act, 1942

, 144

Rent Negotiation Act

, 145

1978

, 143

Residential location decisions

, 37

Robotics

, 2

Robust Brown-Forsythe test

, 28

Rule of law

Scandinavian countries

, 95

South East Europe

, 95–97

Rural-urban mobility

, 62

Russia-Georgia war, 2008

, 73–74

Satellite remote sensing missions

, 72

Schumpeter

, 22

SEE. See South East Europe (SEE)

Serbia

, 3, 55, 93–95, 178, 181, 186–192, 197

Serbian economic development, 2000–2016

, 56–58

SMH. See Spatial mismatch hypothesis (SMH)

SORS. See Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (SORS)

South East Europe (SEE)

, 3, 4, 56

quality of government in

, 89

Spatial distribution

, 39, 45–46

Spatial inequality

, 1–4, 6

Spatial labour mobility

, 3–4

Spatial mismatch hypothesis (SMH)

, 18

Spatial mobility

, 160–162

and inequality

, 2–4

work-related

, 178

Spatial-temporal resolution

, 72

SPO. See Swedish Property Owners (SPO)

Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (SORS)

, 203

Statistics Norway

, 32, 33, 37–38

Structural change

, 18, 19, 22

SUT. See Swedish Union of Tenants (SUT)

Sweden

, 3, 17, 55–56, 131–133

Swedish corporatist rental system

, 143

Swedish economy 1985–2014

, 22–23

Swedish Property Owners (SPO)

, 144

Swedish rent-setting system

, 142–147

Swedish structural crisis (1975–1980)

, 22

Swedish Union of Tenants (SUT)

, 142–143

Syrian civil war

, 73–74

Taxation

, 152–153

Tax Reform, 1991

, 152–153

Technological change

, 2

Tenant movement

, 142–143

Tenants right

, 162

TEPs. See Territorial Employment Pacts (TEPs)

Territorial Employment Pacts (TEPs)

, 111, 112

Austria

, 115–117

The Equal Initiative

, 117–118

Theil index

, 32, 39–40

Third industrial revolution (1975–1980)

, 22

Third Sector and Employment Programme

, 112

Trade and technology

, 2

Transaction costs

, 124–127

conceptual model of

, 126–127

in the housing market

, 126

Transaction process

, 127–131

comparing Croatia and Sweden

, 133–135

Croatia

contracting

, 130

fees and taxes in

, 136

marketing phase

, 128–129

pre-contract phase

, 129–130

registration

, 130–131

Sweden

the contract phase

, 132–133

fees and taxes in

, 136

marketing phase

, 131–132

registration

, 133

UKCES labour market projections, (UK, 2012 to 2022)

, 118

Unemployment

, 18, 21, 108–109, 110–111, 116, 117

United States

, 1

Urban agglomerations

, 200

The Urban Initiative

, 118

Urbanization tendencies, in Norway

, 31

Urbanity

, 6–7

Urban-rural divide

, 23, 28, 62

Urban-rural wage differentials

, 63

Use value system

, 143

Vector data

, 74–75

Vegetation classification

, 72

Weather forecasting

, 72

WGI. See Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI); Worldwide Governance Indicators’ (WGI)

WGI score

, 93–94, 95

World Bank

, 75–77

World Development Indicator

, 186

World Economic Forum

, 181

World War I

, 72

World War II

, 75

Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI)

, 90, 93

WWII rent regulation

, 143

Xenophobic movements

, 1

Yugoslavia

, 71–72

disintegration of

, 71, 75–82

fall of

, 71–72