Citation

Nhamo, G., Nhemachena, C., Nhamo, S., Mjimba, V. and Savić, I. (2020), "Index", SDG7 – Ensure Access to Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy (Concise Guides to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 263-275. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78973-799-820201001

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2020 Godwell Nhamo, Charles Nhemachena, Senia Nhamo, Vuyo Mjimba and Ivana Savić

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INDEX

Index

Action energy literacy

, 257–258

Afghan Energy Strategy

, 149

Afghanistan, energy policy and legal terrain in

, 148–149

Afghanistan National Development Strategy (ANDS)

, 148

Africa Agenda (2063)

, 216

Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions initiative (ACCES initiative)

, 215

Africa Development Bank strategy (AfDB strategy)

, 202, 212

Africa Energy Indaba

, 221

Africa renewable energy fund (AREF)

, 217

Africa-European Union Energy Partnership

, 205

African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)

, 224

African Regional Economic Commissions (RECs)

, 205

African Renewable Energy Initiative (AREI)

, 181, 202

African Union Development Agency-NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD)

, 202

Agencia para la Seguridad, Energía y Ambiente (ASEA) (see Mexico’s Agency for Safety, Energy and Environment)

2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (AfSD)

, 1–2, 113, 144, 233

access to affordable, reliable and modern energy

, 10–13

central role of energy in achieving

, 5–8

improvement in energy efficiency

, 17–19

increased share of renewable energy in mix

, 13–17

methodological orientation

, 19–21

SDG 7

, 2–4

targets and indicators associated with SDG 7

, 9

Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)

, 205–206

Arab Renewable Energy Framework (AREF)

, 180–181

Argentina, energy policy terrain in

, 119–121

Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program (ASTAE)

, 38

Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA)

, 53

Bangladesh, energy policy and legal terrain in

, 149–151

Bhutan, energy policy and legal terrain in

, 151–152

Bhutan 2020 (Vision for Peace, Prosperity and Happiness)

, 151

Bhutan Sustainable Hydropower Development Policy

, 151

Big data, case for investments in

, 249–250

Biofuels

, 217

Biogas

, 212

Biomass

, 160

burning stoves

, 212

Brazil, energy policy terrain in

, 117–119

Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM)

, 258

Burkina Faso (BFA)

, 209

Burundi (BDI)

, 209

Business-as-usual (BAU)

, 52

Cabo Verde

, 252

Canada

energy-intensive economy in

, 99

international energy actors

, 101

Central African Republic (CAF)

, 209

Ceteris paribus

, 116, 135, 145

Chad (TCD)

, 209

Charcoal

, 130, 213

China’s renewable energy law and policy

, 241–242

Clean and energy efficient technology dumping

, 248

Clean cooking

fuels

, 212

technologies

, 216

Clean Cooking Alliance

, 215

Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC)

, 53

Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM)

, 99

Clean fuels

for cooking

, 91–98, 239–241

and technology

, 44–47, 71–72

Clean Stove Initiative (CSI)

, 38

Clean technology fund

, 178

Climate change

, 18–19

Climate Change and Energy Department

, 155

Climate risks to securing energy supplies

, 250–251

Colombia, energy space engagements in

, 123–126

Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment (CCSI)

, 13

COMESA

, 206

Comisión Nacional de Hidrocarburos (CNH) (see National Commission for Hydrocarbons)

Comisión Reguladora de Energía (CRE) (see Energy Regulatory Commission)

Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CENSAD)

, 205–206

Complementary tax reforms

, 95

Comprehensive Peace Agreement (2006)

, 155

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

, 178

Congo Democratic Republic (COD)

, 209

Cooking, clean fuel for

, 239–241

Cooking fuels and technologies (CFTs)

, 191

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

, 18

Critical document (CD)

, 19

Cross-border cooperation

, 77

Cross-subsidisation

, 211

Customer non-payments, culture of

, 254–255

De-risking

, 187–188

Defence forces, removing energy-intensive and wastage masks of

, 257

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK)

, 10

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

, 10, 202

Department of Electricity Authority (DoED)

, 156

Device energy literacy

, 257–258

Digitalisation

, 177

Discourse analysis (DA)

, 19

DLA Piper

, 38–39

Domestic natural gas

, 150

Dumping

, 248

East African Community (EAC)

, 205–206

East Asia and Pacific (EAP)

, 235–236, 242

CSI Programme

, 39

region

, 33

Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean (ECLAC)

, 114, 135

Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)

, 204, 206

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

, 204–205

Economic Development Policy (EDP)

, 151

ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency (ECREEE)

, 206

Électricité d’Haïti (EDH)

, 130

Electricity

, 70, 91–98

access and use of clean fuels for cooking

, 182–184

gap challenge

, 201

universal access to

, 236–239

Electricity Act (1992)

, 157

Electricity Rules (1993)

, 157

Electricity Tariff Fixation Rules (1993)

, 157

Electrification rate

, 68

Energiewende

, 79–80

Energising Development (EnDev)

, 79

Energy

, 144

continuous promotion of energy literacy

, 257–258

diplomacy

, 22

equity

, 192

and grid inter-connectivity

, 244–245

intensity in SSA

, 218

investments to SDG 7 scaling up

, 103–104

ladder model

, 213

renegotiating energy contracts

, 255–256

security

, 192

services

, 63

space engagements in Colombia

, 123–126

theft

, 254–255

Energy and Climate Partnership of Americas (ECPA)

, 101

Energy Charter Process

, 76

Energy Conservation Act

, 52

Energy efficiency

, 243–244

call to continue promoting energy efficiency programmes

, 258

doubling global rate of improvement in

, 217–221

in European and Central Asian countries

, 75–76

improvement in

, 17–19

in MENA region

, 189–190

North America in

, 98–101

performance

, 219

Energy Efficiency Accord

, 219

Energy Efficiency and Conservation policy (EE&C policy)

, 151

Energy efficiency obligation schemes (EEOS)

, 18

Energy Governance and Capacity Initiative (EGCI)

, 41

Energy mix

, 153

and policy landscape in MENA region

, 179–182

Energy Performance and Buildings Directive (EPBD)

, 258

Energy policies in Haiti

, 129–131

Energy policy terrain

in Afghanistan

, 148–149

in Argentina

, 119–121

in Bangladesh

, 149–151

in Bhutan

, 151–152

in Brazil

, 117–119

in India

, 152–154

and legal terrain

, 148

in Maldives

, 154–155

in Nepal

, 155–157

in Pakistan

, 157–159

in Sri Lanka

, 160–161

Venezuela and

, 126–128

Energy poverty

, 201–207

access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services

, 208–215

access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking

, 214

African regional power pools

, 204

capital raised by technology/fuel type

, 215

doubling global rate of improvement in energy efficiency

, 217–221

energy activities in regional economic communities

, 206

fuel mix in African region

, 213

increasing share of renewable energy

, 216–217

key findings

, 207

SDG 7 targets and indicators with limited data

, 221–223

Energy Regulatory Commission

, 122

Energy sector in European and Central Asian countries

, 65–68

Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP)

, 38, 191–192

Energy supply

in LAC region

, 115–131

in SAARC region

, 145–148

Energy trilemma index (ETI)

, 192

Environmental sustainability

, 192

Equator Principles

, 247

Ethiopia’s Renaissance Dam

, 251

Eurasian gas system

, 67

Europe and Central Asia (ECA)

, 63–65, 235–236

cross-border cooperation

, 77

energy cooperation, research and technology

, 76

energy efficiency

, 75–76

energy sector in

, 65–68

international cooperation

, 77–79

regional cooperation

, 76–77

renewable energy

, 72–74

research, technology and innovations

, 79–80

sustainable energy investments

, 80–81

universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services

, 68–72

European Energy Research Alliance (EERA)

, 79

European Technology and Innovation Platforms (ETIPs)

, 79

European Union (EU)

, 18, 63, 66–67

Electricity Directive

, 70

energy ODA from EU and EU Member States

, 78

Energy Union Strategy

, 76

Federal Electricity Law

, 120

Federal Tax Credit on Wind and Solar

, 95

Financial energy literacy

, 257–258

Financing

low carbon energy access

, 222

renewable energy in Africa

, 222

Foreign direct investment (FDI)

, 221

Fossil fuel(s) (see also Clean fuels)

, 144

heavy consumption

, 188

Fossil-based energy sources

, 247–248

Fuel

fuel-stove stacking

, 213

subsidies

, 211

Fuelwood

, 218

Geographical information systems (GIS)

, 19

Geothermal energy

, 13, 248

Global Carbon Fund (GCF)

, 178

Global energy (see also Renewable energy)

clean fuel for cooking

, 239–241

crisis

, 177

energy efficiency

, 243–244

energy intensity level of primary energy

, 243

gaps and remedial pathways to 2030

, 235

key emerging findings

, 235–244

policy recommendations to 2030

, 244–258

share of renewable energy

, 241–242

universal access to electricity

, 236–239

Global greenhouse gas (GHG)

, 3

Global LPG partnership

, 215

Global Network of Regional Sustainable Energy Centres (GN-SEC)

, 205

Global tracking framework approach (GTF approach)

, 191

Global warming

, 164

Grand Ethiopia Renaissance Dam

, 246

Grand Inga Dam project

, 202, 211–212

Grand Inga III hydropower project

, 251

Green building(s)

, 256

rating schemes

, 100

Green land grabs for biofuels production

, 246–247

Greenhouse gases (GHGs)

, 90, 115, 144

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 94, 145, 217

Guinea Bissau (GNB)

, 209

Haiti, energy policies in

, 129–131

High-efficiency biomass cook stoves

, 208

Hiking trails

, 246

Household air pollution, reduction of

, 213

Hurricane Matthew disaster (2016)

, 129

Hydroelectricity resources

, 160

Hydropower

, 146

Hydropower Development Policy (1992)

, 157

Import substitution industrialisation approach (ISI approach)

, 117

Independent Power Producer Procurement Programmes (I4Ps)

, 255–256

India, energy policy and legal terrain in

, 152–154

Indonesian mega paraffin-to-LPG conversion programme

, 249

Industrialisation

, 143

Inga Development and Promotion Agency (ADEPI)

, 211

Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA)

, 77

Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)

, 205–206

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

, 120, 158

International cooperation

, 77–79

International Energy Agency (IEA)

, 2, 66, 180, 191, 201, 234

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 89

International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)

, 2, 11, 123, 155, 178, 234

Interregional Renewable and Energy Efficiency Network (IRENE)

, 77

Jamaica’s Energy Policy Space

, 128–129

Karachi Electric Supply Corporation (KESC)

, 158

Kariba Dam

, 245

Kariba hydropower plant

, 251

Kyoto Protocol

, 90–91

Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR)

, 38

Latin America and Caribbean (LAC)

, 235–236

correlation between energy use, economic growth

, 116

energy policies in Haiti

, 129–131

energy policy terrain in Argentina

, 119–121

energy policy terrain in Brazil

, 117–119

energy space engagements in Colombia

, 123–126

energy supply in

, 114, 115

Jamaica’s Energy Policy Space

, 128–129

Mexico’s Energy Policy and Institutional Environment

, 121–123

progress and challenges for SDG 7

, 131–136

region

, 23, 113

Venezuela and energy policy terrain

, 126–128

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

, 100, 190, 258

League of Arab States (LAS)

, 181

Least Developed Country (LDC)

, 156

Liquefied natural gas (LNG)

, 51

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

, 11, 44, 47, 212, 214, 240, 249

Local skills development

, 247

Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs)

, 213

Madagascar (MAD)

, 209

Made in China 2025’ flagship programme

, 241

Malawi (MWI)

, 209

Maldives, energy policy and legal terrain in

, 154–155

Malicious attacks

, 71

Mauritius

, 252

Mega energy projects, dealing with land grabs and forced removals for

, 245–247

Mexico’s Agency for Safety, Energy and Environment

, 122

Mexico’s Energy Policy and Institutional Environment

, 121–123

Micro off-grid renewable energy sources

, 146

Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

, 24, 175, 235–236, 242

electricity access and use of clean fuels for cooking

, 182–184

energy efficiency in MENA region

, 189–190

energy mix and policy landscape in

, 179–182

imminent changes in MENA region energy dynamics

, 175–179

region countries in ETI

, 195

regulatory indicators for sustainable energy

, 193–194

renewable energy coverage

, 184–189

SDG 7

, 190–195

trends in access to electricity, clean fuels and renewable energy

, 183

wind and solar atlas coverage in

, 185

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

, 113, 145, 222

Mini off-grid renewable energy sources

, 146

Mini-grid solutions, call to scale-up investments in

, 247

Ministry of Energy (MoE)

, 156

Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW)

, 149

Ministry of Housing and Environment

, 155

Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME)

, 124

Ministry of Power

, 154

Ministry of Water and Power

, 158

Modern energy services

, 68–72

Mozambique (MOZ)

, 209

Multi-Tier Framework (MTF)

, 192

Multifaceted energy literacy

, 257–258

Municipal by-laws

, 256

National Business Initiative (NBI)

, 219

National Commission for Hydrocarbons

, 122

National Energy Efficiency Strategy (2005)

, 219

National Energy Plan 2030 (PNE 2030)

, 118

National Energy Policy (NEP)

, 129, 150, 153

National Framework for Green Building in South Africa (NFGBSA)

, 258

National Policy and Strategy for Biofuels

, 217

National Power Policy (2013)

, 158

National power utilities, unbundling

, 255–256

National renewable energy action plans (NREAPs)

, 181

National Solar Mission

, 154

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

, 242

Natural disasters

, 128

Natural gas

, 122, 248

Nepal, energy policy and legal terrain in

, 155–157

Net Metering Act

, 54

Niger (NER)

, 209

Nile River basin

, 246

Non-renewable energy generation capacity

, 16

North America

, 235–236

energy efficiency

, 98–101

energy investments to SDG 7 scaling up

, 103–104

energy progress

, 89

international cooperation, research, development and technology

, 101–103

Kyoto Protocol

, 90–91

renewable energy uptake remains low

, 93–98

universal access to electricity and use of clean fuels for cooking

, 91–93

USA

, 89–90

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

, 101, 121

Off-grid solutions, call to scale-up investments in

, 247

OLADE (Latin America Energy Organisation)

, 131

One-size-fits all countries approach

, 47

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

, 3, 65, 89

Organisation of American States (OAS)

, 89

Overseas Development Assistance (ODA)

, 78, 102, 249

in SIDS and developed states

, 249

Pacific Resilience Partnership (PRP)

, 34

Pacific Small Island Developing States (PSIDS)

, 33–34

Pakistan

energy policy and legal terrain in

, 157–159

key initiatives in renewable energy space of

, 159

Palm oil

, 246

Paris Agreement

, 3, 8, 74, 97, 136, 248, 253

Paris-Energy rhetoric (Trump)

, 252–253

Peer learning from good practice cases

, 249

PENTA region

, 77

Petróleos de Venezuela (PdDV)

, 127

Petroleum

, 160

Petroleum Act

, 117

Piped natural gas (PNG)

, 212

Pipeline network

, 67

Policy recommendations to 2030

, 244

call to continue promoting energy efficiency programmes

, 258

call to scale-up investments in off and mini-grids and local skills development

, 247

case for investments in big data

, 249–250

clean and energy efficient technology dumping

, 248

climate risks to securing energy supplies

, 250–251

continuous promotion of energy literacy

, 257–258

culture of customer non-payments and energy theft

, 254–255

dealing with land grabs and forced removals for mega energy projects

, 245–247

enhancing energy and grid inter-connectivity

, 244–245

matching energy need to increasing populations, growth and development

, 250

ODA in SIDS and developed states

, 249

Paris-Energy rhetoric (Trump)

, 252–253

peer learning from good practice cases

, 249

recognising access to electricity and clean energy as human right

, 253–254

removing energy-intensive and wastage masks of defence forces

, 257

renegotiating energy contracts and unbundling national power utilities

, 255–256

retaining fossil-based energy sources

, 247–248

smart settlements and transportation concept

, 256–257

SSA

, 251–252

Poverty

, 6, 114

Power Sector Master Plan (PSMP)

, 149–150

Power Sector Program (PSP)

, 41

Powertel Communications

, 237

Primary energy

, 217

‘Private investment-based’ alternative

, 222

Private Sector Energy Efficiency Programme (PSEEP)

, 219–220

Pro-poor tariffs

, 211

Program for Infrastructure Development in Africa (PIDA)

, 202–203

Public de-risking measures

, 187

Purchasing power parity (PPP)

, 114

Regional Association of Energy Regulators for Eastern and Southern Africa (RAERESA)

, 206

Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE)

, 18, 181

Regional cooperation

, 76–77

Regional Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Strategy and Action Plan (REEESAP)

, 206

Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE)

, 192

Renewable energy (see also Global energy)

, 13–17, 149, 179

consumption

, 51

coverage in MENA

, 184–189

development strategy

, 47

directive

, 77

in European and Central Asian countries

, 72–74

and exploitation priority in EAP

, 49–50

increasing share of

, 216–217

LNG

, 51–52

long-term energy transition policies

, 52–53

New Zealand

, 53–54

policy of Afghanistan

, 149

potential of SAARC region

, 147

pricing mechanism

, 47–48

readiness assessments

, 216–217

resources

, 51

share in final energy consumption

, 186

share of

, 241–242

solar panels

, 54–55

stories on renewables in energy mix

, 47

uptake

, 93–98

Renewable energy roadmap analysis (Remap analysis)

, 178

Renewable readiness assessments (RRAs)

, 177

Rural Electrification Programme

, 44

Russo–Ukrainian crisis

, 68

SADC centre for renewable energy and energy efficiency (SACREEE)

, 206

Small Island Development States (SIDS)

, 16, 113, 237

Smart settlements

, 256–257

Solar

, 246

cooking devices

, 212

energy

, 146

panels

, 54–55

power

, 184

technologies

, 216

South Africa’s Free Basic Services

, 253

South Asia, SDG 7 in

developments and challenges for SDG 7

, 161–166

energy policy and legal terrain

, 148–161

energy supply in SAARC region

, 145–148

South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

, 235, 251–252

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)

, 24, 143

access to electricity in

, 164

energy intensity level of primary energy in

, 166

energy supply in

, 145–148

primary commercial energy production in

, 146

renewable energy potential of

, 147

South Sudan (SSD)

, 209

Southern African Development Community (SADC)

, 204, 206

Southern African Development Community (SADC)

, 245

Soweto

, 255

Sri Lanka, energy policy and legal terrain in

, 160–161

State of Electricity Access Report (SEAR)

, 192

Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan)

, 79

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

, 3, 201

access to electricity in

, 210

energy intensity in

, 218

region

, 201

SSA SDG 7 Composite Index

, 208

urban–rural divide of energy access in

, 210

Super–Efficient Equipment and Appliance Deployment initiative (SEAD initiative)

, 221

Sustainability

, 149

index

, 55

Sustainable development goal 7 (SDG 7)

, 2–4, 8, 33, 42–43, 90–91, 93, 179, 190–195, 202, 233–236, 250, 253

accessing to electricity and clean fuel and technology for cooking

, 44–47

composite index for SDG 7 and trends analysis

, 162

developments and challenges for

, 161–166

DLA Piper

, 38–39

EAP composite index SDG 7

, 42

EAP CSI Programme

, 39

East Asia and Pacific Composite Index

, 180

energy investments to SDG 7 scaling up

, 103–104

feed-in tariffs for selected countries

, 40

findings

, 41

narratives regarding energy efficiency

, 55

population and energy matters in selected EAP countries

, 35–37

progress and challenges for

, 131–136

PSIDS

, 33–34

stories on renewables in energy mix

, 47–55

targets and indicators with limited data

, 221–223

trends in access to electricity, clean fuels and renewable energy

, 163

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 1, 19, 33, 64, 113, 144, 233

SDG 1

, 6, 133

SDG 2

, 6

SDG 3

, 6–7, 132

SDG 4

, 7

SDG 5

, 7, 19, 132

SDG 6

, 7

SDG 8

, 7

SDG 9

, 7

SDG 10

, 7

SDG 11

, 7

SDG 12

, 7

SDG 13

, 3, 7–8, 18, 132

SDG 14

, 8

SDG 15

, 8

SDG 16

, 8

Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN)

, 6, 20

Sustainable energy (see also Renewable energy)

, 7, 90

investments

, 80–81

Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL)

, 191, 205

Sustainable Energy Fund for Africa

, 223

Synergies

, 211

Tanzania (TZA)

, 209

Thailand’s Kaeng Suea Ten Dam

, 246

Total Primary Energy Supply (TPAS)

, 74

Trade-offs

, 211

Traditional cooking fuels

, 240

Traditional fossil energy sources

, 148

Transportation concept

, 256–257

Tropical cyclones

, 19

Uganda (UGA)

, 209

Unidad de Planeación Minera Energética (UPME)

, 126

United Arab Emirates (UAE)

, 2

United Kingdom (UK)

, 143, 241

United Nations (UN)

, 66

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

, 75, 160

modelling approach

, 187

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (UNESCAP)

, 5

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA)

, 8, 202

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)

, 66, 89

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

, 3, 40, 90, 248

United Nations High Level Political Forum (HLPF)

, 45

United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO)

, 205

United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD)

, 2, 234

United States of America (USA)

, 89, 143

USA Bureau of Energy Resources (ENR)

, 40–41

Venezuela and energy policy terrain

, 126–128

Vision 2041

, 150

Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs)

, 20, 45, 69, 93, 209–210

Waste to energy (WTE)

, 152

Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA)

, 158

Water Resources Act (1992)

, 157

White Paper on Energy

, 219

Wind

, 246

energy farms

, 146

World Bank

, 2, 191, 234

World Bank report (2018)

, 234

World Development Indicators (WDIs)

, 19

World Energy Council (WEC)

, 3, 10, 221

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 2, 92, 202, 234

World Trade Organisation

, 102

Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF)

, 120

Zero net energy (ZNE)

, 100–101

Zesa Enterprises

, 237

Zesa Holdings

, 237, 254

Zimbabwe Electricity and Transmission Distribution Company

, 237

Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority (Zesa)

, 237

Zimbabwe government

, 237

Zimbabwe Power Company

, 237