Index
ISBN: 978-1-78973-344-0, eISBN: 978-1-78973-343-3
Publication date: 16 September 2020
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2020), "Index", Lockwood, K. (Ed.) Mothering from the Inside, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 205-217. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78973-343-320201015
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2020 Kelly Lockwood. Published under exclusive licences by Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Abortion, 185–186
Abruption, 110
Absence, 35, 72, 94, 202
Abuse
domestic, 73, 87–88, 170–171
emotional, 2
parental, 20–21
physical, 2
sexual, 2, 130
Access, 34, 75–76, 151, 182–183
Accommodation, 87–88, 116–117, 190–191
Adaptive strategies, 4, 49–50
Addiction, 91
Adjusting (to prison life), 3
Adolescence, 120
Adolescent, 109–110
Mental Health Services, 73
Adult
responsibilities, 118
status, 107
Adultery, 188
Adulthood
markers of, 106
transitions to, 106
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE), 4, 68–69, 174
Africa, 191
Aftercare, 87
Age. See also Chronological age, 6–7, 50, 88–89, 183–184
Agency, 33, 118, 202
Aggression, 20–21, 189
Alcohol
Alcohol Use Identification Test (AUDIT), 132
hazardous drinking, 131
Alternative narrative, 109–120
Ambiguous loss, 20–21, 169
American prison, 51
Analytical framework, 19–20
Anger, 4, 108, 169
Anonymity, 70, 165
Antenatal
care, 51, 151–152
depression, 131–132
negative experiences of, 51
Anticipatory grief, 49–50
Anti-social behaviour, 18–19, 166
Anxiety, 4, 91, 135, 176–177
Apathy, 169
Appeal, 15, 49–50
Article 2 UNCRC, 20
Article 3 UNCRC, 17–18
Article 9 UNCRC, 20
Article 12 UNCRC, 19–20
Article 20 UNCRC, 20
Assault Guideline, 15–16
Assisted Prison Visits scheme, 77–78
Attachment
attachment seeking behaviour, 171
attachment theory, 166
Attempted suicide, 72
Attention seeking, 171
Audience, 175–176
Authentic self, 149–150
Autonomy, 32–33, 58, 118
Avoidance, 169
Baby, 5–6, 57, 91
unborn, 53, 61, 199
Backstage, 153–154
Bad mother, 15, 55, 90
Bail
Bail Act 1976, 25
bail hostels, 164–165
Bangkok Rules, 73
Barriers to maintaining contact, 3
Bath, 56
Behavioural problems, 4, 68–69, 130
Bereavement, 4, 68–69
Best interests of the child, 17–18, 39–40
Biology/biological, 2, 34–35, 188
Bipolar disorder, 135
Birth
birth mother, 149
birth supporter, 51
caesarean, 51
post birth, 51–52
Black and minority ethnic (BAME), 76
Blame, 40, 95
Body language, 35–36
Bonding, 97
maternal-foetal, 51
Breach, 25–26, 148
Breastfeed, 56, 188
British Association of Social Workers (BASW), 88
British Society of Criminology’s Code of Ethics for Researchers, 19–20
British Sociological Association’s Statement of Ethical Practice, 19–20
Budget, 168, 189
Bullying, 68–69, 168
Bunk beds, 52
Burden, 6–7, 118, 197
Caesarean, 51, 151–152
Canteen culture, 153–154
Care
antenatal care, 51, 151–152
arrangements, 4, 18–19, 68–69
Care and Separation Units, 176
care taking, 32
of children, 3–4
ethics of care, 107
foster, 20–21, 129–130, 192
post-natal care, 182
provision, 50, 116, 137
system, 71, 75–76
Career, 106, 146, 156
Caregiver, 22–23, 35, 165–166
alternative, 18–19
Carer
foster, 20–21
primary, 15–16, 24, 118–119
relationships, 18–19
sole, 25, 42–43
Case law, 15–18, 21–22
Cell, 25, 52, 184
Challenge, 3, 32–33, 53–54, 89, 187
Child
Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, 73
child birth, 133
child impact assessment, 71
child-rearing, 6–7, 147
developmental need, 188
emotional need, 35–36
psychological development, 188
Childcare, 58, 93
arrangements, 73
Childcare Resettlement Leave (CRL), 42
Childhood, 18–19, 175
Children
affected by parental imprisonment, 44, 68–69, 182
Children Heard and Seen Children’s Services, 168
dependent, 2, 15, 25
mental health, 113
older children, 73, 94, 138
of prisoners, 45, 68–69, 164, 182
younger children, 92, 108
Children Act 1989, 20–21
China, 191
Chocolate, 39–40
Choice, 112, 193
Chronological age, 106
Class, 147, 168
middle class values, 149
Clinical Assessment of Neuropsychiatry, 132
Clothes, 39–40
Coffee, 39–40, 150–151, 168
Coloured pen, 37
Comfort, 52, 166
Communication, 32, 50, 187
Community-Based Support, 165
Community sentence, 14, 70, 138–139
Compassion, 76, 147
Complex (needs, disadvantage), 2, 69, 199–200
Confidence
lack of, 74
loss of, 94
Confounding grief, 20–21, 73–74
Confusion, 4, 147
Conjugal visits, 185
Connectedness, 51, 109–110
Consent, 35–36, 70, 128
Construction of mothering, 109
Contact
Childcare Resettlement Leave (CRL), 42
email, 34
face-to-face, 32–33, 34
letters, letter writing, 32, 34, 187
maintaining, 3, 37, 169
mother-child, 32, 39
released on temporary licence (ROTL), 70
telephone, 32–33, 38
visits (See also Family days)
, 3, 33, 41
Conviction, 17–18, 133
Cope, 5–6, 49–50, 73, 146
Coping
mechanism, 91, 153
strategies, 61, 165
Corston Report, 2
Counsellor, 75, 149, 167
Court
Court of Appeal, 15, 22
Crown Court, 5–6, 19
Magistrates Court, 25
Supreme Court, 22
Credit, telephone, 34, 40
Crime, 2, 20, 129, 184
Criminal
Criminal Bar Association, 24
criminal courts, 14
criminal history, 131
Criminal Law Committee of the Law Society, 24
Criminalisation, 99
Criminalised mother, 91, 95–96
Criminality, 18–19, 91
Criminal Justice Act 2003, 15–16
Criminal justice system, 1–2, 14, 68–69, 175
Crown Court
judges, 5–6, 19–20, 200–201
judiciary, 19
Crying, 60, 136, 169
Culpability, 16
Culture, 51–52, 107, 147
Custodial sentence, 5–6, 16, 18, 88, 137
Custody, 2, 16, 71, 90, 117
Dad in prison. See also Father, 173–174
Damage, 87
Danger, 17–18, 189
Decision making, 20, 78, 140
Defendant, 16–17, 21, 27
Denmark, 138, 187
Dependent children, 5–6, 14, 18, 71
Depression
antenatal depression, 131–132
perinatal depression, 130
Despair, 89
Diagnosis, 134, 135
Diary, 150–151
Dignity, 58, 153
Disability. See also Learning disability, 199–200
Disadvantage. See also Pre-existing disadvantages, 2, 68–69, 87, 171
Discipline, 1–2, 146, 197
Discrimination, 20, 26, 73–74
Disruption
disrupted education, 18–19
disrupted identity (See also Spoiled identity), 96
disrupted mothering, 165
disrupted primary attachments, 18–19
Distress, 74, 135
Diversity, 181–182, 199–200
Domestic abuse. See also Abuse, 73, 87–88
Domestic legislation, 182–183
Domestic violence, 75–76, 129–130
Dominant narrative, 107, 198
Doubly deviant, 15
Dramaturgical analysis, 147
Drugs, 38–39, 53, 131, 184
Dumbledore, 62
Earn(ings), 40
The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), 131–132
Education
disrupted education, 18–19
educational achievement, 114
educational attainment, 69
Email contact, 32, 34
Embarrassment, 55, 74
Emotion
emotional burden, 6–7, 147, 197
emotional labour, 147, 159
emotional pain, 116
emotional problems, 169
manage, 149
maternal, 5–6, 61, 86
mis-manage, 6–7, 147
Empathy, 69, 87–88, 158–159
Envelope, 37
Environment. See also Physical environment; Prison environment
, 3, 33, 149–150, 199
Equality. See also Gender equality, 26
ESRC, 24
Ethics
of care for children, 107
ethical approval, 35–36, 131
ethical guidelines, 69–70
Ethnicity, 76
Ethnography, 200
Experience
of imprisonment, 4, 57–58, 106
of maternal imprisonment, 18–19, 32
post-release, 89
Facetime, 187
Failure, 87–88, 91, 118, 163–164
Families Outside, 67–68
Family
doing family, 34–35
family court, 20–21
family days (See also Visits)
, 33, 78, 157
Family Engagement Worker, 75–76
family friendly, 33, 156
family life, 14, 35
family members, 3–4, 32, 51
family practices, 34–35
family relationships, 32–33, 80
family ties, 2, 33–34
forgotten families, 174
pseudo families, 60
Family days, 33, 78, 157
Farmer review, 2, 80
Father, 3–4, 18–19, 95
father in prison (See also Dad in prison)
, 3–4, 68–69
Fatigue, 169
Fear
of loss, 5–6
of separation, 58, 63
of violence, 199
Female, 6–7, 32
female prison officers, 6–7, 151, 159
Female Offender Strategy, 2, 33
Feminine script, 95–96
Feminism, 88
maternal feminism, 88
Feminist
feminist criminology, 88
feminist narritive, 1–2, 106–107
Field notes, 88–89, 150–151
Fieldwork, 88–89, 150
Financial independence, 106
Fines, 14
Focus group, 70
Food, 53, 172
Forced silence, 73–74
Foreign national, 76, 184
Foster carer, 20–21
Friend, 33, 94
Friendship, 165–166
Frontal lobe disorder, 135
Frustration, 56, 151, 176–177
Gatekeepers, 3, 32
Gender
bias, 169–170
equality, 26
specific issues, 3
Gendered
division, 153
empathy, 158–159
expectations, 107
experiences, 6–7, 147
pains of imprisonment, 118, 197–199
Germany, 138, 140
Girl Scouts Behind Bars programme, 190–191
Gladstone Committee, 147
Global, 177–178, 181–182
Good mother, 15, 60, 87–88, 107, 198
Good mothering, 15, 90–91, 107
Good womanhood, 60
Governor, 35–36, 156
Grandchild, 93, 111, 169
Grandfather, 35
Grandmother
carer, 73–74
grandmotherhood, 93
role, 94
Grandparents, 42–43, 114–115, 173–174
maternal, 3–4
Grief. See also Anticipatory grief, 20–21, 49–50, 68–69
Guardian, 149
Guardian ad Litem, 20–21
Guilt, 74, 89, 111, 176–177
Handcuffs, 54, 185, 201
Harm
potential, 25, 41
significant harm, 16
Harry Potter, 62
Headache, 169
Health
care, 131, 185–186
health promotion, 182
mental, 6–7, 69, 127–128
neonatal, 182
outcomes, 50–51
paediatric, 182
perinatal, 56
physical, 4
pregnancy, 6–7
problems, 41
risk, 130
Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS), 24, 108–109
HMP Buckley Hall, 164, 176–177
HMP Styal, 164–165
Home, 2, 38, 68–69, 90
Home leave, 78, 183–184
Homelessness, 108–109, 186–187
Hopefulness, 18–19
Hopeless, 87–88
Housing, 117, 164–165
Humanity, 56
Human rights, 14
Human Rights Act 1998, 20
Humiliation, 55, 56
Humour
black humour, 153–154
humour as a coping mechanism, 153–154
humour gallows, 153–154
Hunger, 53
Husband, 92–93, 158
Identity
adult, 106
maternal, 5–6, 86, 95–97
reclaim, 114
spoiled, 95–97
Immediate imprisonment, 14
Impact
of imprisonment, 15–16, 86, 197
long term impact, 86
of maternal imprisonment, 4, 18–19, 86
of parental imprisonment, 4
of prison on family, 35–36
Imprisonment
gendered pains of, 118, 197
life, 110–111
long term impact (See also Long term effect)
, 86
pains of, 14–15, 63, 197–199
In-cell telephone, 34
Inconsistency, 50, 130
Informed consent, 88, 132
Intensive mothering, 107, 118
International perspectives, 6–7, 181–182
Interview
narrative, 150–151
qualitative, 132
semi-structured, 19, 32–33
telephone, 88–89
Invisible, 5–6, 67–68, 147, 189
Isolation. See also Social isolation, 59–60, 129
Joint Committee on Human Rights, 14, 80
Journey, 40–41
Judgement, 17–18, 91, 166
Judges
Crown Court, 5–6, 19–20, 200–201
magistrates, 25, 74
Judicial College, 24
Judiciary, 24–25
Judicial Office, 19–20
Kindness, 147, 177
Labelling, 175
Labour, 149, 202
induction of, 51
Landline telephone, 38
Language
body language, 35–36
labelling, 175
negative, 74
power of, 174–175
Law, 1–2, 15–18, 21–22, 185–186
Learning disability, 199–200
Legal representative, 24
Letters, 34, 86, 187
Letter writing, 32, 43, 187
Licence, 25–26, 97–98
Life imprisonment, 110–111
Local authority care, 2, 22–23, 76
Lone working, 167
Long-term, 68–69, 86, 137
impact of imprisonment, 86
Lord Farmer. See also Farmer review, 2, 33
Loss
baby, 56–57
children, 14–15
identity, 169
Magistrates
association, 24
court, 17–18, 25
Maintaining contact. See also Barriers to maintaining contact, 3, 5–6, 34–35, 37, 169
Male-dominated, 147, 148–149, 200
Male prisoners, 2, 3, 87, 181–182, 185
HIV, 189
Mandela, Nelson, 62
Marginalise
marginalised groups, 121, 166–167
marginalised mothers, 90–91
Masculine organisations, 148
Maternal
emotion, 5–6, 61–63, 86, 91, 99
expectations, violation of, 108
grandparents, 3–4
identity, 5–6, 86–89, 95–97
imprisonment, long term effects, 5–6, 18–19, 32, 36–37, 80, 86, 89–95, 190
relationships, 51, 198
theory, 88
Maternity leave, 156
Matricentric feminist criminology, 88
Mattress, 52, 53–54
Mature, maturity, 94, 107
Media. See also Social media, 42–43, 69–70, 74
Mental health
child and adolescent mental, 73
diagnosis, 135
health services, 73, 131, 154
Mental ill health
of children, 139
perinatal mental health, 130
poor mental health, 69
undiagnosed, 137
untreated, 137
Mentor. See also Neutral positioned mentor, 165–170, 198–199
Method, 5–6, 15–16, 35–37, 131–132, 193
Methodology, 19–21, 51–52, 69–70, 88–89, 150–151
Midwife, 133
Midwifery, 51–52, 59, 63
Military, 146
Milk, 53
Minister for Women in the Criminal Justice System, 14
Ministry of Justice, 2, 14, 33, 80, 128–130, 170–171
Miscarriage, 6–7, 147, 151–152, 200
Mitigate, 15, 22, 40, 75–76, 202
Mitigating factors, 21
Mitigating motherhood, 19
Mitigation, 15–16, 21
Mobile telephone, 34, 38, 45, 187
Money, 38–41, 118–119, 173–174
Moral, 55, 117, 178, 188, 202–203
Moral imperatives, 107, 201–202
Mother(s)
addicted, 91
bad, 23–24
biological, 193
criminalised, 95–96
definitions, 1–2
good, 111, 192
institutional definitions, 3
marginalised, 90–91, 156
mother and baby unit (MBU)
admissions, 133–135
applications, 133–135
mother-child contact, 5–6
neglectful, 202
norms, 95
in prison, 154–156
self-identified, 35, 36–37
Mother and baby unit (MBU), 49–51, 58, 91–92, 128–129
Motherhood
constructions of, 107
cultural significance of, 201–202
meanng of, 198
new, 51, 62–63
responsibilities, 15
script, 95–96
transition to, 111–112
Mothering
bad, 200–201
code of conduct, 95–96, 198
cultural significance of, 201–202
disrupted, 107, 116
disruption of, 197, 198
doing, 147–149
good, 15, 202
hierarchies, 156, 200–201
identity, positive mothering, 34–35, 108, 114, 197
ideology, 200–201
intensive, 60, 107–108, 111, 118
narratives, 107, 199
practices, 158, 198
responsibilities, 3, 187
role, 54, 57–58, 110
success, 114
Motherwork, 108, 112–116, 121, 202
Multiple (needs, disadvantage), 2, 63, 69
Narrative. See also Stories
alternative, 41–43
analysis, 109
dominant narrative, 107, 114, 118, 198
Narrativity, 106
National Lottery Community Fund, 67–68
National Offender Management Service (NOMS), 33, 52, 89, 150
National Probation Service, 17, 24
National Research Council, 35–36
National Research Ethics Service, 131
Needs. See also Complex needs, 2, 35–36, 50, 53, 87, 94, 111–112, 167, 199–200
Neo-liberal politics, 158
Netherlands, 18–19, 138–139, 188–189
Neurotic disorders, 130, 132
Neutral positioned mentor. See also Mentor, 165–170, 165
New York, 139–140, 190–191
Non-custodial sentence, 17–18
Non-judgemental, 166
Northern Ireland, 166
Nutrition, 52, 186–187, 199
Nutritional standards, 53
Observation, 56, 150–151, 159
Offender Health Research Network, 130
Offender Rehabilitation Act 2014 (ORA), 25–26
Offending
behavior, 72, 87–88
re-offending, 33
Older children, 73, 94, 97, 138, 167–168
Open prison, 3, 138
Outcomes, 1–2, 15, 39–40, 50–51, 89, 114, 130, 198–199
Out of court disposals, 14
Outpatient treatment, 135
Outsider, 90
‘Overarching Principles: Seriousness: Definitive Guideline', 15–16, 16–17
Overcrowding, 189
Pains of imprisonment, 14–15, 63, 98–99, 118, 146, 197–199
Paranoia, 91
Parent
parent-child relationships, 106
single parent, 170–171
Parenthood, 34–35, 111–112
Parliament, 14
Participants, 35–36, 43, 56, 72, 88–89, 109, 132, 133
Partners of Prisoners Support (POPS), 71, 75–76
Passive victim. See also Victim, 202–203
Paternal
abuse, 192
figure, 188–189
imprisonment, 190
Peer support, 165, 170–174, 198–199
Pen, coloured pen, 37, 43–44
Performance, 149–150, 149
Perinatal
experience, 51
mental health, 130, 131
Personality disorder, 130, 132, 136, 138, 140
Person-Shaped Support (PSS), 70
Physical abuse, 146–147, 151–152, 190
Physical environment, 52–54, 189, 202
Physical health, 4
Physical ill-health, 68–69
Pilot study, 19
Pink collar, 147–148
Policy change, 15
Post-birth, 51–52
Post custodial support, 86
Post custody supervision, 25–26
Post-natal care, 182
Post-partum, 151–152
Post-release, 26, 52, 86–88, 90–92, 99, 164–165, 177
Post-traumatic stress disorder, 135
Potential harm, 25–26, 41, 112
Potential risk, 53–54, 202
Poverty, 69, 73, 75–76, 184, 186–187, 191, 199
Power. See Powerlessness, 54, 90, 165–166, 171–172, 174–175, 189, 192, 202
Practical support, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
Practitioner-researcher, 165
Pre-existing disadvantages, 73, 75–76
Pre-existing secure attachments, 18–19
Pregnancy test, 128
Pregnant, 5–6, 17, 53, 131, 151–154, 185, 199, 201
Premature death, 68–69
Presentation of self, 149–150, 154
Pre-sentence report, 24, 71
Primary carer. See also Carer; Primary carer; Sole carer, 16–17, 22, 36, 119–120
Prison
American prison, 51
impact on family, 16, 17–18, 20
neo-liberal penal policies, 150–151
open prison, 3, 138
prison environment, 35–36, 53, 156–157, 191–192
prison estate, 3–4, 6–7, 60
prison governor, 35–36
prison landings, 146–148
prison leavers, 108–109
prison officer
career, 106, 148–149, 156
female prison officers, 146–147, 149, 151, 158–159
frontline, 150–151
male prison officers, 6–7, 147, 158–159
modern prison officer, 146
role, gendered nature of, 153
senior prison officer, 151
working life of, 147–149
prison policy, 106, 109, 122
prison population, 2
prison reform trust, 136–137
prison regime, 34
prison service order, 42, 63
prison staff, 185
prison violence, 2, 146, 199
prison visits, 32, 78, 167
prison wings, 51–52, 146, 154
semi-open prison, 183–184
women's prisons, 3, 147–148, 176
Prisoner
children of, 177
foreign national, 76, 184, 199–200
male prisoner, 2–3, 87
minimum standards for, 182–183
violent prisoner, 149–150
Private visits, 185
Probation officer, 24, 98
Promotion, 148–149, 156
Property, 116–117
Pro-social pathway, 18–19
Protected characteristic, 19
Protective factors, 18–19
Pseudo families, 60
Pseudonyms, 36
Psychology, 163–164
Punishment, 17–18, 174
Purposive sample, 35–36
Quaker United Nations Office, 182
Qualitative interviews, 132
Quantitative, 131–132
Questionnaire, 69–70, 88–89, 131
Race, 106
Rape, 185
Reading, 62, 167, 187
Recall, 25–26, 90, 111–112
Reception, 76
Recidivism, 34, 129, 140
Recorders, 19–20
Recruitment, 36–37
Regime (prison), 34, 136–137, 147, 192
Rehabilitation, 86, 106, 198
Reintegration, 87–88, 98
Relapse, 91
Relationships
breakdown, 120
with carer of children, 24
with children, 164–165, 177, 201
familial, 120
negotiating, 53
parent-child relationships, 201
positive, 59, 77, 164–165, 168
with prison staff, 5–6
rebuilding, 177
strained, 3
Release, 1–2, 26, 87–88, 164–165, 169, 177, 185–186, 192
Release on temporary license (ROTL), 70, 76, 98
Relief, 69, 173
Remand, 25–26, 184
Re-offending, 33
Reparation, 54
Research Ethics Framework, 19–20
Resentment, 155
Resettlement
resettlement agency, 33, 44, 122
resettlement support, 87–88
Resilience, 79, 174–176, 202–203
Resistance, 153, 197
Respect, respectable, 88, 149, 153, 155
Restraining, 148
Reunification, 86–88, 106
Revolving door, 33, 165
Risk. See also Health risk; Potential risk, 21, 53–54, 69, 127–128, 137, 139, 148–149, 168, 189
Risk factors, 18–19, 131
Role reversal, 6–7, 107, 116–120
Russia, 190
Sacrifice, 37, 39–43, 188
Sadness, 78, 151, 154, 174
Safeguarding, 24, 27, 174–175
Safety, 52, 56, 129, 171, 188
Sample
purposive, 35–36
sampling, 19–20, 35–36
Scared Straight, 156–157
Scare tactic, 156–157
School, 20–21, 68–69, 72, 78, 164, 168, 173, 190
Scotland, 51, 70, 71
Search, searching, 169–170
Secrecy, 78–79
Secretary of State, 17–18, 34
Security, 34, 38, 78–79, 176, 183–184, 198
Self
authentic self, 149–150
presentation of self, 149–150, 154, 159
self-blame, 108
self-harm, 116, 136, 201
self-worth, 98–99
semi-structured interview, 19, 32–33, 88–89
Sense of self, 5–6, 116, 121, 202
Sentence
length, 14, 21
short sentences, 78–79
Sentencing
decision-making, 20, 78, 140, 182–183
sentencing guidelines, 15–18, 22–23, 25
sentencing guidelines council, 15–16
sentencing policy, 127–128
Separation
from baby, 5–6
at birth, 49–50
from child, 56–57
fear of, 199
negative effects, 22–23
Severe (needs, disadvantage), 199–200
Severity of Dependence Questionnaire (SOD-Q), 132
Sexual abuse. See also Abuse, 2, 130
Sexual exploitation, 184, 188
Sexual violence. See also Abuse, 185
Shame, 171–173, 200–202
Shock, 73, 76
Short sentences, 78–79
Siblings, 20–21, 73, 118–119
Significant harm, 16
Silence. See also Forced silence, 73–74
Single parent, 170–171
Skype, 187
Sleep
sleep deprivation, 189
sleep loss, 169
Smoking, 40
Snowball sampling, 19–20
Social exclusion, 95–96
Social housing, 164–165
Social isolation, 74
Social media, 69–70
Social support, 191–192
Social visits, 33, 39
Social worker, 71, 77–78, 88, 129–130, 138, 149, 175–176
Socioeconomic status, 106, 190
Sole carer. See also Primary carer, 25, 42–43
Sounding board, 166, 166
Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator (SENCO), 169
Spoiled identity. See also Disrupted identity, 95–96
Stamp, 38
Statistics, 3, 49–50
Stigma, 166–168, 174–175, 190, 200–202
Stigmatisation. See also Stigma, 197, 200
Stories. See also Narratives, 52, 97, 165, 174, 178
Storybooks Mum, 34
Storytelling, 107, 109, 121
Strategies, 5–6, 60–62, 165, 190, 202
Strength, 6–7, 61, 114
Stress, 5–6, 56–57, 130, 137–138, 153, 168, 198
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, 132
Struggle, 32–33, 69, 108, 166
Student, 167, 168
Substance
dependency, 69
misuse, 75–76, 87–88, 91, 120, 131
Suffering, 116, 135, 151
Sugar, 40
Suicide attempts, 131, 134, 136
Supervision, 25–26, 94
Support
bespoke, 167–168, 170–171, 173
emotional, 108–109, 113, 164–165
financial, 6–7, 33, 77–78, 116, 121
practical, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
professional, 1–2
Supreme Court, 22
Surveillance, 56, 90–93
Suspended sentences, 14
Sympathy, 169
Teacher, 169, 171
Teenager, 73
Telephone
contact, 33–34, 38
credit, 34, 40, 45
in-cell, 34
interviews, 88–89
landline, 38–39
mobile, 38
Thematic analysis, 109
Theme, 166, 183–184, 202
Therapy, 113–114, 165–166
Throughcare, 87
Tobacco, 40
Toilet, 53–54
Toiletries, 39–40, 189
Total institution, 146, 158–159
Transcribe, 36
Transcripts, 109, 151
Transfer, 188
Transitions to adulthood. See also Adulthood, 106, 109–112
Transparency, 78, 157, 173, 185–186
Trauma, 2, 87–88, 128–129, 139, 153–154, 155, 166, 191
Trust, 75, 150–151, 168
lack of trust, 71, 76–77, 91–92
Uganda, 183–184, 191
Unborn
baby, 49–50, 53–54, 61–63, 199, 202
child, 51, 53, 130, 136, 139
Uniform, 146, 149–150, 157
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, 20–21
Article 2, 20
Article 3, 17–18
Article 9, 20
Article 12, 19–20
Article 20, 20
United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders 2010, 73
Victim, 16, 22–23, 69, 129–130, 174–175, 190, 202–203
Victimisation. See also Victim, 68–69
Vignettes, 19
Violence. See also Abuse; Domestic abuse; Domestic violence, 53, 68–69, 129–130, 146, 185
fear of violence, 199
violence in the home, 154, 158
Visiting conditions, 3
Visits
assisted prison visits scheme, 77–78
conjugal, 185
family days, 33, 78–79, 157
private, 185
social, 33
Voluntary organisations, 70
Volunteers, 70, 167
Vulnerable
children, 75–76, 188
women, 2
Wage, 34, 40, 147–148
Welfare, 17–18, 22, 77, 129
Well-being, 53–54, 63, 71, 112, 153–154, 182, 190, 202
Welsh Government, 108–109
Western, 182, 184, 192–193
Wife, 41, 93–94, 149–150
Wings, 34, 146, 154
Womanhood. See also Good womanhood, 60
Women In prison, 14, 36–37, 51, 54, 128–129, 130, 137, 147, 182–183, 184
Women's centres, 24–25, 87
Women's prisons, 3, 76, 147–148, 149, 176
Workplace
male dominated, 147, 148–149, 156, 200
masculinised, 148–149
World Health Organisation (WHO), 182
Worry, 3–4, 98, 113, 134–135, 166, 190
Young
motherhood, 86
mothers, 149
women, 91
Younger children, 92, 107, 111, 117, 121
Abortion
, 185–186
Abruption
, 110
Absence
, 35, 72, 94, 202
Abuse
domestic
, 73, 87–88, 170–171
emotional
, 2
parental
, 20–21
physical
, 2
sexual
, 2, 130
Access
, 34, 75–76, 151, 182–183
Accommodation
, 87–88, 116–117, 190–191
Adaptive strategies
, 4, 49–50
Addiction
, 91
Adjusting (to prison life)
, 3
Adolescence
, 120
Adolescent
, 109–110
Mental Health Services
, 73
Adult
responsibilities
, 118
status
, 107
Adultery
, 188
Adulthood
markers of
, 106
transitions to
, 106
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE)
, 4, 68–69, 174
Africa
, 191
Aftercare
, 87
Age. See also Chronological age
, 6–7, 50, 88–89, 183–184
Agency
, 33, 118, 202
Aggression
, 20–21, 189
Alcohol
Alcohol Use Identification Test (AUDIT)
, 132
hazardous drinking
, 131
Alternative narrative
, 109–120
Ambiguous loss
, 20–21, 169
American prison
, 51
Analytical framework
, 19–20
Anger
, 4, 108, 169
Anonymity
, 70, 165
Antenatal
care
, 51, 151–152
depression
, 131–132
negative experiences of
, 51
Anticipatory grief
, 49–50
Anti-social behaviour
, 18–19, 166
Anxiety
, 4, 91, 135, 176–177
Apathy
, 169
Appeal
, 15, 49–50
Article 2 UNCRC
, 20
Article 3 UNCRC
, 17–18
Article 9 UNCRC
, 20
Article 12 UNCRC
, 19–20
Article 20 UNCRC
, 20
Assault Guideline
, 15–16
Assisted Prison Visits scheme
, 77–78
Attachment
attachment seeking behaviour
, 171
attachment theory
, 166
Attempted suicide
, 72
Attention seeking
, 171
Audience
, 175–176
Authentic self
, 149–150
Autonomy
, 32–33, 58, 118
Avoidance
, 169
Baby
, 5–6, 57, 91
unborn
, 53, 61, 199
Backstage
, 153–154
Bad mother
, 15, 55, 90
Bail
Bail Act 1976
, 25
bail hostels
, 164–165
Bangkok Rules
, 73
Barriers to maintaining contact
, 3
Bath
, 56
Behavioural problems
, 4, 68–69, 130
Bereavement
, 4, 68–69
Best interests of the child
, 17–18, 39–40
Biology/biological
, 2, 34–35, 188
Bipolar disorder
, 135
Birth
birth mother
, 149
birth supporter
, 51
caesarean
, 51
post birth
, 51–52
Black and minority ethnic (BAME)
, 76
Blame
, 40, 95
Body language
, 35–36
Bonding
, 97
maternal-foetal
, 51
Breach
, 25–26, 148
Breastfeed
, 56, 188
British Association of Social Workers (BASW)
, 88
British Society of Criminology’s Code of Ethics for Researchers
, 19–20
British Sociological Association’s Statement of Ethical Practice
, 19–20
Budget
, 168, 189
Bullying
, 68–69, 168
Bunk beds
, 52
Burden
, 6–7, 118, 197
Caesarean, 51, 151–152
Canteen culture, 153–154
Care
antenatal care, 51, 151–152
arrangements, 4, 18–19, 68–69
Care and Separation Units, 176
care taking, 32
of children, 3–4
ethics of care, 107
foster, 20–21, 129–130, 192
post-natal care, 182
provision, 50, 116, 137
system, 71, 75–76
Career, 106, 146, 156
Caregiver, 22–23, 35, 165–166
alternative, 18–19
Carer
foster, 20–21
primary, 15–16, 24, 118–119
relationships, 18–19
sole, 25, 42–43
Case law, 15–18, 21–22
Cell, 25, 52, 184
Challenge, 3, 32–33, 53–54, 89, 187
Child
Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, 73
child birth, 133
child impact assessment, 71
child-rearing, 6–7, 147
developmental need, 188
emotional need, 35–36
psychological development, 188
Childcare, 58, 93
arrangements, 73
Childcare Resettlement Leave (CRL), 42
Childhood, 18–19, 175
Children
affected by parental imprisonment, 44, 68–69, 182
Children Heard and Seen Children’s Services, 168
dependent, 2, 15, 25
mental health, 113
older children, 73, 94, 138
of prisoners, 45, 68–69, 164, 182
younger children, 92, 108
Children Act 1989, 20–21
China, 191
Chocolate, 39–40
Choice, 112, 193
Chronological age, 106
Class, 147, 168
middle class values, 149
Clinical Assessment of Neuropsychiatry, 132
Clothes, 39–40
Coffee, 39–40, 150–151, 168
Coloured pen, 37
Comfort, 52, 166
Communication, 32, 50, 187
Community-Based Support, 165
Community sentence, 14, 70, 138–139
Compassion, 76, 147
Complex (needs, disadvantage), 2, 69, 199–200
Confidence
lack of, 74
loss of, 94
Confounding grief, 20–21, 73–74
Confusion, 4, 147
Conjugal visits, 185
Connectedness, 51, 109–110
Consent, 35–36, 70, 128
Construction of mothering, 109
Contact
Childcare Resettlement Leave (CRL), 42
email, 34
face-to-face, 32–33, 34
letters, letter writing, 32, 34, 187
maintaining, 3, 37, 169
mother-child, 32, 39
released on temporary licence (ROTL), 70
telephone, 32–33, 38
visits (See also Family days)
, 3, 33, 41
Conviction, 17–18, 133
Cope, 5–6, 49–50, 73, 146
Coping
mechanism, 91, 153
strategies, 61, 165
Corston Report, 2
Counsellor, 75, 149, 167
Court
Court of Appeal, 15, 22
Crown Court, 5–6, 19
Magistrates Court, 25
Supreme Court, 22
Credit, telephone, 34, 40
Crime, 2, 20, 129, 184
Criminal
Criminal Bar Association, 24
criminal courts, 14
criminal history, 131
Criminal Law Committee of the Law Society, 24
Criminalisation, 99
Criminalised mother, 91, 95–96
Criminality, 18–19, 91
Criminal Justice Act 2003, 15–16
Criminal justice system, 1–2, 14, 68–69, 175
Crown Court
judges, 5–6, 19–20, 200–201
judiciary, 19
Crying, 60, 136, 169
Culpability, 16
Culture, 51–52, 107, 147
Custodial sentence, 5–6, 16, 18, 88, 137
Custody, 2, 16, 71, 90, 117
Dad in prison. See also Father, 173–174
Damage, 87
Danger, 17–18, 189
Decision making, 20, 78, 140
Defendant, 16–17, 21, 27
Denmark, 138, 187
Dependent children, 5–6, 14, 18, 71
Depression
antenatal depression, 131–132
perinatal depression, 130
Despair, 89
Diagnosis, 134, 135
Diary, 150–151
Dignity, 58, 153
Disability. See also Learning disability, 199–200
Disadvantage. See also Pre-existing disadvantages, 2, 68–69, 87, 171
Discipline, 1–2, 146, 197
Discrimination, 20, 26, 73–74
Disruption
disrupted education, 18–19
disrupted identity (See also Spoiled identity), 96
disrupted mothering, 165
disrupted primary attachments, 18–19
Distress, 74, 135
Diversity, 181–182, 199–200
Domestic abuse. See also Abuse, 73, 87–88
Domestic legislation, 182–183
Domestic violence, 75–76, 129–130
Dominant narrative, 107, 198
Doubly deviant, 15
Dramaturgical analysis, 147
Drugs, 38–39, 53, 131, 184
Dumbledore, 62
Earn(ings), 40
The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), 131–132
Education
disrupted education, 18–19
educational achievement, 114
educational attainment, 69
Email contact, 32, 34
Embarrassment, 55, 74
Emotion
emotional burden, 6–7, 147, 197
emotional labour, 147, 159
emotional pain, 116
emotional problems, 169
manage, 149
maternal, 5–6, 61, 86
mis-manage, 6–7, 147
Empathy, 69, 87–88, 158–159
Envelope, 37
Environment. See also Physical environment; Prison environment
, 3, 33, 149–150, 199
Equality. See also Gender equality, 26
ESRC, 24
Ethics
of care for children, 107
ethical approval, 35–36, 131
ethical guidelines, 69–70
Ethnicity, 76
Ethnography, 200
Experience
of imprisonment, 4, 57–58, 106
of maternal imprisonment, 18–19, 32
post-release, 89
Facetime, 187
Failure, 87–88, 91, 118, 163–164
Families Outside, 67–68
Family
doing family, 34–35
family court, 20–21
family days (See also Visits)
, 33, 78, 157
Family Engagement Worker, 75–76
family friendly, 33, 156
family life, 14, 35
family members, 3–4, 32, 51
family practices, 34–35
family relationships, 32–33, 80
family ties, 2, 33–34
forgotten families, 174
pseudo families, 60
Family days, 33, 78, 157
Farmer review, 2, 80
Father, 3–4, 18–19, 95
father in prison (See also Dad in prison)
, 3–4, 68–69
Fatigue, 169
Fear
of loss, 5–6
of separation, 58, 63
of violence, 199
Female, 6–7, 32
female prison officers, 6–7, 151, 159
Female Offender Strategy, 2, 33
Feminine script, 95–96
Feminism, 88
maternal feminism, 88
Feminist
feminist criminology, 88
feminist narritive, 1–2, 106–107
Field notes, 88–89, 150–151
Fieldwork, 88–89, 150
Financial independence, 106
Fines, 14
Focus group, 70
Food, 53, 172
Forced silence, 73–74
Foreign national, 76, 184
Foster carer, 20–21
Friend, 33, 94
Friendship, 165–166
Frontal lobe disorder, 135
Frustration, 56, 151, 176–177
Gatekeepers, 3, 32
Gender
bias, 169–170
equality, 26
specific issues, 3
Gendered
division, 153
empathy, 158–159
expectations, 107
experiences, 6–7, 147
pains of imprisonment, 118, 197–199
Germany, 138, 140
Girl Scouts Behind Bars programme, 190–191
Gladstone Committee, 147
Global, 177–178, 181–182
Good mother, 15, 60, 87–88, 107, 198
Good mothering, 15, 90–91, 107
Good womanhood, 60
Governor, 35–36, 156
Grandchild, 93, 111, 169
Grandfather, 35
Grandmother
carer, 73–74
grandmotherhood, 93
role, 94
Grandparents, 42–43, 114–115, 173–174
maternal, 3–4
Grief. See also Anticipatory grief, 20–21, 49–50, 68–69
Guardian, 149
Guardian ad Litem, 20–21
Guilt, 74, 89, 111, 176–177
Handcuffs, 54, 185, 201
Harm
potential, 25, 41
significant harm, 16
Harry Potter, 62
Headache, 169
Health
care, 131, 185–186
health promotion, 182
mental, 6–7, 69, 127–128
neonatal, 182
outcomes, 50–51
paediatric, 182
perinatal, 56
physical, 4
pregnancy, 6–7
problems, 41
risk, 130
Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS), 24, 108–109
HMP Buckley Hall, 164, 176–177
HMP Styal, 164–165
Home, 2, 38, 68–69, 90
Home leave, 78, 183–184
Homelessness, 108–109, 186–187
Hopefulness, 18–19
Hopeless, 87–88
Housing, 117, 164–165
Humanity, 56
Human rights, 14
Human Rights Act 1998, 20
Humiliation, 55, 56
Humour
black humour, 153–154
humour as a coping mechanism, 153–154
humour gallows, 153–154
Hunger, 53
Husband, 92–93, 158
Identity
adult, 106
maternal, 5–6, 86, 95–97
reclaim, 114
spoiled, 95–97
Immediate imprisonment, 14
Impact
of imprisonment, 15–16, 86, 197
long term impact, 86
of maternal imprisonment, 4, 18–19, 86
of parental imprisonment, 4
of prison on family, 35–36
Imprisonment
gendered pains of, 118, 197
life, 110–111
long term impact (See also Long term effect)
, 86
pains of, 14–15, 63, 197–199
In-cell telephone, 34
Inconsistency, 50, 130
Informed consent, 88, 132
Intensive mothering, 107, 118
International perspectives, 6–7, 181–182
Interview
narrative, 150–151
qualitative, 132
semi-structured, 19, 32–33
telephone, 88–89
Invisible, 5–6, 67–68, 147, 189
Isolation. See also Social isolation, 59–60, 129
Joint Committee on Human Rights, 14, 80
Journey, 40–41
Judgement, 17–18, 91, 166
Judges
Crown Court, 5–6, 19–20, 200–201
magistrates, 25, 74
Judicial College, 24
Judiciary, 24–25
Judicial Office, 19–20
Kindness, 147, 177
Labelling, 175
Labour, 149, 202
induction of, 51
Landline telephone, 38
Language
body language, 35–36
labelling, 175
negative, 74
power of, 174–175
Law, 1–2, 15–18, 21–22, 185–186
Learning disability, 199–200
Legal representative, 24
Letters, 34, 86, 187
Letter writing, 32, 43, 187
Licence, 25–26, 97–98
Life imprisonment, 110–111
Local authority care, 2, 22–23, 76
Lone working, 167
Long-term, 68–69, 86, 137
impact of imprisonment, 86
Lord Farmer. See also Farmer review, 2, 33
Loss
baby, 56–57
children, 14–15
identity, 169
Magistrates
association, 24
court, 17–18, 25
Maintaining contact. See also Barriers to maintaining contact, 3, 5–6, 34–35, 37, 169
Male-dominated, 147, 148–149, 200
Male prisoners, 2, 3, 87, 181–182, 185
HIV, 189
Mandela, Nelson, 62
Marginalise
marginalised groups, 121, 166–167
marginalised mothers, 90–91
Masculine organisations, 148
Maternal
emotion, 5–6, 61–63, 86, 91, 99
expectations, violation of, 108
grandparents, 3–4
identity, 5–6, 86–89, 95–97
imprisonment, long term effects, 5–6, 18–19, 32, 36–37, 80, 86, 89–95, 190
relationships, 51, 198
theory, 88
Maternity leave, 156
Matricentric feminist criminology, 88
Mattress, 52, 53–54
Mature, maturity, 94, 107
Media. See also Social media, 42–43, 69–70, 74
Mental health
child and adolescent mental, 73
diagnosis, 135
health services, 73, 131, 154
Mental ill health
of children, 139
perinatal mental health, 130
poor mental health, 69
undiagnosed, 137
untreated, 137
Mentor. See also Neutral positioned mentor, 165–170, 198–199
Method, 5–6, 15–16, 35–37, 131–132, 193
Methodology, 19–21, 51–52, 69–70, 88–89, 150–151
Midwife, 133
Midwifery, 51–52, 59, 63
Military, 146
Milk, 53
Minister for Women in the Criminal Justice System, 14
Ministry of Justice, 2, 14, 33, 80, 128–130, 170–171
Miscarriage, 6–7, 147, 151–152, 200
Mitigate, 15, 22, 40, 75–76, 202
Mitigating factors, 21
Mitigating motherhood, 19
Mitigation, 15–16, 21
Mobile telephone, 34, 38, 45, 187
Money, 38–41, 118–119, 173–174
Moral, 55, 117, 178, 188, 202–203
Moral imperatives, 107, 201–202
Mother(s)
addicted, 91
bad, 23–24
biological, 193
criminalised, 95–96
definitions, 1–2
good, 111, 192
institutional definitions, 3
marginalised, 90–91, 156
mother and baby unit (MBU)
admissions, 133–135
applications, 133–135
mother-child contact, 5–6
neglectful, 202
norms, 95
in prison, 154–156
self-identified, 35, 36–37
Mother and baby unit (MBU), 49–51, 58, 91–92, 128–129
Motherhood
constructions of, 107
cultural significance of, 201–202
meanng of, 198
new, 51, 62–63
responsibilities, 15
script, 95–96
transition to, 111–112
Mothering
bad, 200–201
code of conduct, 95–96, 198
cultural significance of, 201–202
disrupted, 107, 116
disruption of, 197, 198
doing, 147–149
good, 15, 202
hierarchies, 156, 200–201
identity, positive mothering, 34–35, 108, 114, 197
ideology, 200–201
intensive, 60, 107–108, 111, 118
narratives, 107, 199
practices, 158, 198
responsibilities, 3, 187
role, 54, 57–58, 110
success, 114
Motherwork, 108, 112–116, 121, 202
Multiple (needs, disadvantage), 2, 63, 69
Narrative. See also Stories
alternative, 41–43
analysis, 109
dominant narrative, 107, 114, 118, 198
Narrativity, 106
National Lottery Community Fund, 67–68
National Offender Management Service (NOMS), 33, 52, 89, 150
National Probation Service, 17, 24
National Research Council, 35–36
National Research Ethics Service, 131
Needs. See also Complex needs, 2, 35–36, 50, 53, 87, 94, 111–112, 167, 199–200
Neo-liberal politics, 158
Netherlands, 18–19, 138–139, 188–189
Neurotic disorders, 130, 132
Neutral positioned mentor. See also Mentor, 165–170, 165
New York, 139–140, 190–191
Non-custodial sentence, 17–18
Non-judgemental, 166
Northern Ireland, 166
Nutrition, 52, 186–187, 199
Nutritional standards, 53
Observation, 56, 150–151, 159
Offender Health Research Network, 130
Offender Rehabilitation Act 2014 (ORA), 25–26
Offending
behavior, 72, 87–88
re-offending, 33
Older children, 73, 94, 97, 138, 167–168
Open prison, 3, 138
Outcomes, 1–2, 15, 39–40, 50–51, 89, 114, 130, 198–199
Out of court disposals, 14
Outpatient treatment, 135
Outsider, 90
‘Overarching Principles: Seriousness: Definitive Guideline', 15–16, 16–17
Overcrowding, 189
Pains of imprisonment, 14–15, 63, 98–99, 118, 146, 197–199
Paranoia, 91
Parent
parent-child relationships, 106
single parent, 170–171
Parenthood, 34–35, 111–112
Parliament, 14
Participants, 35–36, 43, 56, 72, 88–89, 109, 132, 133
Partners of Prisoners Support (POPS), 71, 75–76
Passive victim. See also Victim, 202–203
Paternal
abuse, 192
figure, 188–189
imprisonment, 190
Peer support, 165, 170–174, 198–199
Pen, coloured pen, 37, 43–44
Performance, 149–150, 149
Perinatal
experience, 51
mental health, 130, 131
Personality disorder, 130, 132, 136, 138, 140
Person-Shaped Support (PSS), 70
Physical abuse, 146–147, 151–152, 190
Physical environment, 52–54, 189, 202
Physical health, 4
Physical ill-health, 68–69
Pilot study, 19
Pink collar, 147–148
Policy change, 15
Post-birth, 51–52
Post custodial support, 86
Post custody supervision, 25–26
Post-natal care, 182
Post-partum, 151–152
Post-release, 26, 52, 86–88, 90–92, 99, 164–165, 177
Post-traumatic stress disorder, 135
Potential harm, 25–26, 41, 112
Potential risk, 53–54, 202
Poverty, 69, 73, 75–76, 184, 186–187, 191, 199
Power. See Powerlessness, 54, 90, 165–166, 171–172, 174–175, 189, 192, 202
Practical support, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
Practitioner-researcher, 165
Pre-existing disadvantages, 73, 75–76
Pre-existing secure attachments, 18–19
Pregnancy test, 128
Pregnant, 5–6, 17, 53, 131, 151–154, 185, 199, 201
Premature death, 68–69
Presentation of self, 149–150, 154
Pre-sentence report, 24, 71
Primary carer. See also Carer; Primary carer; Sole carer, 16–17, 22, 36, 119–120
Prison
American prison, 51
impact on family, 16, 17–18, 20
neo-liberal penal policies, 150–151
open prison, 3, 138
prison environment, 35–36, 53, 156–157, 191–192
prison estate, 3–4, 6–7, 60
prison governor, 35–36
prison landings, 146–148
prison leavers, 108–109
prison officer
career, 106, 148–149, 156
female prison officers, 146–147, 149, 151, 158–159
frontline, 150–151
male prison officers, 6–7, 147, 158–159
modern prison officer, 146
role, gendered nature of, 153
senior prison officer, 151
working life of, 147–149
prison policy, 106, 109, 122
prison population, 2
prison reform trust, 136–137
prison regime, 34
prison service order, 42, 63
prison staff, 185
prison violence, 2, 146, 199
prison visits, 32, 78, 167
prison wings, 51–52, 146, 154
semi-open prison, 183–184
women's prisons, 3, 147–148, 176
Prisoner
children of, 177
foreign national, 76, 184, 199–200
male prisoner, 2–3, 87
minimum standards for, 182–183
violent prisoner, 149–150
Private visits, 185
Probation officer, 24, 98
Promotion, 148–149, 156
Property, 116–117
Pro-social pathway, 18–19
Protected characteristic, 19
Protective factors, 18–19
Pseudo families, 60
Pseudonyms, 36
Psychology, 163–164
Punishment, 17–18, 174
Purposive sample, 35–36
Quaker United Nations Office, 182
Qualitative interviews, 132
Quantitative, 131–132
Questionnaire, 69–70, 88–89, 131
Race, 106
Rape, 185
Reading, 62, 167, 187
Recall, 25–26, 90, 111–112
Reception, 76
Recidivism, 34, 129, 140
Recorders, 19–20
Recruitment, 36–37
Regime (prison), 34, 136–137, 147, 192
Rehabilitation, 86, 106, 198
Reintegration, 87–88, 98
Relapse, 91
Relationships
breakdown, 120
with carer of children, 24
with children, 164–165, 177, 201
familial, 120
negotiating, 53
parent-child relationships, 201
positive, 59, 77, 164–165, 168
with prison staff, 5–6
rebuilding, 177
strained, 3
Release, 1–2, 26, 87–88, 164–165, 169, 177, 185–186, 192
Release on temporary license (ROTL), 70, 76, 98
Relief, 69, 173
Remand, 25–26, 184
Re-offending, 33
Reparation, 54
Research Ethics Framework, 19–20
Resentment, 155
Resettlement
resettlement agency, 33, 44, 122
resettlement support, 87–88
Resilience, 79, 174–176, 202–203
Resistance, 153, 197
Respect, respectable, 88, 149, 153, 155
Restraining, 148
Reunification, 86–88, 106
Revolving door, 33, 165
Risk. See also Health risk; Potential risk, 21, 53–54, 69, 127–128, 137, 139, 148–149, 168, 189
Risk factors, 18–19, 131
Role reversal, 6–7, 107, 116–120
Russia, 190
Sacrifice, 37, 39–43, 188
Sadness, 78, 151, 154, 174
Safeguarding, 24, 27, 174–175
Safety, 52, 56, 129, 171, 188
Sample
purposive, 35–36
sampling, 19–20, 35–36
Scared Straight, 156–157
Scare tactic, 156–157
School, 20–21, 68–69, 72, 78, 164, 168, 173, 190
Scotland, 51, 70, 71
Search, searching, 169–170
Secrecy, 78–79
Secretary of State, 17–18, 34
Security, 34, 38, 78–79, 176, 183–184, 198
Self
authentic self, 149–150
presentation of self, 149–150, 154, 159
self-blame, 108
self-harm, 116, 136, 201
self-worth, 98–99
semi-structured interview, 19, 32–33, 88–89
Sense of self, 5–6, 116, 121, 202
Sentence
length, 14, 21
short sentences, 78–79
Sentencing
decision-making, 20, 78, 140, 182–183
sentencing guidelines, 15–18, 22–23, 25
sentencing guidelines council, 15–16
sentencing policy, 127–128
Separation
from baby, 5–6
at birth, 49–50
from child, 56–57
fear of, 199
negative effects, 22–23
Severe (needs, disadvantage), 199–200
Severity of Dependence Questionnaire (SOD-Q), 132
Sexual abuse. See also Abuse, 2, 130
Sexual exploitation, 184, 188
Sexual violence. See also Abuse, 185
Shame, 171–173, 200–202
Shock, 73, 76
Short sentences, 78–79
Siblings, 20–21, 73, 118–119
Significant harm, 16
Silence. See also Forced silence, 73–74
Single parent, 170–171
Skype, 187
Sleep
sleep deprivation, 189
sleep loss, 169
Smoking, 40
Snowball sampling, 19–20
Social exclusion, 95–96
Social housing, 164–165
Social isolation, 74
Social media, 69–70
Social support, 191–192
Social visits, 33, 39
Social worker, 71, 77–78, 88, 129–130, 138, 149, 175–176
Socioeconomic status, 106, 190
Sole carer. See also Primary carer, 25, 42–43
Sounding board, 166, 166
Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator (SENCO), 169
Spoiled identity. See also Disrupted identity, 95–96
Stamp, 38
Statistics, 3, 49–50
Stigma, 166–168, 174–175, 190, 200–202
Stigmatisation. See also Stigma, 197, 200
Stories. See also Narratives, 52, 97, 165, 174, 178
Storybooks Mum, 34
Storytelling, 107, 109, 121
Strategies, 5–6, 60–62, 165, 190, 202
Strength, 6–7, 61, 114
Stress, 5–6, 56–57, 130, 137–138, 153, 168, 198
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, 132
Struggle, 32–33, 69, 108, 166
Student, 167, 168
Substance
dependency, 69
misuse, 75–76, 87–88, 91, 120, 131
Suffering, 116, 135, 151
Sugar, 40
Suicide attempts, 131, 134, 136
Supervision, 25–26, 94
Support
bespoke, 167–168, 170–171, 173
emotional, 108–109, 113, 164–165
financial, 6–7, 33, 77–78, 116, 121
practical, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
professional, 1–2
Supreme Court, 22
Surveillance, 56, 90–93
Suspended sentences, 14
Sympathy, 169
Teacher, 169, 171
Teenager, 73
Telephone
contact, 33–34, 38
credit, 34, 40, 45
in-cell, 34
interviews, 88–89
landline, 38–39
mobile, 38
Thematic analysis, 109
Theme, 166, 183–184, 202
Therapy, 113–114, 165–166
Throughcare, 87
Tobacco, 40
Toilet, 53–54
Toiletries, 39–40, 189
Total institution, 146, 158–159
Transcribe, 36
Transcripts, 109, 151
Transfer, 188
Transitions to adulthood. See also Adulthood, 106, 109–112
Transparency, 78, 157, 173, 185–186
Trauma, 2, 87–88, 128–129, 139, 153–154, 155, 166, 191
Trust, 75, 150–151, 168
lack of trust, 71, 76–77, 91–92
Uganda, 183–184, 191
Unborn
baby, 49–50, 53–54, 61–63, 199, 202
child, 51, 53, 130, 136, 139
Uniform, 146, 149–150, 157
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, 20–21
Article 2, 20
Article 3, 17–18
Article 9, 20
Article 12, 19–20
Article 20, 20
United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders 2010, 73
Victim, 16, 22–23, 69, 129–130, 174–175, 190, 202–203
Victimisation. See also Victim, 68–69
Vignettes, 19
Violence. See also Abuse; Domestic abuse; Domestic violence, 53, 68–69, 129–130, 146, 185
fear of violence, 199
violence in the home, 154, 158
Visiting conditions, 3
Visits
assisted prison visits scheme, 77–78
conjugal, 185
family days, 33, 78–79, 157
private, 185
social, 33
Voluntary organisations, 70
Volunteers, 70, 167
Vulnerable
children, 75–76, 188
women, 2
Wage, 34, 40, 147–148
Welfare, 17–18, 22, 77, 129
Well-being, 53–54, 63, 71, 112, 153–154, 182, 190, 202
Welsh Government, 108–109
Western, 182, 184, 192–193
Wife, 41, 93–94, 149–150
Wings, 34, 146, 154
Womanhood. See also Good womanhood, 60
Women In prison, 14, 36–37, 51, 54, 128–129, 130, 137, 147, 182–183, 184
Women's centres, 24–25, 87
Women's prisons, 3, 76, 147–148, 149, 176
Workplace
male dominated, 147, 148–149, 156, 200
masculinised, 148–149
World Health Organisation (WHO), 182
Worry, 3–4, 98, 113, 134–135, 166, 190
Young
motherhood, 86
mothers, 149
women, 91
Younger children, 92, 107, 111, 117, 121
Caesarean
, 51, 151–152
Canteen culture
, 153–154
Care
antenatal care
, 51, 151–152
arrangements
, 4, 18–19, 68–69
Care and Separation Units
, 176
care taking
, 32
of children
, 3–4
ethics of care
, 107
foster
, 20–21, 129–130, 192
post-natal care
, 182
provision
, 50, 116, 137
system
, 71, 75–76
Career
, 106, 146, 156
Caregiver
, 22–23, 35, 165–166
alternative
, 18–19
Carer
foster
, 20–21
primary
, 15–16, 24, 118–119
relationships
, 18–19
sole
, 25, 42–43
Case law
, 15–18, 21–22
Cell
, 25, 52, 184
Challenge
, 3, 32–33, 53–54, 89, 187
Child
Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services
, 73
child birth
, 133
child impact assessment
, 71
child-rearing
, 6–7, 147
developmental need
, 188
emotional need
, 35–36
psychological development
, 188
Childcare
, 58, 93
arrangements
, 73
Childcare Resettlement Leave (CRL)
, 42
Childhood
, 18–19, 175
Children
affected by parental imprisonment
, 44, 68–69, 182
Children Heard and Seen Children’s Services
, 168
dependent
, 2, 15, 25
mental health
, 113
older children
, 73, 94, 138
of prisoners
, 45, 68–69, 164, 182
younger children
, 92, 108
Children Act 1989
, 20–21
China
, 191
Chocolate
, 39–40
Choice
, 112, 193
Chronological age
, 106
Class
, 147, 168
middle class values
, 149
Clinical Assessment of Neuropsychiatry
, 132
Clothes
, 39–40
Coffee
, 39–40, 150–151, 168
Coloured pen
, 37
Comfort
, 52, 166
Communication
, 32, 50, 187
Community-Based Support
, 165
Community sentence
, 14, 70, 138–139
Compassion
, 76, 147
Complex (needs, disadvantage)
, 2, 69, 199–200
Confidence
lack of
, 74
loss of
, 94
Confounding grief
, 20–21, 73–74
Confusion
, 4, 147
Conjugal visits
, 185
Connectedness
, 51, 109–110
Consent
, 35–36, 70, 128
Construction of mothering
, 109
Contact
Childcare Resettlement Leave (CRL)
, 42
email
, 34
face-to-face
, 32–33, 34
letters, letter writing
, 32, 34, 187
maintaining
, 3, 37, 169
mother-child
, 32, 39
released on temporary licence (ROTL)
, 70
telephone
, 32–33, 38
visits (See also Family days)
, 3, 33, 41
Conviction
, 17–18, 133
Cope
, 5–6, 49–50, 73, 146
Coping
mechanism
, 91, 153
strategies
, 61, 165
Corston Report
, 2
Counsellor
, 75, 149, 167
Court
Court of Appeal
, 15, 22
Crown Court
, 5–6, 19
Magistrates Court
, 25
Supreme Court
, 22
Credit, telephone
, 34, 40
Crime
, 2, 20, 129, 184
Criminal
Criminal Bar Association
, 24
criminal courts
, 14
criminal history
, 131
Criminal Law Committee of the Law Society
, 24
Criminalisation
, 99
Criminalised mother
, 91, 95–96
Criminality
, 18–19, 91
Criminal Justice Act 2003
, 15–16
Criminal justice system
, 1–2, 14, 68–69, 175
Crown Court
judges
, 5–6, 19–20, 200–201
judiciary
, 19
Crying
, 60, 136, 169
Culpability
, 16
Culture
, 51–52, 107, 147
Custodial sentence
, 5–6, 16, 18, 88, 137
Custody
, 2, 16, 71, 90, 117
Dad in prison. See also Father
, 173–174
Damage
, 87
Danger
, 17–18, 189
Decision making
, 20, 78, 140
Defendant
, 16–17, 21, 27
Denmark
, 138, 187
Dependent children
, 5–6, 14, 18, 71
Depression
antenatal depression
, 131–132
perinatal depression
, 130
Despair
, 89
Diagnosis
, 134, 135
Diary
, 150–151
Dignity
, 58, 153
Disability. See also Learning disability
, 199–200
Disadvantage. See also Pre-existing disadvantages
, 2, 68–69, 87, 171
Discipline
, 1–2, 146, 197
Discrimination
, 20, 26, 73–74
Disruption
disrupted education
, 18–19
disrupted identity (See also Spoiled identity)
, 96
disrupted mothering
, 165
disrupted primary attachments
, 18–19
Distress
, 74, 135
Diversity
, 181–182, 199–200
Domestic abuse. See also Abuse
, 73, 87–88
Domestic legislation
, 182–183
Domestic violence
, 75–76, 129–130
Dominant narrative
, 107, 198
Doubly deviant
, 15
Dramaturgical analysis
, 147
Drugs
, 38–39, 53, 131, 184
Dumbledore
, 62
Earn(ings), 40
The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), 131–132
Education
disrupted education, 18–19
educational achievement, 114
educational attainment, 69
Email contact, 32, 34
Embarrassment, 55, 74
Emotion
emotional burden, 6–7, 147, 197
emotional labour, 147, 159
emotional pain, 116
emotional problems, 169
manage, 149
maternal, 5–6, 61, 86
mis-manage, 6–7, 147
Empathy, 69, 87–88, 158–159
Envelope, 37
Environment. See also Physical environment; Prison environment
, 3, 33, 149–150, 199
Equality. See also Gender equality, 26
ESRC, 24
Ethics
of care for children, 107
ethical approval, 35–36, 131
ethical guidelines, 69–70
Ethnicity, 76
Ethnography, 200
Experience
of imprisonment, 4, 57–58, 106
of maternal imprisonment, 18–19, 32
post-release, 89
Facetime, 187
Failure, 87–88, 91, 118, 163–164
Families Outside, 67–68
Family
doing family, 34–35
family court, 20–21
family days (See also Visits)
, 33, 78, 157
Family Engagement Worker, 75–76
family friendly, 33, 156
family life, 14, 35
family members, 3–4, 32, 51
family practices, 34–35
family relationships, 32–33, 80
family ties, 2, 33–34
forgotten families, 174
pseudo families, 60
Family days, 33, 78, 157
Farmer review, 2, 80
Father, 3–4, 18–19, 95
father in prison (See also Dad in prison)
, 3–4, 68–69
Fatigue, 169
Fear
of loss, 5–6
of separation, 58, 63
of violence, 199
Female, 6–7, 32
female prison officers, 6–7, 151, 159
Female Offender Strategy, 2, 33
Feminine script, 95–96
Feminism, 88
maternal feminism, 88
Feminist
feminist criminology, 88
feminist narritive, 1–2, 106–107
Field notes, 88–89, 150–151
Fieldwork, 88–89, 150
Financial independence, 106
Fines, 14
Focus group, 70
Food, 53, 172
Forced silence, 73–74
Foreign national, 76, 184
Foster carer, 20–21
Friend, 33, 94
Friendship, 165–166
Frontal lobe disorder, 135
Frustration, 56, 151, 176–177
Gatekeepers, 3, 32
Gender
bias, 169–170
equality, 26
specific issues, 3
Gendered
division, 153
empathy, 158–159
expectations, 107
experiences, 6–7, 147
pains of imprisonment, 118, 197–199
Germany, 138, 140
Girl Scouts Behind Bars programme, 190–191
Gladstone Committee, 147
Global, 177–178, 181–182
Good mother, 15, 60, 87–88, 107, 198
Good mothering, 15, 90–91, 107
Good womanhood, 60
Governor, 35–36, 156
Grandchild, 93, 111, 169
Grandfather, 35
Grandmother
carer, 73–74
grandmotherhood, 93
role, 94
Grandparents, 42–43, 114–115, 173–174
maternal, 3–4
Grief. See also Anticipatory grief, 20–21, 49–50, 68–69
Guardian, 149
Guardian ad Litem, 20–21
Guilt, 74, 89, 111, 176–177
Handcuffs, 54, 185, 201
Harm
potential, 25, 41
significant harm, 16
Harry Potter, 62
Headache, 169
Health
care, 131, 185–186
health promotion, 182
mental, 6–7, 69, 127–128
neonatal, 182
outcomes, 50–51
paediatric, 182
perinatal, 56
physical, 4
pregnancy, 6–7
problems, 41
risk, 130
Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS), 24, 108–109
HMP Buckley Hall, 164, 176–177
HMP Styal, 164–165
Home, 2, 38, 68–69, 90
Home leave, 78, 183–184
Homelessness, 108–109, 186–187
Hopefulness, 18–19
Hopeless, 87–88
Housing, 117, 164–165
Humanity, 56
Human rights, 14
Human Rights Act 1998, 20
Humiliation, 55, 56
Humour
black humour, 153–154
humour as a coping mechanism, 153–154
humour gallows, 153–154
Hunger, 53
Husband, 92–93, 158
Identity
adult, 106
maternal, 5–6, 86, 95–97
reclaim, 114
spoiled, 95–97
Immediate imprisonment, 14
Impact
of imprisonment, 15–16, 86, 197
long term impact, 86
of maternal imprisonment, 4, 18–19, 86
of parental imprisonment, 4
of prison on family, 35–36
Imprisonment
gendered pains of, 118, 197
life, 110–111
long term impact (See also Long term effect)
, 86
pains of, 14–15, 63, 197–199
In-cell telephone, 34
Inconsistency, 50, 130
Informed consent, 88, 132
Intensive mothering, 107, 118
International perspectives, 6–7, 181–182
Interview
narrative, 150–151
qualitative, 132
semi-structured, 19, 32–33
telephone, 88–89
Invisible, 5–6, 67–68, 147, 189
Isolation. See also Social isolation, 59–60, 129
Joint Committee on Human Rights, 14, 80
Journey, 40–41
Judgement, 17–18, 91, 166
Judges
Crown Court, 5–6, 19–20, 200–201
magistrates, 25, 74
Judicial College, 24
Judiciary, 24–25
Judicial Office, 19–20
Kindness, 147, 177
Labelling, 175
Labour, 149, 202
induction of, 51
Landline telephone, 38
Language
body language, 35–36
labelling, 175
negative, 74
power of, 174–175
Law, 1–2, 15–18, 21–22, 185–186
Learning disability, 199–200
Legal representative, 24
Letters, 34, 86, 187
Letter writing, 32, 43, 187
Licence, 25–26, 97–98
Life imprisonment, 110–111
Local authority care, 2, 22–23, 76
Lone working, 167
Long-term, 68–69, 86, 137
impact of imprisonment, 86
Lord Farmer. See also Farmer review, 2, 33
Loss
baby, 56–57
children, 14–15
identity, 169
Magistrates
association, 24
court, 17–18, 25
Maintaining contact. See also Barriers to maintaining contact, 3, 5–6, 34–35, 37, 169
Male-dominated, 147, 148–149, 200
Male prisoners, 2, 3, 87, 181–182, 185
HIV, 189
Mandela, Nelson, 62
Marginalise
marginalised groups, 121, 166–167
marginalised mothers, 90–91
Masculine organisations, 148
Maternal
emotion, 5–6, 61–63, 86, 91, 99
expectations, violation of, 108
grandparents, 3–4
identity, 5–6, 86–89, 95–97
imprisonment, long term effects, 5–6, 18–19, 32, 36–37, 80, 86, 89–95, 190
relationships, 51, 198
theory, 88
Maternity leave, 156
Matricentric feminist criminology, 88
Mattress, 52, 53–54
Mature, maturity, 94, 107
Media. See also Social media, 42–43, 69–70, 74
Mental health
child and adolescent mental, 73
diagnosis, 135
health services, 73, 131, 154
Mental ill health
of children, 139
perinatal mental health, 130
poor mental health, 69
undiagnosed, 137
untreated, 137
Mentor. See also Neutral positioned mentor, 165–170, 198–199
Method, 5–6, 15–16, 35–37, 131–132, 193
Methodology, 19–21, 51–52, 69–70, 88–89, 150–151
Midwife, 133
Midwifery, 51–52, 59, 63
Military, 146
Milk, 53
Minister for Women in the Criminal Justice System, 14
Ministry of Justice, 2, 14, 33, 80, 128–130, 170–171
Miscarriage, 6–7, 147, 151–152, 200
Mitigate, 15, 22, 40, 75–76, 202
Mitigating factors, 21
Mitigating motherhood, 19
Mitigation, 15–16, 21
Mobile telephone, 34, 38, 45, 187
Money, 38–41, 118–119, 173–174
Moral, 55, 117, 178, 188, 202–203
Moral imperatives, 107, 201–202
Mother(s)
addicted, 91
bad, 23–24
biological, 193
criminalised, 95–96
definitions, 1–2
good, 111, 192
institutional definitions, 3
marginalised, 90–91, 156
mother and baby unit (MBU)
admissions, 133–135
applications, 133–135
mother-child contact, 5–6
neglectful, 202
norms, 95
in prison, 154–156
self-identified, 35, 36–37
Mother and baby unit (MBU), 49–51, 58, 91–92, 128–129
Motherhood
constructions of, 107
cultural significance of, 201–202
meanng of, 198
new, 51, 62–63
responsibilities, 15
script, 95–96
transition to, 111–112
Mothering
bad, 200–201
code of conduct, 95–96, 198
cultural significance of, 201–202
disrupted, 107, 116
disruption of, 197, 198
doing, 147–149
good, 15, 202
hierarchies, 156, 200–201
identity, positive mothering, 34–35, 108, 114, 197
ideology, 200–201
intensive, 60, 107–108, 111, 118
narratives, 107, 199
practices, 158, 198
responsibilities, 3, 187
role, 54, 57–58, 110
success, 114
Motherwork, 108, 112–116, 121, 202
Multiple (needs, disadvantage), 2, 63, 69
Narrative. See also Stories
alternative, 41–43
analysis, 109
dominant narrative, 107, 114, 118, 198
Narrativity, 106
National Lottery Community Fund, 67–68
National Offender Management Service (NOMS), 33, 52, 89, 150
National Probation Service, 17, 24
National Research Council, 35–36
National Research Ethics Service, 131
Needs. See also Complex needs, 2, 35–36, 50, 53, 87, 94, 111–112, 167, 199–200
Neo-liberal politics, 158
Netherlands, 18–19, 138–139, 188–189
Neurotic disorders, 130, 132
Neutral positioned mentor. See also Mentor, 165–170, 165
New York, 139–140, 190–191
Non-custodial sentence, 17–18
Non-judgemental, 166
Northern Ireland, 166
Nutrition, 52, 186–187, 199
Nutritional standards, 53
Observation, 56, 150–151, 159
Offender Health Research Network, 130
Offender Rehabilitation Act 2014 (ORA), 25–26
Offending
behavior, 72, 87–88
re-offending, 33
Older children, 73, 94, 97, 138, 167–168
Open prison, 3, 138
Outcomes, 1–2, 15, 39–40, 50–51, 89, 114, 130, 198–199
Out of court disposals, 14
Outpatient treatment, 135
Outsider, 90
‘Overarching Principles: Seriousness: Definitive Guideline', 15–16, 16–17
Overcrowding, 189
Pains of imprisonment, 14–15, 63, 98–99, 118, 146, 197–199
Paranoia, 91
Parent
parent-child relationships, 106
single parent, 170–171
Parenthood, 34–35, 111–112
Parliament, 14
Participants, 35–36, 43, 56, 72, 88–89, 109, 132, 133
Partners of Prisoners Support (POPS), 71, 75–76
Passive victim. See also Victim, 202–203
Paternal
abuse, 192
figure, 188–189
imprisonment, 190
Peer support, 165, 170–174, 198–199
Pen, coloured pen, 37, 43–44
Performance, 149–150, 149
Perinatal
experience, 51
mental health, 130, 131
Personality disorder, 130, 132, 136, 138, 140
Person-Shaped Support (PSS), 70
Physical abuse, 146–147, 151–152, 190
Physical environment, 52–54, 189, 202
Physical health, 4
Physical ill-health, 68–69
Pilot study, 19
Pink collar, 147–148
Policy change, 15
Post-birth, 51–52
Post custodial support, 86
Post custody supervision, 25–26
Post-natal care, 182
Post-partum, 151–152
Post-release, 26, 52, 86–88, 90–92, 99, 164–165, 177
Post-traumatic stress disorder, 135
Potential harm, 25–26, 41, 112
Potential risk, 53–54, 202
Poverty, 69, 73, 75–76, 184, 186–187, 191, 199
Power. See Powerlessness, 54, 90, 165–166, 171–172, 174–175, 189, 192, 202
Practical support, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
Practitioner-researcher, 165
Pre-existing disadvantages, 73, 75–76
Pre-existing secure attachments, 18–19
Pregnancy test, 128
Pregnant, 5–6, 17, 53, 131, 151–154, 185, 199, 201
Premature death, 68–69
Presentation of self, 149–150, 154
Pre-sentence report, 24, 71
Primary carer. See also Carer; Primary carer; Sole carer, 16–17, 22, 36, 119–120
Prison
American prison, 51
impact on family, 16, 17–18, 20
neo-liberal penal policies, 150–151
open prison, 3, 138
prison environment, 35–36, 53, 156–157, 191–192
prison estate, 3–4, 6–7, 60
prison governor, 35–36
prison landings, 146–148
prison leavers, 108–109
prison officer
career, 106, 148–149, 156
female prison officers, 146–147, 149, 151, 158–159
frontline, 150–151
male prison officers, 6–7, 147, 158–159
modern prison officer, 146
role, gendered nature of, 153
senior prison officer, 151
working life of, 147–149
prison policy, 106, 109, 122
prison population, 2
prison reform trust, 136–137
prison regime, 34
prison service order, 42, 63
prison staff, 185
prison violence, 2, 146, 199
prison visits, 32, 78, 167
prison wings, 51–52, 146, 154
semi-open prison, 183–184
women's prisons, 3, 147–148, 176
Prisoner
children of, 177
foreign national, 76, 184, 199–200
male prisoner, 2–3, 87
minimum standards for, 182–183
violent prisoner, 149–150
Private visits, 185
Probation officer, 24, 98
Promotion, 148–149, 156
Property, 116–117
Pro-social pathway, 18–19
Protected characteristic, 19
Protective factors, 18–19
Pseudo families, 60
Pseudonyms, 36
Psychology, 163–164
Punishment, 17–18, 174
Purposive sample, 35–36
Quaker United Nations Office, 182
Qualitative interviews, 132
Quantitative, 131–132
Questionnaire, 69–70, 88–89, 131
Race, 106
Rape, 185
Reading, 62, 167, 187
Recall, 25–26, 90, 111–112
Reception, 76
Recidivism, 34, 129, 140
Recorders, 19–20
Recruitment, 36–37
Regime (prison), 34, 136–137, 147, 192
Rehabilitation, 86, 106, 198
Reintegration, 87–88, 98
Relapse, 91
Relationships
breakdown, 120
with carer of children, 24
with children, 164–165, 177, 201
familial, 120
negotiating, 53
parent-child relationships, 201
positive, 59, 77, 164–165, 168
with prison staff, 5–6
rebuilding, 177
strained, 3
Release, 1–2, 26, 87–88, 164–165, 169, 177, 185–186, 192
Release on temporary license (ROTL), 70, 76, 98
Relief, 69, 173
Remand, 25–26, 184
Re-offending, 33
Reparation, 54
Research Ethics Framework, 19–20
Resentment, 155
Resettlement
resettlement agency, 33, 44, 122
resettlement support, 87–88
Resilience, 79, 174–176, 202–203
Resistance, 153, 197
Respect, respectable, 88, 149, 153, 155
Restraining, 148
Reunification, 86–88, 106
Revolving door, 33, 165
Risk. See also Health risk; Potential risk, 21, 53–54, 69, 127–128, 137, 139, 148–149, 168, 189
Risk factors, 18–19, 131
Role reversal, 6–7, 107, 116–120
Russia, 190
Sacrifice, 37, 39–43, 188
Sadness, 78, 151, 154, 174
Safeguarding, 24, 27, 174–175
Safety, 52, 56, 129, 171, 188
Sample
purposive, 35–36
sampling, 19–20, 35–36
Scared Straight, 156–157
Scare tactic, 156–157
School, 20–21, 68–69, 72, 78, 164, 168, 173, 190
Scotland, 51, 70, 71
Search, searching, 169–170
Secrecy, 78–79
Secretary of State, 17–18, 34
Security, 34, 38, 78–79, 176, 183–184, 198
Self
authentic self, 149–150
presentation of self, 149–150, 154, 159
self-blame, 108
self-harm, 116, 136, 201
self-worth, 98–99
semi-structured interview, 19, 32–33, 88–89
Sense of self, 5–6, 116, 121, 202
Sentence
length, 14, 21
short sentences, 78–79
Sentencing
decision-making, 20, 78, 140, 182–183
sentencing guidelines, 15–18, 22–23, 25
sentencing guidelines council, 15–16
sentencing policy, 127–128
Separation
from baby, 5–6
at birth, 49–50
from child, 56–57
fear of, 199
negative effects, 22–23
Severe (needs, disadvantage), 199–200
Severity of Dependence Questionnaire (SOD-Q), 132
Sexual abuse. See also Abuse, 2, 130
Sexual exploitation, 184, 188
Sexual violence. See also Abuse, 185
Shame, 171–173, 200–202
Shock, 73, 76
Short sentences, 78–79
Siblings, 20–21, 73, 118–119
Significant harm, 16
Silence. See also Forced silence, 73–74
Single parent, 170–171
Skype, 187
Sleep
sleep deprivation, 189
sleep loss, 169
Smoking, 40
Snowball sampling, 19–20
Social exclusion, 95–96
Social housing, 164–165
Social isolation, 74
Social media, 69–70
Social support, 191–192
Social visits, 33, 39
Social worker, 71, 77–78, 88, 129–130, 138, 149, 175–176
Socioeconomic status, 106, 190
Sole carer. See also Primary carer, 25, 42–43
Sounding board, 166, 166
Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator (SENCO), 169
Spoiled identity. See also Disrupted identity, 95–96
Stamp, 38
Statistics, 3, 49–50
Stigma, 166–168, 174–175, 190, 200–202
Stigmatisation. See also Stigma, 197, 200
Stories. See also Narratives, 52, 97, 165, 174, 178
Storybooks Mum, 34
Storytelling, 107, 109, 121
Strategies, 5–6, 60–62, 165, 190, 202
Strength, 6–7, 61, 114
Stress, 5–6, 56–57, 130, 137–138, 153, 168, 198
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, 132
Struggle, 32–33, 69, 108, 166
Student, 167, 168
Substance
dependency, 69
misuse, 75–76, 87–88, 91, 120, 131
Suffering, 116, 135, 151
Sugar, 40
Suicide attempts, 131, 134, 136
Supervision, 25–26, 94
Support
bespoke, 167–168, 170–171, 173
emotional, 108–109, 113, 164–165
financial, 6–7, 33, 77–78, 116, 121
practical, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
professional, 1–2
Supreme Court, 22
Surveillance, 56, 90–93
Suspended sentences, 14
Sympathy, 169
Teacher, 169, 171
Teenager, 73
Telephone
contact, 33–34, 38
credit, 34, 40, 45
in-cell, 34
interviews, 88–89
landline, 38–39
mobile, 38
Thematic analysis, 109
Theme, 166, 183–184, 202
Therapy, 113–114, 165–166
Throughcare, 87
Tobacco, 40
Toilet, 53–54
Toiletries, 39–40, 189
Total institution, 146, 158–159
Transcribe, 36
Transcripts, 109, 151
Transfer, 188
Transitions to adulthood. See also Adulthood, 106, 109–112
Transparency, 78, 157, 173, 185–186
Trauma, 2, 87–88, 128–129, 139, 153–154, 155, 166, 191
Trust, 75, 150–151, 168
lack of trust, 71, 76–77, 91–92
Uganda, 183–184, 191
Unborn
baby, 49–50, 53–54, 61–63, 199, 202
child, 51, 53, 130, 136, 139
Uniform, 146, 149–150, 157
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, 20–21
Article 2, 20
Article 3, 17–18
Article 9, 20
Article 12, 19–20
Article 20, 20
United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders 2010, 73
Victim, 16, 22–23, 69, 129–130, 174–175, 190, 202–203
Victimisation. See also Victim, 68–69
Vignettes, 19
Violence. See also Abuse; Domestic abuse; Domestic violence, 53, 68–69, 129–130, 146, 185
fear of violence, 199
violence in the home, 154, 158
Visiting conditions, 3
Visits
assisted prison visits scheme, 77–78
conjugal, 185
family days, 33, 78–79, 157
private, 185
social, 33
Voluntary organisations, 70
Volunteers, 70, 167
Vulnerable
children, 75–76, 188
women, 2
Wage, 34, 40, 147–148
Welfare, 17–18, 22, 77, 129
Well-being, 53–54, 63, 71, 112, 153–154, 182, 190, 202
Welsh Government, 108–109
Western, 182, 184, 192–193
Wife, 41, 93–94, 149–150
Wings, 34, 146, 154
Womanhood. See also Good womanhood, 60
Women In prison, 14, 36–37, 51, 54, 128–129, 130, 137, 147, 182–183, 184
Women's centres, 24–25, 87
Women's prisons, 3, 76, 147–148, 149, 176
Workplace
male dominated, 147, 148–149, 156, 200
masculinised, 148–149
World Health Organisation (WHO), 182
Worry, 3–4, 98, 113, 134–135, 166, 190
Young
motherhood, 86
mothers, 149
women, 91
Younger children, 92, 107, 111, 117, 121
Earn(ings)
, 40
The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
, 131–132
Education
disrupted education
, 18–19
educational achievement
, 114
educational attainment
, 69
Email contact
, 32, 34
Embarrassment
, 55, 74
Emotion
emotional burden
, 6–7, 147, 197
emotional labour
, 147, 159
emotional pain
, 116
emotional problems
, 169
manage
, 149
maternal
, 5–6, 61, 86
mis-manage
, 6–7, 147
Empathy
, 69, 87–88, 158–159
Envelope
, 37
Environment. See also Physical environment; Prison environment
, 3, 33, 149–150, 199
Equality. See also Gender equality
, 26
ESRC
, 24
Ethics
of care for children
, 107
ethical approval
, 35–36, 131
ethical guidelines
, 69–70
Ethnicity
, 76
Ethnography
, 200
Experience
of imprisonment
, 4, 57–58, 106
of maternal imprisonment
, 18–19, 32
post-release
, 89
Facetime
, 187
Failure
, 87–88, 91, 118, 163–164
Families Outside
, 67–68
Family
doing family
, 34–35
family court
, 20–21
family days (See also Visits)
, 33, 78, 157
Family Engagement Worker
, 75–76
family friendly
, 33, 156
family life
, 14, 35
family members
, 3–4, 32, 51
family practices
, 34–35
family relationships
, 32–33, 80
family ties
, 2, 33–34
forgotten families
, 174
pseudo families
, 60
Family days
, 33, 78, 157
Farmer review
, 2, 80
Father
, 3–4, 18–19, 95
father in prison (See also Dad in prison)
, 3–4, 68–69
Fatigue
, 169
Fear
of loss
, 5–6
of separation
, 58, 63
of violence
, 199
Female
, 6–7, 32
female prison officers
, 6–7, 151, 159
Female Offender Strategy
, 2, 33
Feminine script
, 95–96
Feminism
, 88
maternal feminism
, 88
Feminist
feminist criminology
, 88
feminist narritive
, 1–2, 106–107
Field notes
, 88–89, 150–151
Fieldwork
, 88–89, 150
Financial independence
, 106
Fines
, 14
Focus group
, 70
Food
, 53, 172
Forced silence
, 73–74
Foreign national
, 76, 184
Foster carer
, 20–21
Friend
, 33, 94
Friendship
, 165–166
Frontal lobe disorder
, 135
Frustration
, 56, 151, 176–177
Gatekeepers, 3, 32
Gender
bias, 169–170
equality, 26
specific issues, 3
Gendered
division, 153
empathy, 158–159
expectations, 107
experiences, 6–7, 147
pains of imprisonment, 118, 197–199
Germany, 138, 140
Girl Scouts Behind Bars programme, 190–191
Gladstone Committee, 147
Global, 177–178, 181–182
Good mother, 15, 60, 87–88, 107, 198
Good mothering, 15, 90–91, 107
Good womanhood, 60
Governor, 35–36, 156
Grandchild, 93, 111, 169
Grandfather, 35
Grandmother
carer, 73–74
grandmotherhood, 93
role, 94
Grandparents, 42–43, 114–115, 173–174
maternal, 3–4
Grief. See also Anticipatory grief, 20–21, 49–50, 68–69
Guardian, 149
Guardian ad Litem, 20–21
Guilt, 74, 89, 111, 176–177
Handcuffs, 54, 185, 201
Harm
potential, 25, 41
significant harm, 16
Harry Potter, 62
Headache, 169
Health
care, 131, 185–186
health promotion, 182
mental, 6–7, 69, 127–128
neonatal, 182
outcomes, 50–51
paediatric, 182
perinatal, 56
physical, 4
pregnancy, 6–7
problems, 41
risk, 130
Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS), 24, 108–109
HMP Buckley Hall, 164, 176–177
HMP Styal, 164–165
Home, 2, 38, 68–69, 90
Home leave, 78, 183–184
Homelessness, 108–109, 186–187
Hopefulness, 18–19
Hopeless, 87–88
Housing, 117, 164–165
Humanity, 56
Human rights, 14
Human Rights Act 1998, 20
Humiliation, 55, 56
Humour
black humour, 153–154
humour as a coping mechanism, 153–154
humour gallows, 153–154
Hunger, 53
Husband, 92–93, 158
Identity
adult, 106
maternal, 5–6, 86, 95–97
reclaim, 114
spoiled, 95–97
Immediate imprisonment, 14
Impact
of imprisonment, 15–16, 86, 197
long term impact, 86
of maternal imprisonment, 4, 18–19, 86
of parental imprisonment, 4
of prison on family, 35–36
Imprisonment
gendered pains of, 118, 197
life, 110–111
long term impact (See also Long term effect)
, 86
pains of, 14–15, 63, 197–199
In-cell telephone, 34
Inconsistency, 50, 130
Informed consent, 88, 132
Intensive mothering, 107, 118
International perspectives, 6–7, 181–182
Interview
narrative, 150–151
qualitative, 132
semi-structured, 19, 32–33
telephone, 88–89
Invisible, 5–6, 67–68, 147, 189
Isolation. See also Social isolation, 59–60, 129
Joint Committee on Human Rights, 14, 80
Journey, 40–41
Judgement, 17–18, 91, 166
Judges
Crown Court, 5–6, 19–20, 200–201
magistrates, 25, 74
Judicial College, 24
Judiciary, 24–25
Judicial Office, 19–20
Kindness, 147, 177
Labelling, 175
Labour, 149, 202
induction of, 51
Landline telephone, 38
Language
body language, 35–36
labelling, 175
negative, 74
power of, 174–175
Law, 1–2, 15–18, 21–22, 185–186
Learning disability, 199–200
Legal representative, 24
Letters, 34, 86, 187
Letter writing, 32, 43, 187
Licence, 25–26, 97–98
Life imprisonment, 110–111
Local authority care, 2, 22–23, 76
Lone working, 167
Long-term, 68–69, 86, 137
impact of imprisonment, 86
Lord Farmer. See also Farmer review, 2, 33
Loss
baby, 56–57
children, 14–15
identity, 169
Magistrates
association, 24
court, 17–18, 25
Maintaining contact. See also Barriers to maintaining contact, 3, 5–6, 34–35, 37, 169
Male-dominated, 147, 148–149, 200
Male prisoners, 2, 3, 87, 181–182, 185
HIV, 189
Mandela, Nelson, 62
Marginalise
marginalised groups, 121, 166–167
marginalised mothers, 90–91
Masculine organisations, 148
Maternal
emotion, 5–6, 61–63, 86, 91, 99
expectations, violation of, 108
grandparents, 3–4
identity, 5–6, 86–89, 95–97
imprisonment, long term effects, 5–6, 18–19, 32, 36–37, 80, 86, 89–95, 190
relationships, 51, 198
theory, 88
Maternity leave, 156
Matricentric feminist criminology, 88
Mattress, 52, 53–54
Mature, maturity, 94, 107
Media. See also Social media, 42–43, 69–70, 74
Mental health
child and adolescent mental, 73
diagnosis, 135
health services, 73, 131, 154
Mental ill health
of children, 139
perinatal mental health, 130
poor mental health, 69
undiagnosed, 137
untreated, 137
Mentor. See also Neutral positioned mentor, 165–170, 198–199
Method, 5–6, 15–16, 35–37, 131–132, 193
Methodology, 19–21, 51–52, 69–70, 88–89, 150–151
Midwife, 133
Midwifery, 51–52, 59, 63
Military, 146
Milk, 53
Minister for Women in the Criminal Justice System, 14
Ministry of Justice, 2, 14, 33, 80, 128–130, 170–171
Miscarriage, 6–7, 147, 151–152, 200
Mitigate, 15, 22, 40, 75–76, 202
Mitigating factors, 21
Mitigating motherhood, 19
Mitigation, 15–16, 21
Mobile telephone, 34, 38, 45, 187
Money, 38–41, 118–119, 173–174
Moral, 55, 117, 178, 188, 202–203
Moral imperatives, 107, 201–202
Mother(s)
addicted, 91
bad, 23–24
biological, 193
criminalised, 95–96
definitions, 1–2
good, 111, 192
institutional definitions, 3
marginalised, 90–91, 156
mother and baby unit (MBU)
admissions, 133–135
applications, 133–135
mother-child contact, 5–6
neglectful, 202
norms, 95
in prison, 154–156
self-identified, 35, 36–37
Mother and baby unit (MBU), 49–51, 58, 91–92, 128–129
Motherhood
constructions of, 107
cultural significance of, 201–202
meanng of, 198
new, 51, 62–63
responsibilities, 15
script, 95–96
transition to, 111–112
Mothering
bad, 200–201
code of conduct, 95–96, 198
cultural significance of, 201–202
disrupted, 107, 116
disruption of, 197, 198
doing, 147–149
good, 15, 202
hierarchies, 156, 200–201
identity, positive mothering, 34–35, 108, 114, 197
ideology, 200–201
intensive, 60, 107–108, 111, 118
narratives, 107, 199
practices, 158, 198
responsibilities, 3, 187
role, 54, 57–58, 110
success, 114
Motherwork, 108, 112–116, 121, 202
Multiple (needs, disadvantage), 2, 63, 69
Narrative. See also Stories
alternative, 41–43
analysis, 109
dominant narrative, 107, 114, 118, 198
Narrativity, 106
National Lottery Community Fund, 67–68
National Offender Management Service (NOMS), 33, 52, 89, 150
National Probation Service, 17, 24
National Research Council, 35–36
National Research Ethics Service, 131
Needs. See also Complex needs, 2, 35–36, 50, 53, 87, 94, 111–112, 167, 199–200
Neo-liberal politics, 158
Netherlands, 18–19, 138–139, 188–189
Neurotic disorders, 130, 132
Neutral positioned mentor. See also Mentor, 165–170, 165
New York, 139–140, 190–191
Non-custodial sentence, 17–18
Non-judgemental, 166
Northern Ireland, 166
Nutrition, 52, 186–187, 199
Nutritional standards, 53
Observation, 56, 150–151, 159
Offender Health Research Network, 130
Offender Rehabilitation Act 2014 (ORA), 25–26
Offending
behavior, 72, 87–88
re-offending, 33
Older children, 73, 94, 97, 138, 167–168
Open prison, 3, 138
Outcomes, 1–2, 15, 39–40, 50–51, 89, 114, 130, 198–199
Out of court disposals, 14
Outpatient treatment, 135
Outsider, 90
‘Overarching Principles: Seriousness: Definitive Guideline', 15–16, 16–17
Overcrowding, 189
Pains of imprisonment, 14–15, 63, 98–99, 118, 146, 197–199
Paranoia, 91
Parent
parent-child relationships, 106
single parent, 170–171
Parenthood, 34–35, 111–112
Parliament, 14
Participants, 35–36, 43, 56, 72, 88–89, 109, 132, 133
Partners of Prisoners Support (POPS), 71, 75–76
Passive victim. See also Victim, 202–203
Paternal
abuse, 192
figure, 188–189
imprisonment, 190
Peer support, 165, 170–174, 198–199
Pen, coloured pen, 37, 43–44
Performance, 149–150, 149
Perinatal
experience, 51
mental health, 130, 131
Personality disorder, 130, 132, 136, 138, 140
Person-Shaped Support (PSS), 70
Physical abuse, 146–147, 151–152, 190
Physical environment, 52–54, 189, 202
Physical health, 4
Physical ill-health, 68–69
Pilot study, 19
Pink collar, 147–148
Policy change, 15
Post-birth, 51–52
Post custodial support, 86
Post custody supervision, 25–26
Post-natal care, 182
Post-partum, 151–152
Post-release, 26, 52, 86–88, 90–92, 99, 164–165, 177
Post-traumatic stress disorder, 135
Potential harm, 25–26, 41, 112
Potential risk, 53–54, 202
Poverty, 69, 73, 75–76, 184, 186–187, 191, 199
Power. See Powerlessness, 54, 90, 165–166, 171–172, 174–175, 189, 192, 202
Practical support, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
Practitioner-researcher, 165
Pre-existing disadvantages, 73, 75–76
Pre-existing secure attachments, 18–19
Pregnancy test, 128
Pregnant, 5–6, 17, 53, 131, 151–154, 185, 199, 201
Premature death, 68–69
Presentation of self, 149–150, 154
Pre-sentence report, 24, 71
Primary carer. See also Carer; Primary carer; Sole carer, 16–17, 22, 36, 119–120
Prison
American prison, 51
impact on family, 16, 17–18, 20
neo-liberal penal policies, 150–151
open prison, 3, 138
prison environment, 35–36, 53, 156–157, 191–192
prison estate, 3–4, 6–7, 60
prison governor, 35–36
prison landings, 146–148
prison leavers, 108–109
prison officer
career, 106, 148–149, 156
female prison officers, 146–147, 149, 151, 158–159
frontline, 150–151
male prison officers, 6–7, 147, 158–159
modern prison officer, 146
role, gendered nature of, 153
senior prison officer, 151
working life of, 147–149
prison policy, 106, 109, 122
prison population, 2
prison reform trust, 136–137
prison regime, 34
prison service order, 42, 63
prison staff, 185
prison violence, 2, 146, 199
prison visits, 32, 78, 167
prison wings, 51–52, 146, 154
semi-open prison, 183–184
women's prisons, 3, 147–148, 176
Prisoner
children of, 177
foreign national, 76, 184, 199–200
male prisoner, 2–3, 87
minimum standards for, 182–183
violent prisoner, 149–150
Private visits, 185
Probation officer, 24, 98
Promotion, 148–149, 156
Property, 116–117
Pro-social pathway, 18–19
Protected characteristic, 19
Protective factors, 18–19
Pseudo families, 60
Pseudonyms, 36
Psychology, 163–164
Punishment, 17–18, 174
Purposive sample, 35–36
Quaker United Nations Office, 182
Qualitative interviews, 132
Quantitative, 131–132
Questionnaire, 69–70, 88–89, 131
Race, 106
Rape, 185
Reading, 62, 167, 187
Recall, 25–26, 90, 111–112
Reception, 76
Recidivism, 34, 129, 140
Recorders, 19–20
Recruitment, 36–37
Regime (prison), 34, 136–137, 147, 192
Rehabilitation, 86, 106, 198
Reintegration, 87–88, 98
Relapse, 91
Relationships
breakdown, 120
with carer of children, 24
with children, 164–165, 177, 201
familial, 120
negotiating, 53
parent-child relationships, 201
positive, 59, 77, 164–165, 168
with prison staff, 5–6
rebuilding, 177
strained, 3
Release, 1–2, 26, 87–88, 164–165, 169, 177, 185–186, 192
Release on temporary license (ROTL), 70, 76, 98
Relief, 69, 173
Remand, 25–26, 184
Re-offending, 33
Reparation, 54
Research Ethics Framework, 19–20
Resentment, 155
Resettlement
resettlement agency, 33, 44, 122
resettlement support, 87–88
Resilience, 79, 174–176, 202–203
Resistance, 153, 197
Respect, respectable, 88, 149, 153, 155
Restraining, 148
Reunification, 86–88, 106
Revolving door, 33, 165
Risk. See also Health risk; Potential risk, 21, 53–54, 69, 127–128, 137, 139, 148–149, 168, 189
Risk factors, 18–19, 131
Role reversal, 6–7, 107, 116–120
Russia, 190
Sacrifice, 37, 39–43, 188
Sadness, 78, 151, 154, 174
Safeguarding, 24, 27, 174–175
Safety, 52, 56, 129, 171, 188
Sample
purposive, 35–36
sampling, 19–20, 35–36
Scared Straight, 156–157
Scare tactic, 156–157
School, 20–21, 68–69, 72, 78, 164, 168, 173, 190
Scotland, 51, 70, 71
Search, searching, 169–170
Secrecy, 78–79
Secretary of State, 17–18, 34
Security, 34, 38, 78–79, 176, 183–184, 198
Self
authentic self, 149–150
presentation of self, 149–150, 154, 159
self-blame, 108
self-harm, 116, 136, 201
self-worth, 98–99
semi-structured interview, 19, 32–33, 88–89
Sense of self, 5–6, 116, 121, 202
Sentence
length, 14, 21
short sentences, 78–79
Sentencing
decision-making, 20, 78, 140, 182–183
sentencing guidelines, 15–18, 22–23, 25
sentencing guidelines council, 15–16
sentencing policy, 127–128
Separation
from baby, 5–6
at birth, 49–50
from child, 56–57
fear of, 199
negative effects, 22–23
Severe (needs, disadvantage), 199–200
Severity of Dependence Questionnaire (SOD-Q), 132
Sexual abuse. See also Abuse, 2, 130
Sexual exploitation, 184, 188
Sexual violence. See also Abuse, 185
Shame, 171–173, 200–202
Shock, 73, 76
Short sentences, 78–79
Siblings, 20–21, 73, 118–119
Significant harm, 16
Silence. See also Forced silence, 73–74
Single parent, 170–171
Skype, 187
Sleep
sleep deprivation, 189
sleep loss, 169
Smoking, 40
Snowball sampling, 19–20
Social exclusion, 95–96
Social housing, 164–165
Social isolation, 74
Social media, 69–70
Social support, 191–192
Social visits, 33, 39
Social worker, 71, 77–78, 88, 129–130, 138, 149, 175–176
Socioeconomic status, 106, 190
Sole carer. See also Primary carer, 25, 42–43
Sounding board, 166, 166
Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator (SENCO), 169
Spoiled identity. See also Disrupted identity, 95–96
Stamp, 38
Statistics, 3, 49–50
Stigma, 166–168, 174–175, 190, 200–202
Stigmatisation. See also Stigma, 197, 200
Stories. See also Narratives, 52, 97, 165, 174, 178
Storybooks Mum, 34
Storytelling, 107, 109, 121
Strategies, 5–6, 60–62, 165, 190, 202
Strength, 6–7, 61, 114
Stress, 5–6, 56–57, 130, 137–138, 153, 168, 198
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, 132
Struggle, 32–33, 69, 108, 166
Student, 167, 168
Substance
dependency, 69
misuse, 75–76, 87–88, 91, 120, 131
Suffering, 116, 135, 151
Sugar, 40
Suicide attempts, 131, 134, 136
Supervision, 25–26, 94
Support
bespoke, 167–168, 170–171, 173
emotional, 108–109, 113, 164–165
financial, 6–7, 33, 77–78, 116, 121
practical, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
professional, 1–2
Supreme Court, 22
Surveillance, 56, 90–93
Suspended sentences, 14
Sympathy, 169
Teacher, 169, 171
Teenager, 73
Telephone
contact, 33–34, 38
credit, 34, 40, 45
in-cell, 34
interviews, 88–89
landline, 38–39
mobile, 38
Thematic analysis, 109
Theme, 166, 183–184, 202
Therapy, 113–114, 165–166
Throughcare, 87
Tobacco, 40
Toilet, 53–54
Toiletries, 39–40, 189
Total institution, 146, 158–159
Transcribe, 36
Transcripts, 109, 151
Transfer, 188
Transitions to adulthood. See also Adulthood, 106, 109–112
Transparency, 78, 157, 173, 185–186
Trauma, 2, 87–88, 128–129, 139, 153–154, 155, 166, 191
Trust, 75, 150–151, 168
lack of trust, 71, 76–77, 91–92
Uganda, 183–184, 191
Unborn
baby, 49–50, 53–54, 61–63, 199, 202
child, 51, 53, 130, 136, 139
Uniform, 146, 149–150, 157
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, 20–21
Article 2, 20
Article 3, 17–18
Article 9, 20
Article 12, 19–20
Article 20, 20
United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders 2010, 73
Victim, 16, 22–23, 69, 129–130, 174–175, 190, 202–203
Victimisation. See also Victim, 68–69
Vignettes, 19
Violence. See also Abuse; Domestic abuse; Domestic violence, 53, 68–69, 129–130, 146, 185
fear of violence, 199
violence in the home, 154, 158
Visiting conditions, 3
Visits
assisted prison visits scheme, 77–78
conjugal, 185
family days, 33, 78–79, 157
private, 185
social, 33
Voluntary organisations, 70
Volunteers, 70, 167
Vulnerable
children, 75–76, 188
women, 2
Wage, 34, 40, 147–148
Welfare, 17–18, 22, 77, 129
Well-being, 53–54, 63, 71, 112, 153–154, 182, 190, 202
Welsh Government, 108–109
Western, 182, 184, 192–193
Wife, 41, 93–94, 149–150
Wings, 34, 146, 154
Womanhood. See also Good womanhood, 60
Women In prison, 14, 36–37, 51, 54, 128–129, 130, 137, 147, 182–183, 184
Women's centres, 24–25, 87
Women's prisons, 3, 76, 147–148, 149, 176
Workplace
male dominated, 147, 148–149, 156, 200
masculinised, 148–149
World Health Organisation (WHO), 182
Worry, 3–4, 98, 113, 134–135, 166, 190
Young
motherhood, 86
mothers, 149
women, 91
Younger children, 92, 107, 111, 117, 121
Gatekeepers
, 3, 32
Gender
bias
, 169–170
equality
, 26
specific issues
, 3
Gendered
division
, 153
empathy
, 158–159
expectations
, 107
experiences
, 6–7, 147
pains of imprisonment
, 118, 197–199
Germany
, 138, 140
Girl Scouts Behind Bars programme
, 190–191
Gladstone Committee
, 147
Global
, 177–178, 181–182
Good mother
, 15, 60, 87–88, 107, 198
Good mothering
, 15, 90–91, 107
Good womanhood
, 60
Governor
, 35–36, 156
Grandchild
, 93, 111, 169
Grandfather
, 35
Grandmother
carer
, 73–74
grandmotherhood
, 93
role
, 94
Grandparents
, 42–43, 114–115, 173–174
maternal
, 3–4
Grief. See also Anticipatory grief
, 20–21, 49–50, 68–69
Guardian
, 149
Guardian ad Litem
, 20–21
Guilt
, 74, 89, 111, 176–177
Handcuffs
, 54, 185, 201
Harm
potential
, 25, 41
significant harm
, 16
Harry Potter
, 62
Headache
, 169
Health
care
, 131, 185–186
health promotion
, 182
mental
, 6–7, 69, 127–128
neonatal
, 182
outcomes
, 50–51
paediatric
, 182
perinatal
, 56
physical
, 4
pregnancy
, 6–7
problems
, 41
risk
, 130
Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS)
, 24, 108–109
HMP Buckley Hall
, 164, 176–177
HMP Styal
, 164–165
Home
, 2, 38, 68–69, 90
Home leave
, 78, 183–184
Homelessness
, 108–109, 186–187
Hopefulness
, 18–19
Hopeless
, 87–88
Housing
, 117, 164–165
Humanity
, 56
Human rights
, 14
Human Rights Act 1998
, 20
Humiliation
, 55, 56
Humour
black humour
, 153–154
humour as a coping mechanism
, 153–154
humour gallows
, 153–154
Hunger
, 53
Husband
, 92–93, 158
Identity
adult, 106
maternal, 5–6, 86, 95–97
reclaim, 114
spoiled, 95–97
Immediate imprisonment, 14
Impact
of imprisonment, 15–16, 86, 197
long term impact, 86
of maternal imprisonment, 4, 18–19, 86
of parental imprisonment, 4
of prison on family, 35–36
Imprisonment
gendered pains of, 118, 197
life, 110–111
long term impact (See also Long term effect)
, 86
pains of, 14–15, 63, 197–199
In-cell telephone, 34
Inconsistency, 50, 130
Informed consent, 88, 132
Intensive mothering, 107, 118
International perspectives, 6–7, 181–182
Interview
narrative, 150–151
qualitative, 132
semi-structured, 19, 32–33
telephone, 88–89
Invisible, 5–6, 67–68, 147, 189
Isolation. See also Social isolation, 59–60, 129
Joint Committee on Human Rights, 14, 80
Journey, 40–41
Judgement, 17–18, 91, 166
Judges
Crown Court, 5–6, 19–20, 200–201
magistrates, 25, 74
Judicial College, 24
Judiciary, 24–25
Judicial Office, 19–20
Kindness, 147, 177
Labelling, 175
Labour, 149, 202
induction of, 51
Landline telephone, 38
Language
body language, 35–36
labelling, 175
negative, 74
power of, 174–175
Law, 1–2, 15–18, 21–22, 185–186
Learning disability, 199–200
Legal representative, 24
Letters, 34, 86, 187
Letter writing, 32, 43, 187
Licence, 25–26, 97–98
Life imprisonment, 110–111
Local authority care, 2, 22–23, 76
Lone working, 167
Long-term, 68–69, 86, 137
impact of imprisonment, 86
Lord Farmer. See also Farmer review, 2, 33
Loss
baby, 56–57
children, 14–15
identity, 169
Magistrates
association, 24
court, 17–18, 25
Maintaining contact. See also Barriers to maintaining contact, 3, 5–6, 34–35, 37, 169
Male-dominated, 147, 148–149, 200
Male prisoners, 2, 3, 87, 181–182, 185
HIV, 189
Mandela, Nelson, 62
Marginalise
marginalised groups, 121, 166–167
marginalised mothers, 90–91
Masculine organisations, 148
Maternal
emotion, 5–6, 61–63, 86, 91, 99
expectations, violation of, 108
grandparents, 3–4
identity, 5–6, 86–89, 95–97
imprisonment, long term effects, 5–6, 18–19, 32, 36–37, 80, 86, 89–95, 190
relationships, 51, 198
theory, 88
Maternity leave, 156
Matricentric feminist criminology, 88
Mattress, 52, 53–54
Mature, maturity, 94, 107
Media. See also Social media, 42–43, 69–70, 74
Mental health
child and adolescent mental, 73
diagnosis, 135
health services, 73, 131, 154
Mental ill health
of children, 139
perinatal mental health, 130
poor mental health, 69
undiagnosed, 137
untreated, 137
Mentor. See also Neutral positioned mentor, 165–170, 198–199
Method, 5–6, 15–16, 35–37, 131–132, 193
Methodology, 19–21, 51–52, 69–70, 88–89, 150–151
Midwife, 133
Midwifery, 51–52, 59, 63
Military, 146
Milk, 53
Minister for Women in the Criminal Justice System, 14
Ministry of Justice, 2, 14, 33, 80, 128–130, 170–171
Miscarriage, 6–7, 147, 151–152, 200
Mitigate, 15, 22, 40, 75–76, 202
Mitigating factors, 21
Mitigating motherhood, 19
Mitigation, 15–16, 21
Mobile telephone, 34, 38, 45, 187
Money, 38–41, 118–119, 173–174
Moral, 55, 117, 178, 188, 202–203
Moral imperatives, 107, 201–202
Mother(s)
addicted, 91
bad, 23–24
biological, 193
criminalised, 95–96
definitions, 1–2
good, 111, 192
institutional definitions, 3
marginalised, 90–91, 156
mother and baby unit (MBU)
admissions, 133–135
applications, 133–135
mother-child contact, 5–6
neglectful, 202
norms, 95
in prison, 154–156
self-identified, 35, 36–37
Mother and baby unit (MBU), 49–51, 58, 91–92, 128–129
Motherhood
constructions of, 107
cultural significance of, 201–202
meanng of, 198
new, 51, 62–63
responsibilities, 15
script, 95–96
transition to, 111–112
Mothering
bad, 200–201
code of conduct, 95–96, 198
cultural significance of, 201–202
disrupted, 107, 116
disruption of, 197, 198
doing, 147–149
good, 15, 202
hierarchies, 156, 200–201
identity, positive mothering, 34–35, 108, 114, 197
ideology, 200–201
intensive, 60, 107–108, 111, 118
narratives, 107, 199
practices, 158, 198
responsibilities, 3, 187
role, 54, 57–58, 110
success, 114
Motherwork, 108, 112–116, 121, 202
Multiple (needs, disadvantage), 2, 63, 69
Narrative. See also Stories
alternative, 41–43
analysis, 109
dominant narrative, 107, 114, 118, 198
Narrativity, 106
National Lottery Community Fund, 67–68
National Offender Management Service (NOMS), 33, 52, 89, 150
National Probation Service, 17, 24
National Research Council, 35–36
National Research Ethics Service, 131
Needs. See also Complex needs, 2, 35–36, 50, 53, 87, 94, 111–112, 167, 199–200
Neo-liberal politics, 158
Netherlands, 18–19, 138–139, 188–189
Neurotic disorders, 130, 132
Neutral positioned mentor. See also Mentor, 165–170, 165
New York, 139–140, 190–191
Non-custodial sentence, 17–18
Non-judgemental, 166
Northern Ireland, 166
Nutrition, 52, 186–187, 199
Nutritional standards, 53
Observation, 56, 150–151, 159
Offender Health Research Network, 130
Offender Rehabilitation Act 2014 (ORA), 25–26
Offending
behavior, 72, 87–88
re-offending, 33
Older children, 73, 94, 97, 138, 167–168
Open prison, 3, 138
Outcomes, 1–2, 15, 39–40, 50–51, 89, 114, 130, 198–199
Out of court disposals, 14
Outpatient treatment, 135
Outsider, 90
‘Overarching Principles: Seriousness: Definitive Guideline', 15–16, 16–17
Overcrowding, 189
Pains of imprisonment, 14–15, 63, 98–99, 118, 146, 197–199
Paranoia, 91
Parent
parent-child relationships, 106
single parent, 170–171
Parenthood, 34–35, 111–112
Parliament, 14
Participants, 35–36, 43, 56, 72, 88–89, 109, 132, 133
Partners of Prisoners Support (POPS), 71, 75–76
Passive victim. See also Victim, 202–203
Paternal
abuse, 192
figure, 188–189
imprisonment, 190
Peer support, 165, 170–174, 198–199
Pen, coloured pen, 37, 43–44
Performance, 149–150, 149
Perinatal
experience, 51
mental health, 130, 131
Personality disorder, 130, 132, 136, 138, 140
Person-Shaped Support (PSS), 70
Physical abuse, 146–147, 151–152, 190
Physical environment, 52–54, 189, 202
Physical health, 4
Physical ill-health, 68–69
Pilot study, 19
Pink collar, 147–148
Policy change, 15
Post-birth, 51–52
Post custodial support, 86
Post custody supervision, 25–26
Post-natal care, 182
Post-partum, 151–152
Post-release, 26, 52, 86–88, 90–92, 99, 164–165, 177
Post-traumatic stress disorder, 135
Potential harm, 25–26, 41, 112
Potential risk, 53–54, 202
Poverty, 69, 73, 75–76, 184, 186–187, 191, 199
Power. See Powerlessness, 54, 90, 165–166, 171–172, 174–175, 189, 192, 202
Practical support, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
Practitioner-researcher, 165
Pre-existing disadvantages, 73, 75–76
Pre-existing secure attachments, 18–19
Pregnancy test, 128
Pregnant, 5–6, 17, 53, 131, 151–154, 185, 199, 201
Premature death, 68–69
Presentation of self, 149–150, 154
Pre-sentence report, 24, 71
Primary carer. See also Carer; Primary carer; Sole carer, 16–17, 22, 36, 119–120
Prison
American prison, 51
impact on family, 16, 17–18, 20
neo-liberal penal policies, 150–151
open prison, 3, 138
prison environment, 35–36, 53, 156–157, 191–192
prison estate, 3–4, 6–7, 60
prison governor, 35–36
prison landings, 146–148
prison leavers, 108–109
prison officer
career, 106, 148–149, 156
female prison officers, 146–147, 149, 151, 158–159
frontline, 150–151
male prison officers, 6–7, 147, 158–159
modern prison officer, 146
role, gendered nature of, 153
senior prison officer, 151
working life of, 147–149
prison policy, 106, 109, 122
prison population, 2
prison reform trust, 136–137
prison regime, 34
prison service order, 42, 63
prison staff, 185
prison violence, 2, 146, 199
prison visits, 32, 78, 167
prison wings, 51–52, 146, 154
semi-open prison, 183–184
women's prisons, 3, 147–148, 176
Prisoner
children of, 177
foreign national, 76, 184, 199–200
male prisoner, 2–3, 87
minimum standards for, 182–183
violent prisoner, 149–150
Private visits, 185
Probation officer, 24, 98
Promotion, 148–149, 156
Property, 116–117
Pro-social pathway, 18–19
Protected characteristic, 19
Protective factors, 18–19
Pseudo families, 60
Pseudonyms, 36
Psychology, 163–164
Punishment, 17–18, 174
Purposive sample, 35–36
Quaker United Nations Office, 182
Qualitative interviews, 132
Quantitative, 131–132
Questionnaire, 69–70, 88–89, 131
Race, 106
Rape, 185
Reading, 62, 167, 187
Recall, 25–26, 90, 111–112
Reception, 76
Recidivism, 34, 129, 140
Recorders, 19–20
Recruitment, 36–37
Regime (prison), 34, 136–137, 147, 192
Rehabilitation, 86, 106, 198
Reintegration, 87–88, 98
Relapse, 91
Relationships
breakdown, 120
with carer of children, 24
with children, 164–165, 177, 201
familial, 120
negotiating, 53
parent-child relationships, 201
positive, 59, 77, 164–165, 168
with prison staff, 5–6
rebuilding, 177
strained, 3
Release, 1–2, 26, 87–88, 164–165, 169, 177, 185–186, 192
Release on temporary license (ROTL), 70, 76, 98
Relief, 69, 173
Remand, 25–26, 184
Re-offending, 33
Reparation, 54
Research Ethics Framework, 19–20
Resentment, 155
Resettlement
resettlement agency, 33, 44, 122
resettlement support, 87–88
Resilience, 79, 174–176, 202–203
Resistance, 153, 197
Respect, respectable, 88, 149, 153, 155
Restraining, 148
Reunification, 86–88, 106
Revolving door, 33, 165
Risk. See also Health risk; Potential risk, 21, 53–54, 69, 127–128, 137, 139, 148–149, 168, 189
Risk factors, 18–19, 131
Role reversal, 6–7, 107, 116–120
Russia, 190
Sacrifice, 37, 39–43, 188
Sadness, 78, 151, 154, 174
Safeguarding, 24, 27, 174–175
Safety, 52, 56, 129, 171, 188
Sample
purposive, 35–36
sampling, 19–20, 35–36
Scared Straight, 156–157
Scare tactic, 156–157
School, 20–21, 68–69, 72, 78, 164, 168, 173, 190
Scotland, 51, 70, 71
Search, searching, 169–170
Secrecy, 78–79
Secretary of State, 17–18, 34
Security, 34, 38, 78–79, 176, 183–184, 198
Self
authentic self, 149–150
presentation of self, 149–150, 154, 159
self-blame, 108
self-harm, 116, 136, 201
self-worth, 98–99
semi-structured interview, 19, 32–33, 88–89
Sense of self, 5–6, 116, 121, 202
Sentence
length, 14, 21
short sentences, 78–79
Sentencing
decision-making, 20, 78, 140, 182–183
sentencing guidelines, 15–18, 22–23, 25
sentencing guidelines council, 15–16
sentencing policy, 127–128
Separation
from baby, 5–6
at birth, 49–50
from child, 56–57
fear of, 199
negative effects, 22–23
Severe (needs, disadvantage), 199–200
Severity of Dependence Questionnaire (SOD-Q), 132
Sexual abuse. See also Abuse, 2, 130
Sexual exploitation, 184, 188
Sexual violence. See also Abuse, 185
Shame, 171–173, 200–202
Shock, 73, 76
Short sentences, 78–79
Siblings, 20–21, 73, 118–119
Significant harm, 16
Silence. See also Forced silence, 73–74
Single parent, 170–171
Skype, 187
Sleep
sleep deprivation, 189
sleep loss, 169
Smoking, 40
Snowball sampling, 19–20
Social exclusion, 95–96
Social housing, 164–165
Social isolation, 74
Social media, 69–70
Social support, 191–192
Social visits, 33, 39
Social worker, 71, 77–78, 88, 129–130, 138, 149, 175–176
Socioeconomic status, 106, 190
Sole carer. See also Primary carer, 25, 42–43
Sounding board, 166, 166
Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator (SENCO), 169
Spoiled identity. See also Disrupted identity, 95–96
Stamp, 38
Statistics, 3, 49–50
Stigma, 166–168, 174–175, 190, 200–202
Stigmatisation. See also Stigma, 197, 200
Stories. See also Narratives, 52, 97, 165, 174, 178
Storybooks Mum, 34
Storytelling, 107, 109, 121
Strategies, 5–6, 60–62, 165, 190, 202
Strength, 6–7, 61, 114
Stress, 5–6, 56–57, 130, 137–138, 153, 168, 198
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, 132
Struggle, 32–33, 69, 108, 166
Student, 167, 168
Substance
dependency, 69
misuse, 75–76, 87–88, 91, 120, 131
Suffering, 116, 135, 151
Sugar, 40
Suicide attempts, 131, 134, 136
Supervision, 25–26, 94
Support
bespoke, 167–168, 170–171, 173
emotional, 108–109, 113, 164–165
financial, 6–7, 33, 77–78, 116, 121
practical, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
professional, 1–2
Supreme Court, 22
Surveillance, 56, 90–93
Suspended sentences, 14
Sympathy, 169
Teacher, 169, 171
Teenager, 73
Telephone
contact, 33–34, 38
credit, 34, 40, 45
in-cell, 34
interviews, 88–89
landline, 38–39
mobile, 38
Thematic analysis, 109
Theme, 166, 183–184, 202
Therapy, 113–114, 165–166
Throughcare, 87
Tobacco, 40
Toilet, 53–54
Toiletries, 39–40, 189
Total institution, 146, 158–159
Transcribe, 36
Transcripts, 109, 151
Transfer, 188
Transitions to adulthood. See also Adulthood, 106, 109–112
Transparency, 78, 157, 173, 185–186
Trauma, 2, 87–88, 128–129, 139, 153–154, 155, 166, 191
Trust, 75, 150–151, 168
lack of trust, 71, 76–77, 91–92
Uganda, 183–184, 191
Unborn
baby, 49–50, 53–54, 61–63, 199, 202
child, 51, 53, 130, 136, 139
Uniform, 146, 149–150, 157
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, 20–21
Article 2, 20
Article 3, 17–18
Article 9, 20
Article 12, 19–20
Article 20, 20
United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders 2010, 73
Victim, 16, 22–23, 69, 129–130, 174–175, 190, 202–203
Victimisation. See also Victim, 68–69
Vignettes, 19
Violence. See also Abuse; Domestic abuse; Domestic violence, 53, 68–69, 129–130, 146, 185
fear of violence, 199
violence in the home, 154, 158
Visiting conditions, 3
Visits
assisted prison visits scheme, 77–78
conjugal, 185
family days, 33, 78–79, 157
private, 185
social, 33
Voluntary organisations, 70
Volunteers, 70, 167
Vulnerable
children, 75–76, 188
women, 2
Wage, 34, 40, 147–148
Welfare, 17–18, 22, 77, 129
Well-being, 53–54, 63, 71, 112, 153–154, 182, 190, 202
Welsh Government, 108–109
Western, 182, 184, 192–193
Wife, 41, 93–94, 149–150
Wings, 34, 146, 154
Womanhood. See also Good womanhood, 60
Women In prison, 14, 36–37, 51, 54, 128–129, 130, 137, 147, 182–183, 184
Women's centres, 24–25, 87
Women's prisons, 3, 76, 147–148, 149, 176
Workplace
male dominated, 147, 148–149, 156, 200
masculinised, 148–149
World Health Organisation (WHO), 182
Worry, 3–4, 98, 113, 134–135, 166, 190
Young
motherhood, 86
mothers, 149
women, 91
Younger children, 92, 107, 111, 117, 121
Identity
adult
, 106
maternal
, 5–6, 86, 95–97
reclaim
, 114
spoiled
, 95–97
Immediate imprisonment
, 14
Impact
of imprisonment
, 15–16, 86, 197
long term impact
, 86
of maternal imprisonment
, 4, 18–19, 86
of parental imprisonment
, 4
of prison on family
, 35–36
Imprisonment
gendered pains of
, 118, 197
life
, 110–111
long term impact (See also Long term effect)
, 86
pains of
, 14–15, 63, 197–199
In-cell telephone
, 34
Inconsistency
, 50, 130
Informed consent
, 88, 132
Intensive mothering
, 107, 118
International perspectives
, 6–7, 181–182
Interview
narrative
, 150–151
qualitative
, 132
semi-structured
, 19, 32–33
telephone
, 88–89
Invisible
, 5–6, 67–68, 147, 189
Isolation. See also Social isolation
, 59–60, 129
Joint Committee on Human Rights
, 14, 80
Journey
, 40–41
Judgement
, 17–18, 91, 166
Judges
Crown Court
, 5–6, 19–20, 200–201
magistrates
, 25, 74
Judicial College
, 24
Judiciary
, 24–25
Judicial Office
, 19–20
Kindness, 147, 177
Labelling, 175
Labour, 149, 202
induction of, 51
Landline telephone, 38
Language
body language, 35–36
labelling, 175
negative, 74
power of, 174–175
Law, 1–2, 15–18, 21–22, 185–186
Learning disability, 199–200
Legal representative, 24
Letters, 34, 86, 187
Letter writing, 32, 43, 187
Licence, 25–26, 97–98
Life imprisonment, 110–111
Local authority care, 2, 22–23, 76
Lone working, 167
Long-term, 68–69, 86, 137
impact of imprisonment, 86
Lord Farmer. See also Farmer review, 2, 33
Loss
baby, 56–57
children, 14–15
identity, 169
Magistrates
association, 24
court, 17–18, 25
Maintaining contact. See also Barriers to maintaining contact, 3, 5–6, 34–35, 37, 169
Male-dominated, 147, 148–149, 200
Male prisoners, 2, 3, 87, 181–182, 185
HIV, 189
Mandela, Nelson, 62
Marginalise
marginalised groups, 121, 166–167
marginalised mothers, 90–91
Masculine organisations, 148
Maternal
emotion, 5–6, 61–63, 86, 91, 99
expectations, violation of, 108
grandparents, 3–4
identity, 5–6, 86–89, 95–97
imprisonment, long term effects, 5–6, 18–19, 32, 36–37, 80, 86, 89–95, 190
relationships, 51, 198
theory, 88
Maternity leave, 156
Matricentric feminist criminology, 88
Mattress, 52, 53–54
Mature, maturity, 94, 107
Media. See also Social media, 42–43, 69–70, 74
Mental health
child and adolescent mental, 73
diagnosis, 135
health services, 73, 131, 154
Mental ill health
of children, 139
perinatal mental health, 130
poor mental health, 69
undiagnosed, 137
untreated, 137
Mentor. See also Neutral positioned mentor, 165–170, 198–199
Method, 5–6, 15–16, 35–37, 131–132, 193
Methodology, 19–21, 51–52, 69–70, 88–89, 150–151
Midwife, 133
Midwifery, 51–52, 59, 63
Military, 146
Milk, 53
Minister for Women in the Criminal Justice System, 14
Ministry of Justice, 2, 14, 33, 80, 128–130, 170–171
Miscarriage, 6–7, 147, 151–152, 200
Mitigate, 15, 22, 40, 75–76, 202
Mitigating factors, 21
Mitigating motherhood, 19
Mitigation, 15–16, 21
Mobile telephone, 34, 38, 45, 187
Money, 38–41, 118–119, 173–174
Moral, 55, 117, 178, 188, 202–203
Moral imperatives, 107, 201–202
Mother(s)
addicted, 91
bad, 23–24
biological, 193
criminalised, 95–96
definitions, 1–2
good, 111, 192
institutional definitions, 3
marginalised, 90–91, 156
mother and baby unit (MBU)
admissions, 133–135
applications, 133–135
mother-child contact, 5–6
neglectful, 202
norms, 95
in prison, 154–156
self-identified, 35, 36–37
Mother and baby unit (MBU), 49–51, 58, 91–92, 128–129
Motherhood
constructions of, 107
cultural significance of, 201–202
meanng of, 198
new, 51, 62–63
responsibilities, 15
script, 95–96
transition to, 111–112
Mothering
bad, 200–201
code of conduct, 95–96, 198
cultural significance of, 201–202
disrupted, 107, 116
disruption of, 197, 198
doing, 147–149
good, 15, 202
hierarchies, 156, 200–201
identity, positive mothering, 34–35, 108, 114, 197
ideology, 200–201
intensive, 60, 107–108, 111, 118
narratives, 107, 199
practices, 158, 198
responsibilities, 3, 187
role, 54, 57–58, 110
success, 114
Motherwork, 108, 112–116, 121, 202
Multiple (needs, disadvantage), 2, 63, 69
Narrative. See also Stories
alternative, 41–43
analysis, 109
dominant narrative, 107, 114, 118, 198
Narrativity, 106
National Lottery Community Fund, 67–68
National Offender Management Service (NOMS), 33, 52, 89, 150
National Probation Service, 17, 24
National Research Council, 35–36
National Research Ethics Service, 131
Needs. See also Complex needs, 2, 35–36, 50, 53, 87, 94, 111–112, 167, 199–200
Neo-liberal politics, 158
Netherlands, 18–19, 138–139, 188–189
Neurotic disorders, 130, 132
Neutral positioned mentor. See also Mentor, 165–170, 165
New York, 139–140, 190–191
Non-custodial sentence, 17–18
Non-judgemental, 166
Northern Ireland, 166
Nutrition, 52, 186–187, 199
Nutritional standards, 53
Observation, 56, 150–151, 159
Offender Health Research Network, 130
Offender Rehabilitation Act 2014 (ORA), 25–26
Offending
behavior, 72, 87–88
re-offending, 33
Older children, 73, 94, 97, 138, 167–168
Open prison, 3, 138
Outcomes, 1–2, 15, 39–40, 50–51, 89, 114, 130, 198–199
Out of court disposals, 14
Outpatient treatment, 135
Outsider, 90
‘Overarching Principles: Seriousness: Definitive Guideline', 15–16, 16–17
Overcrowding, 189
Pains of imprisonment, 14–15, 63, 98–99, 118, 146, 197–199
Paranoia, 91
Parent
parent-child relationships, 106
single parent, 170–171
Parenthood, 34–35, 111–112
Parliament, 14
Participants, 35–36, 43, 56, 72, 88–89, 109, 132, 133
Partners of Prisoners Support (POPS), 71, 75–76
Passive victim. See also Victim, 202–203
Paternal
abuse, 192
figure, 188–189
imprisonment, 190
Peer support, 165, 170–174, 198–199
Pen, coloured pen, 37, 43–44
Performance, 149–150, 149
Perinatal
experience, 51
mental health, 130, 131
Personality disorder, 130, 132, 136, 138, 140
Person-Shaped Support (PSS), 70
Physical abuse, 146–147, 151–152, 190
Physical environment, 52–54, 189, 202
Physical health, 4
Physical ill-health, 68–69
Pilot study, 19
Pink collar, 147–148
Policy change, 15
Post-birth, 51–52
Post custodial support, 86
Post custody supervision, 25–26
Post-natal care, 182
Post-partum, 151–152
Post-release, 26, 52, 86–88, 90–92, 99, 164–165, 177
Post-traumatic stress disorder, 135
Potential harm, 25–26, 41, 112
Potential risk, 53–54, 202
Poverty, 69, 73, 75–76, 184, 186–187, 191, 199
Power. See Powerlessness, 54, 90, 165–166, 171–172, 174–175, 189, 192, 202
Practical support, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
Practitioner-researcher, 165
Pre-existing disadvantages, 73, 75–76
Pre-existing secure attachments, 18–19
Pregnancy test, 128
Pregnant, 5–6, 17, 53, 131, 151–154, 185, 199, 201
Premature death, 68–69
Presentation of self, 149–150, 154
Pre-sentence report, 24, 71
Primary carer. See also Carer; Primary carer; Sole carer, 16–17, 22, 36, 119–120
Prison
American prison, 51
impact on family, 16, 17–18, 20
neo-liberal penal policies, 150–151
open prison, 3, 138
prison environment, 35–36, 53, 156–157, 191–192
prison estate, 3–4, 6–7, 60
prison governor, 35–36
prison landings, 146–148
prison leavers, 108–109
prison officer
career, 106, 148–149, 156
female prison officers, 146–147, 149, 151, 158–159
frontline, 150–151
male prison officers, 6–7, 147, 158–159
modern prison officer, 146
role, gendered nature of, 153
senior prison officer, 151
working life of, 147–149
prison policy, 106, 109, 122
prison population, 2
prison reform trust, 136–137
prison regime, 34
prison service order, 42, 63
prison staff, 185
prison violence, 2, 146, 199
prison visits, 32, 78, 167
prison wings, 51–52, 146, 154
semi-open prison, 183–184
women's prisons, 3, 147–148, 176
Prisoner
children of, 177
foreign national, 76, 184, 199–200
male prisoner, 2–3, 87
minimum standards for, 182–183
violent prisoner, 149–150
Private visits, 185
Probation officer, 24, 98
Promotion, 148–149, 156
Property, 116–117
Pro-social pathway, 18–19
Protected characteristic, 19
Protective factors, 18–19
Pseudo families, 60
Pseudonyms, 36
Psychology, 163–164
Punishment, 17–18, 174
Purposive sample, 35–36
Quaker United Nations Office, 182
Qualitative interviews, 132
Quantitative, 131–132
Questionnaire, 69–70, 88–89, 131
Race, 106
Rape, 185
Reading, 62, 167, 187
Recall, 25–26, 90, 111–112
Reception, 76
Recidivism, 34, 129, 140
Recorders, 19–20
Recruitment, 36–37
Regime (prison), 34, 136–137, 147, 192
Rehabilitation, 86, 106, 198
Reintegration, 87–88, 98
Relapse, 91
Relationships
breakdown, 120
with carer of children, 24
with children, 164–165, 177, 201
familial, 120
negotiating, 53
parent-child relationships, 201
positive, 59, 77, 164–165, 168
with prison staff, 5–6
rebuilding, 177
strained, 3
Release, 1–2, 26, 87–88, 164–165, 169, 177, 185–186, 192
Release on temporary license (ROTL), 70, 76, 98
Relief, 69, 173
Remand, 25–26, 184
Re-offending, 33
Reparation, 54
Research Ethics Framework, 19–20
Resentment, 155
Resettlement
resettlement agency, 33, 44, 122
resettlement support, 87–88
Resilience, 79, 174–176, 202–203
Resistance, 153, 197
Respect, respectable, 88, 149, 153, 155
Restraining, 148
Reunification, 86–88, 106
Revolving door, 33, 165
Risk. See also Health risk; Potential risk, 21, 53–54, 69, 127–128, 137, 139, 148–149, 168, 189
Risk factors, 18–19, 131
Role reversal, 6–7, 107, 116–120
Russia, 190
Sacrifice, 37, 39–43, 188
Sadness, 78, 151, 154, 174
Safeguarding, 24, 27, 174–175
Safety, 52, 56, 129, 171, 188
Sample
purposive, 35–36
sampling, 19–20, 35–36
Scared Straight, 156–157
Scare tactic, 156–157
School, 20–21, 68–69, 72, 78, 164, 168, 173, 190
Scotland, 51, 70, 71
Search, searching, 169–170
Secrecy, 78–79
Secretary of State, 17–18, 34
Security, 34, 38, 78–79, 176, 183–184, 198
Self
authentic self, 149–150
presentation of self, 149–150, 154, 159
self-blame, 108
self-harm, 116, 136, 201
self-worth, 98–99
semi-structured interview, 19, 32–33, 88–89
Sense of self, 5–6, 116, 121, 202
Sentence
length, 14, 21
short sentences, 78–79
Sentencing
decision-making, 20, 78, 140, 182–183
sentencing guidelines, 15–18, 22–23, 25
sentencing guidelines council, 15–16
sentencing policy, 127–128
Separation
from baby, 5–6
at birth, 49–50
from child, 56–57
fear of, 199
negative effects, 22–23
Severe (needs, disadvantage), 199–200
Severity of Dependence Questionnaire (SOD-Q), 132
Sexual abuse. See also Abuse, 2, 130
Sexual exploitation, 184, 188
Sexual violence. See also Abuse, 185
Shame, 171–173, 200–202
Shock, 73, 76
Short sentences, 78–79
Siblings, 20–21, 73, 118–119
Significant harm, 16
Silence. See also Forced silence, 73–74
Single parent, 170–171
Skype, 187
Sleep
sleep deprivation, 189
sleep loss, 169
Smoking, 40
Snowball sampling, 19–20
Social exclusion, 95–96
Social housing, 164–165
Social isolation, 74
Social media, 69–70
Social support, 191–192
Social visits, 33, 39
Social worker, 71, 77–78, 88, 129–130, 138, 149, 175–176
Socioeconomic status, 106, 190
Sole carer. See also Primary carer, 25, 42–43
Sounding board, 166, 166
Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator (SENCO), 169
Spoiled identity. See also Disrupted identity, 95–96
Stamp, 38
Statistics, 3, 49–50
Stigma, 166–168, 174–175, 190, 200–202
Stigmatisation. See also Stigma, 197, 200
Stories. See also Narratives, 52, 97, 165, 174, 178
Storybooks Mum, 34
Storytelling, 107, 109, 121
Strategies, 5–6, 60–62, 165, 190, 202
Strength, 6–7, 61, 114
Stress, 5–6, 56–57, 130, 137–138, 153, 168, 198
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, 132
Struggle, 32–33, 69, 108, 166
Student, 167, 168
Substance
dependency, 69
misuse, 75–76, 87–88, 91, 120, 131
Suffering, 116, 135, 151
Sugar, 40
Suicide attempts, 131, 134, 136
Supervision, 25–26, 94
Support
bespoke, 167–168, 170–171, 173
emotional, 108–109, 113, 164–165
financial, 6–7, 33, 77–78, 116, 121
practical, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
professional, 1–2
Supreme Court, 22
Surveillance, 56, 90–93
Suspended sentences, 14
Sympathy, 169
Teacher, 169, 171
Teenager, 73
Telephone
contact, 33–34, 38
credit, 34, 40, 45
in-cell, 34
interviews, 88–89
landline, 38–39
mobile, 38
Thematic analysis, 109
Theme, 166, 183–184, 202
Therapy, 113–114, 165–166
Throughcare, 87
Tobacco, 40
Toilet, 53–54
Toiletries, 39–40, 189
Total institution, 146, 158–159
Transcribe, 36
Transcripts, 109, 151
Transfer, 188
Transitions to adulthood. See also Adulthood, 106, 109–112
Transparency, 78, 157, 173, 185–186
Trauma, 2, 87–88, 128–129, 139, 153–154, 155, 166, 191
Trust, 75, 150–151, 168
lack of trust, 71, 76–77, 91–92
Uganda, 183–184, 191
Unborn
baby, 49–50, 53–54, 61–63, 199, 202
child, 51, 53, 130, 136, 139
Uniform, 146, 149–150, 157
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, 20–21
Article 2, 20
Article 3, 17–18
Article 9, 20
Article 12, 19–20
Article 20, 20
United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders 2010, 73
Victim, 16, 22–23, 69, 129–130, 174–175, 190, 202–203
Victimisation. See also Victim, 68–69
Vignettes, 19
Violence. See also Abuse; Domestic abuse; Domestic violence, 53, 68–69, 129–130, 146, 185
fear of violence, 199
violence in the home, 154, 158
Visiting conditions, 3
Visits
assisted prison visits scheme, 77–78
conjugal, 185
family days, 33, 78–79, 157
private, 185
social, 33
Voluntary organisations, 70
Volunteers, 70, 167
Vulnerable
children, 75–76, 188
women, 2
Wage, 34, 40, 147–148
Welfare, 17–18, 22, 77, 129
Well-being, 53–54, 63, 71, 112, 153–154, 182, 190, 202
Welsh Government, 108–109
Western, 182, 184, 192–193
Wife, 41, 93–94, 149–150
Wings, 34, 146, 154
Womanhood. See also Good womanhood, 60
Women In prison, 14, 36–37, 51, 54, 128–129, 130, 137, 147, 182–183, 184
Women's centres, 24–25, 87
Women's prisons, 3, 76, 147–148, 149, 176
Workplace
male dominated, 147, 148–149, 156, 200
masculinised, 148–149
World Health Organisation (WHO), 182
Worry, 3–4, 98, 113, 134–135, 166, 190
Young
motherhood, 86
mothers, 149
women, 91
Younger children, 92, 107, 111, 117, 121
Kindness
, 147, 177
Labelling
, 175
Labour
, 149, 202
induction of
, 51
Landline telephone
, 38
Language
body language
, 35–36
labelling
, 175
negative
, 74
power of
, 174–175
Law
, 1–2, 15–18, 21–22, 185–186
Learning disability
, 199–200
Legal representative
, 24
Letters
, 34, 86, 187
Letter writing
, 32, 43, 187
Licence
, 25–26, 97–98
Life imprisonment
, 110–111
Local authority care
, 2, 22–23, 76
Lone working
, 167
Long-term
, 68–69, 86, 137
impact of imprisonment
, 86
Lord Farmer. See also Farmer review
, 2, 33
Loss
baby
, 56–57
children
, 14–15
identity
, 169
Magistrates
association, 24
court, 17–18, 25
Maintaining contact. See also Barriers to maintaining contact, 3, 5–6, 34–35, 37, 169
Male-dominated, 147, 148–149, 200
Male prisoners, 2, 3, 87, 181–182, 185
HIV, 189
Mandela, Nelson, 62
Marginalise
marginalised groups, 121, 166–167
marginalised mothers, 90–91
Masculine organisations, 148
Maternal
emotion, 5–6, 61–63, 86, 91, 99
expectations, violation of, 108
grandparents, 3–4
identity, 5–6, 86–89, 95–97
imprisonment, long term effects, 5–6, 18–19, 32, 36–37, 80, 86, 89–95, 190
relationships, 51, 198
theory, 88
Maternity leave, 156
Matricentric feminist criminology, 88
Mattress, 52, 53–54
Mature, maturity, 94, 107
Media. See also Social media, 42–43, 69–70, 74
Mental health
child and adolescent mental, 73
diagnosis, 135
health services, 73, 131, 154
Mental ill health
of children, 139
perinatal mental health, 130
poor mental health, 69
undiagnosed, 137
untreated, 137
Mentor. See also Neutral positioned mentor, 165–170, 198–199
Method, 5–6, 15–16, 35–37, 131–132, 193
Methodology, 19–21, 51–52, 69–70, 88–89, 150–151
Midwife, 133
Midwifery, 51–52, 59, 63
Military, 146
Milk, 53
Minister for Women in the Criminal Justice System, 14
Ministry of Justice, 2, 14, 33, 80, 128–130, 170–171
Miscarriage, 6–7, 147, 151–152, 200
Mitigate, 15, 22, 40, 75–76, 202
Mitigating factors, 21
Mitigating motherhood, 19
Mitigation, 15–16, 21
Mobile telephone, 34, 38, 45, 187
Money, 38–41, 118–119, 173–174
Moral, 55, 117, 178, 188, 202–203
Moral imperatives, 107, 201–202
Mother(s)
addicted, 91
bad, 23–24
biological, 193
criminalised, 95–96
definitions, 1–2
good, 111, 192
institutional definitions, 3
marginalised, 90–91, 156
mother and baby unit (MBU)
admissions, 133–135
applications, 133–135
mother-child contact, 5–6
neglectful, 202
norms, 95
in prison, 154–156
self-identified, 35, 36–37
Mother and baby unit (MBU), 49–51, 58, 91–92, 128–129
Motherhood
constructions of, 107
cultural significance of, 201–202
meanng of, 198
new, 51, 62–63
responsibilities, 15
script, 95–96
transition to, 111–112
Mothering
bad, 200–201
code of conduct, 95–96, 198
cultural significance of, 201–202
disrupted, 107, 116
disruption of, 197, 198
doing, 147–149
good, 15, 202
hierarchies, 156, 200–201
identity, positive mothering, 34–35, 108, 114, 197
ideology, 200–201
intensive, 60, 107–108, 111, 118
narratives, 107, 199
practices, 158, 198
responsibilities, 3, 187
role, 54, 57–58, 110
success, 114
Motherwork, 108, 112–116, 121, 202
Multiple (needs, disadvantage), 2, 63, 69
Narrative. See also Stories
alternative, 41–43
analysis, 109
dominant narrative, 107, 114, 118, 198
Narrativity, 106
National Lottery Community Fund, 67–68
National Offender Management Service (NOMS), 33, 52, 89, 150
National Probation Service, 17, 24
National Research Council, 35–36
National Research Ethics Service, 131
Needs. See also Complex needs, 2, 35–36, 50, 53, 87, 94, 111–112, 167, 199–200
Neo-liberal politics, 158
Netherlands, 18–19, 138–139, 188–189
Neurotic disorders, 130, 132
Neutral positioned mentor. See also Mentor, 165–170, 165
New York, 139–140, 190–191
Non-custodial sentence, 17–18
Non-judgemental, 166
Northern Ireland, 166
Nutrition, 52, 186–187, 199
Nutritional standards, 53
Observation, 56, 150–151, 159
Offender Health Research Network, 130
Offender Rehabilitation Act 2014 (ORA), 25–26
Offending
behavior, 72, 87–88
re-offending, 33
Older children, 73, 94, 97, 138, 167–168
Open prison, 3, 138
Outcomes, 1–2, 15, 39–40, 50–51, 89, 114, 130, 198–199
Out of court disposals, 14
Outpatient treatment, 135
Outsider, 90
‘Overarching Principles: Seriousness: Definitive Guideline', 15–16, 16–17
Overcrowding, 189
Pains of imprisonment, 14–15, 63, 98–99, 118, 146, 197–199
Paranoia, 91
Parent
parent-child relationships, 106
single parent, 170–171
Parenthood, 34–35, 111–112
Parliament, 14
Participants, 35–36, 43, 56, 72, 88–89, 109, 132, 133
Partners of Prisoners Support (POPS), 71, 75–76
Passive victim. See also Victim, 202–203
Paternal
abuse, 192
figure, 188–189
imprisonment, 190
Peer support, 165, 170–174, 198–199
Pen, coloured pen, 37, 43–44
Performance, 149–150, 149
Perinatal
experience, 51
mental health, 130, 131
Personality disorder, 130, 132, 136, 138, 140
Person-Shaped Support (PSS), 70
Physical abuse, 146–147, 151–152, 190
Physical environment, 52–54, 189, 202
Physical health, 4
Physical ill-health, 68–69
Pilot study, 19
Pink collar, 147–148
Policy change, 15
Post-birth, 51–52
Post custodial support, 86
Post custody supervision, 25–26
Post-natal care, 182
Post-partum, 151–152
Post-release, 26, 52, 86–88, 90–92, 99, 164–165, 177
Post-traumatic stress disorder, 135
Potential harm, 25–26, 41, 112
Potential risk, 53–54, 202
Poverty, 69, 73, 75–76, 184, 186–187, 191, 199
Power. See Powerlessness, 54, 90, 165–166, 171–172, 174–175, 189, 192, 202
Practical support, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
Practitioner-researcher, 165
Pre-existing disadvantages, 73, 75–76
Pre-existing secure attachments, 18–19
Pregnancy test, 128
Pregnant, 5–6, 17, 53, 131, 151–154, 185, 199, 201
Premature death, 68–69
Presentation of self, 149–150, 154
Pre-sentence report, 24, 71
Primary carer. See also Carer; Primary carer; Sole carer, 16–17, 22, 36, 119–120
Prison
American prison, 51
impact on family, 16, 17–18, 20
neo-liberal penal policies, 150–151
open prison, 3, 138
prison environment, 35–36, 53, 156–157, 191–192
prison estate, 3–4, 6–7, 60
prison governor, 35–36
prison landings, 146–148
prison leavers, 108–109
prison officer
career, 106, 148–149, 156
female prison officers, 146–147, 149, 151, 158–159
frontline, 150–151
male prison officers, 6–7, 147, 158–159
modern prison officer, 146
role, gendered nature of, 153
senior prison officer, 151
working life of, 147–149
prison policy, 106, 109, 122
prison population, 2
prison reform trust, 136–137
prison regime, 34
prison service order, 42, 63
prison staff, 185
prison violence, 2, 146, 199
prison visits, 32, 78, 167
prison wings, 51–52, 146, 154
semi-open prison, 183–184
women's prisons, 3, 147–148, 176
Prisoner
children of, 177
foreign national, 76, 184, 199–200
male prisoner, 2–3, 87
minimum standards for, 182–183
violent prisoner, 149–150
Private visits, 185
Probation officer, 24, 98
Promotion, 148–149, 156
Property, 116–117
Pro-social pathway, 18–19
Protected characteristic, 19
Protective factors, 18–19
Pseudo families, 60
Pseudonyms, 36
Psychology, 163–164
Punishment, 17–18, 174
Purposive sample, 35–36
Quaker United Nations Office, 182
Qualitative interviews, 132
Quantitative, 131–132
Questionnaire, 69–70, 88–89, 131
Race, 106
Rape, 185
Reading, 62, 167, 187
Recall, 25–26, 90, 111–112
Reception, 76
Recidivism, 34, 129, 140
Recorders, 19–20
Recruitment, 36–37
Regime (prison), 34, 136–137, 147, 192
Rehabilitation, 86, 106, 198
Reintegration, 87–88, 98
Relapse, 91
Relationships
breakdown, 120
with carer of children, 24
with children, 164–165, 177, 201
familial, 120
negotiating, 53
parent-child relationships, 201
positive, 59, 77, 164–165, 168
with prison staff, 5–6
rebuilding, 177
strained, 3
Release, 1–2, 26, 87–88, 164–165, 169, 177, 185–186, 192
Release on temporary license (ROTL), 70, 76, 98
Relief, 69, 173
Remand, 25–26, 184
Re-offending, 33
Reparation, 54
Research Ethics Framework, 19–20
Resentment, 155
Resettlement
resettlement agency, 33, 44, 122
resettlement support, 87–88
Resilience, 79, 174–176, 202–203
Resistance, 153, 197
Respect, respectable, 88, 149, 153, 155
Restraining, 148
Reunification, 86–88, 106
Revolving door, 33, 165
Risk. See also Health risk; Potential risk, 21, 53–54, 69, 127–128, 137, 139, 148–149, 168, 189
Risk factors, 18–19, 131
Role reversal, 6–7, 107, 116–120
Russia, 190
Sacrifice, 37, 39–43, 188
Sadness, 78, 151, 154, 174
Safeguarding, 24, 27, 174–175
Safety, 52, 56, 129, 171, 188
Sample
purposive, 35–36
sampling, 19–20, 35–36
Scared Straight, 156–157
Scare tactic, 156–157
School, 20–21, 68–69, 72, 78, 164, 168, 173, 190
Scotland, 51, 70, 71
Search, searching, 169–170
Secrecy, 78–79
Secretary of State, 17–18, 34
Security, 34, 38, 78–79, 176, 183–184, 198
Self
authentic self, 149–150
presentation of self, 149–150, 154, 159
self-blame, 108
self-harm, 116, 136, 201
self-worth, 98–99
semi-structured interview, 19, 32–33, 88–89
Sense of self, 5–6, 116, 121, 202
Sentence
length, 14, 21
short sentences, 78–79
Sentencing
decision-making, 20, 78, 140, 182–183
sentencing guidelines, 15–18, 22–23, 25
sentencing guidelines council, 15–16
sentencing policy, 127–128
Separation
from baby, 5–6
at birth, 49–50
from child, 56–57
fear of, 199
negative effects, 22–23
Severe (needs, disadvantage), 199–200
Severity of Dependence Questionnaire (SOD-Q), 132
Sexual abuse. See also Abuse, 2, 130
Sexual exploitation, 184, 188
Sexual violence. See also Abuse, 185
Shame, 171–173, 200–202
Shock, 73, 76
Short sentences, 78–79
Siblings, 20–21, 73, 118–119
Significant harm, 16
Silence. See also Forced silence, 73–74
Single parent, 170–171
Skype, 187
Sleep
sleep deprivation, 189
sleep loss, 169
Smoking, 40
Snowball sampling, 19–20
Social exclusion, 95–96
Social housing, 164–165
Social isolation, 74
Social media, 69–70
Social support, 191–192
Social visits, 33, 39
Social worker, 71, 77–78, 88, 129–130, 138, 149, 175–176
Socioeconomic status, 106, 190
Sole carer. See also Primary carer, 25, 42–43
Sounding board, 166, 166
Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator (SENCO), 169
Spoiled identity. See also Disrupted identity, 95–96
Stamp, 38
Statistics, 3, 49–50
Stigma, 166–168, 174–175, 190, 200–202
Stigmatisation. See also Stigma, 197, 200
Stories. See also Narratives, 52, 97, 165, 174, 178
Storybooks Mum, 34
Storytelling, 107, 109, 121
Strategies, 5–6, 60–62, 165, 190, 202
Strength, 6–7, 61, 114
Stress, 5–6, 56–57, 130, 137–138, 153, 168, 198
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, 132
Struggle, 32–33, 69, 108, 166
Student, 167, 168
Substance
dependency, 69
misuse, 75–76, 87–88, 91, 120, 131
Suffering, 116, 135, 151
Sugar, 40
Suicide attempts, 131, 134, 136
Supervision, 25–26, 94
Support
bespoke, 167–168, 170–171, 173
emotional, 108–109, 113, 164–165
financial, 6–7, 33, 77–78, 116, 121
practical, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
professional, 1–2
Supreme Court, 22
Surveillance, 56, 90–93
Suspended sentences, 14
Sympathy, 169
Teacher, 169, 171
Teenager, 73
Telephone
contact, 33–34, 38
credit, 34, 40, 45
in-cell, 34
interviews, 88–89
landline, 38–39
mobile, 38
Thematic analysis, 109
Theme, 166, 183–184, 202
Therapy, 113–114, 165–166
Throughcare, 87
Tobacco, 40
Toilet, 53–54
Toiletries, 39–40, 189
Total institution, 146, 158–159
Transcribe, 36
Transcripts, 109, 151
Transfer, 188
Transitions to adulthood. See also Adulthood, 106, 109–112
Transparency, 78, 157, 173, 185–186
Trauma, 2, 87–88, 128–129, 139, 153–154, 155, 166, 191
Trust, 75, 150–151, 168
lack of trust, 71, 76–77, 91–92
Uganda, 183–184, 191
Unborn
baby, 49–50, 53–54, 61–63, 199, 202
child, 51, 53, 130, 136, 139
Uniform, 146, 149–150, 157
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, 20–21
Article 2, 20
Article 3, 17–18
Article 9, 20
Article 12, 19–20
Article 20, 20
United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders 2010, 73
Victim, 16, 22–23, 69, 129–130, 174–175, 190, 202–203
Victimisation. See also Victim, 68–69
Vignettes, 19
Violence. See also Abuse; Domestic abuse; Domestic violence, 53, 68–69, 129–130, 146, 185
fear of violence, 199
violence in the home, 154, 158
Visiting conditions, 3
Visits
assisted prison visits scheme, 77–78
conjugal, 185
family days, 33, 78–79, 157
private, 185
social, 33
Voluntary organisations, 70
Volunteers, 70, 167
Vulnerable
children, 75–76, 188
women, 2
Wage, 34, 40, 147–148
Welfare, 17–18, 22, 77, 129
Well-being, 53–54, 63, 71, 112, 153–154, 182, 190, 202
Welsh Government, 108–109
Western, 182, 184, 192–193
Wife, 41, 93–94, 149–150
Wings, 34, 146, 154
Womanhood. See also Good womanhood, 60
Women In prison, 14, 36–37, 51, 54, 128–129, 130, 137, 147, 182–183, 184
Women's centres, 24–25, 87
Women's prisons, 3, 76, 147–148, 149, 176
Workplace
male dominated, 147, 148–149, 156, 200
masculinised, 148–149
World Health Organisation (WHO), 182
Worry, 3–4, 98, 113, 134–135, 166, 190
Young
motherhood, 86
mothers, 149
women, 91
Younger children, 92, 107, 111, 117, 121
Magistrates
association
, 24
court
, 17–18, 25
Maintaining contact. See also Barriers to maintaining contact
, 3, 5–6, 34–35, 37, 169
Male-dominated
, 147, 148–149, 200
Male prisoners
, 2, 3, 87, 181–182, 185
HIV
, 189
Mandela, Nelson
, 62
Marginalise
marginalised groups
, 121, 166–167
marginalised mothers
, 90–91
Masculine organisations
, 148
Maternal
emotion
, 5–6, 61–63, 86, 91, 99
expectations, violation of
, 108
grandparents
, 3–4
identity
, 5–6, 86–89, 95–97
imprisonment, long term effects
, 5–6, 18–19, 32, 36–37, 80, 86, 89–95, 190
relationships
, 51, 198
theory
, 88
Maternity leave
, 156
Matricentric feminist criminology
, 88
Mattress
, 52, 53–54
Mature, maturity
, 94, 107
Media. See also Social media
, 42–43, 69–70, 74
Mental health
child and adolescent mental
, 73
diagnosis
, 135
health services
, 73, 131, 154
Mental ill health
of children
, 139
perinatal mental health
, 130
poor mental health
, 69
undiagnosed
, 137
untreated
, 137
Mentor. See also Neutral positioned mentor
, 165–170, 198–199
Method
, 5–6, 15–16, 35–37, 131–132, 193
Methodology
, 19–21, 51–52, 69–70, 88–89, 150–151
Midwife
, 133
Midwifery
, 51–52, 59, 63
Military
, 146
Milk
, 53
Minister for Women in the Criminal Justice System
, 14
Ministry of Justice
, 2, 14, 33, 80, 128–130, 170–171
Miscarriage
, 6–7, 147, 151–152, 200
Mitigate
, 15, 22, 40, 75–76, 202
Mitigating factors
, 21
Mitigating motherhood
, 19
Mitigation
, 15–16, 21
Mobile telephone
, 34, 38, 45, 187
Money
, 38–41, 118–119, 173–174
Moral
, 55, 117, 178, 188, 202–203
Moral imperatives
, 107, 201–202
Mother(s)
addicted
, 91
bad
, 23–24
biological
, 193
criminalised
, 95–96
definitions
, 1–2
good
, 111, 192
institutional definitions
, 3
marginalised
, 90–91, 156
mother and baby unit (MBU)
admissions
, 133–135
applications
, 133–135
mother-child contact
, 5–6
neglectful
, 202
norms
, 95
in prison
, 154–156
self-identified
, 35, 36–37
Mother and baby unit (MBU)
, 49–51, 58, 91–92, 128–129
Motherhood
constructions of
, 107
cultural significance of
, 201–202
meanng of
, 198
new
, 51, 62–63
responsibilities
, 15
script
, 95–96
transition to
, 111–112
Mothering
bad
, 200–201
code of conduct
, 95–96, 198
cultural significance of
, 201–202
disrupted
, 107, 116
disruption of
, 197, 198
doing
, 147–149
good
, 15, 202
hierarchies
, 156, 200–201
identity, positive mothering
, 34–35, 108, 114, 197
ideology
, 200–201
intensive
, 60, 107–108, 111, 118
narratives
, 107, 199
practices
, 158, 198
responsibilities
, 3, 187
role
, 54, 57–58, 110
success
, 114
Motherwork
, 108, 112–116, 121, 202
Multiple (needs, disadvantage)
, 2, 63, 69
Narrative. See also Stories
alternative
, 41–43
analysis
, 109
dominant narrative
, 107, 114, 118, 198
Narrativity
, 106
National Lottery Community Fund
, 67–68
National Offender Management Service (NOMS)
, 33, 52, 89, 150
National Probation Service
, 17, 24
National Research Council
, 35–36
National Research Ethics Service
, 131
Needs. See also Complex needs
, 2, 35–36, 50, 53, 87, 94, 111–112, 167, 199–200
Neo-liberal politics
, 158
Netherlands
, 18–19, 138–139, 188–189
Neurotic disorders
, 130, 132
Neutral positioned mentor. See also Mentor
, 165–170, 165
New York
, 139–140, 190–191
Non-custodial sentence
, 17–18
Non-judgemental
, 166
Northern Ireland
, 166
Nutrition
, 52, 186–187, 199
Nutritional standards
, 53
Observation, 56, 150–151, 159
Offender Health Research Network, 130
Offender Rehabilitation Act 2014 (ORA), 25–26
Offending
behavior, 72, 87–88
re-offending, 33
Older children, 73, 94, 97, 138, 167–168
Open prison, 3, 138
Outcomes, 1–2, 15, 39–40, 50–51, 89, 114, 130, 198–199
Out of court disposals, 14
Outpatient treatment, 135
Outsider, 90
‘Overarching Principles: Seriousness: Definitive Guideline', 15–16, 16–17
Overcrowding, 189
Pains of imprisonment, 14–15, 63, 98–99, 118, 146, 197–199
Paranoia, 91
Parent
parent-child relationships, 106
single parent, 170–171
Parenthood, 34–35, 111–112
Parliament, 14
Participants, 35–36, 43, 56, 72, 88–89, 109, 132, 133
Partners of Prisoners Support (POPS), 71, 75–76
Passive victim. See also Victim, 202–203
Paternal
abuse, 192
figure, 188–189
imprisonment, 190
Peer support, 165, 170–174, 198–199
Pen, coloured pen, 37, 43–44
Performance, 149–150, 149
Perinatal
experience, 51
mental health, 130, 131
Personality disorder, 130, 132, 136, 138, 140
Person-Shaped Support (PSS), 70
Physical abuse, 146–147, 151–152, 190
Physical environment, 52–54, 189, 202
Physical health, 4
Physical ill-health, 68–69
Pilot study, 19
Pink collar, 147–148
Policy change, 15
Post-birth, 51–52
Post custodial support, 86
Post custody supervision, 25–26
Post-natal care, 182
Post-partum, 151–152
Post-release, 26, 52, 86–88, 90–92, 99, 164–165, 177
Post-traumatic stress disorder, 135
Potential harm, 25–26, 41, 112
Potential risk, 53–54, 202
Poverty, 69, 73, 75–76, 184, 186–187, 191, 199
Power. See Powerlessness, 54, 90, 165–166, 171–172, 174–175, 189, 192, 202
Practical support, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
Practitioner-researcher, 165
Pre-existing disadvantages, 73, 75–76
Pre-existing secure attachments, 18–19
Pregnancy test, 128
Pregnant, 5–6, 17, 53, 131, 151–154, 185, 199, 201
Premature death, 68–69
Presentation of self, 149–150, 154
Pre-sentence report, 24, 71
Primary carer. See also Carer; Primary carer; Sole carer, 16–17, 22, 36, 119–120
Prison
American prison, 51
impact on family, 16, 17–18, 20
neo-liberal penal policies, 150–151
open prison, 3, 138
prison environment, 35–36, 53, 156–157, 191–192
prison estate, 3–4, 6–7, 60
prison governor, 35–36
prison landings, 146–148
prison leavers, 108–109
prison officer
career, 106, 148–149, 156
female prison officers, 146–147, 149, 151, 158–159
frontline, 150–151
male prison officers, 6–7, 147, 158–159
modern prison officer, 146
role, gendered nature of, 153
senior prison officer, 151
working life of, 147–149
prison policy, 106, 109, 122
prison population, 2
prison reform trust, 136–137
prison regime, 34
prison service order, 42, 63
prison staff, 185
prison violence, 2, 146, 199
prison visits, 32, 78, 167
prison wings, 51–52, 146, 154
semi-open prison, 183–184
women's prisons, 3, 147–148, 176
Prisoner
children of, 177
foreign national, 76, 184, 199–200
male prisoner, 2–3, 87
minimum standards for, 182–183
violent prisoner, 149–150
Private visits, 185
Probation officer, 24, 98
Promotion, 148–149, 156
Property, 116–117
Pro-social pathway, 18–19
Protected characteristic, 19
Protective factors, 18–19
Pseudo families, 60
Pseudonyms, 36
Psychology, 163–164
Punishment, 17–18, 174
Purposive sample, 35–36
Quaker United Nations Office, 182
Qualitative interviews, 132
Quantitative, 131–132
Questionnaire, 69–70, 88–89, 131
Race, 106
Rape, 185
Reading, 62, 167, 187
Recall, 25–26, 90, 111–112
Reception, 76
Recidivism, 34, 129, 140
Recorders, 19–20
Recruitment, 36–37
Regime (prison), 34, 136–137, 147, 192
Rehabilitation, 86, 106, 198
Reintegration, 87–88, 98
Relapse, 91
Relationships
breakdown, 120
with carer of children, 24
with children, 164–165, 177, 201
familial, 120
negotiating, 53
parent-child relationships, 201
positive, 59, 77, 164–165, 168
with prison staff, 5–6
rebuilding, 177
strained, 3
Release, 1–2, 26, 87–88, 164–165, 169, 177, 185–186, 192
Release on temporary license (ROTL), 70, 76, 98
Relief, 69, 173
Remand, 25–26, 184
Re-offending, 33
Reparation, 54
Research Ethics Framework, 19–20
Resentment, 155
Resettlement
resettlement agency, 33, 44, 122
resettlement support, 87–88
Resilience, 79, 174–176, 202–203
Resistance, 153, 197
Respect, respectable, 88, 149, 153, 155
Restraining, 148
Reunification, 86–88, 106
Revolving door, 33, 165
Risk. See also Health risk; Potential risk, 21, 53–54, 69, 127–128, 137, 139, 148–149, 168, 189
Risk factors, 18–19, 131
Role reversal, 6–7, 107, 116–120
Russia, 190
Sacrifice, 37, 39–43, 188
Sadness, 78, 151, 154, 174
Safeguarding, 24, 27, 174–175
Safety, 52, 56, 129, 171, 188
Sample
purposive, 35–36
sampling, 19–20, 35–36
Scared Straight, 156–157
Scare tactic, 156–157
School, 20–21, 68–69, 72, 78, 164, 168, 173, 190
Scotland, 51, 70, 71
Search, searching, 169–170
Secrecy, 78–79
Secretary of State, 17–18, 34
Security, 34, 38, 78–79, 176, 183–184, 198
Self
authentic self, 149–150
presentation of self, 149–150, 154, 159
self-blame, 108
self-harm, 116, 136, 201
self-worth, 98–99
semi-structured interview, 19, 32–33, 88–89
Sense of self, 5–6, 116, 121, 202
Sentence
length, 14, 21
short sentences, 78–79
Sentencing
decision-making, 20, 78, 140, 182–183
sentencing guidelines, 15–18, 22–23, 25
sentencing guidelines council, 15–16
sentencing policy, 127–128
Separation
from baby, 5–6
at birth, 49–50
from child, 56–57
fear of, 199
negative effects, 22–23
Severe (needs, disadvantage), 199–200
Severity of Dependence Questionnaire (SOD-Q), 132
Sexual abuse. See also Abuse, 2, 130
Sexual exploitation, 184, 188
Sexual violence. See also Abuse, 185
Shame, 171–173, 200–202
Shock, 73, 76
Short sentences, 78–79
Siblings, 20–21, 73, 118–119
Significant harm, 16
Silence. See also Forced silence, 73–74
Single parent, 170–171
Skype, 187
Sleep
sleep deprivation, 189
sleep loss, 169
Smoking, 40
Snowball sampling, 19–20
Social exclusion, 95–96
Social housing, 164–165
Social isolation, 74
Social media, 69–70
Social support, 191–192
Social visits, 33, 39
Social worker, 71, 77–78, 88, 129–130, 138, 149, 175–176
Socioeconomic status, 106, 190
Sole carer. See also Primary carer, 25, 42–43
Sounding board, 166, 166
Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator (SENCO), 169
Spoiled identity. See also Disrupted identity, 95–96
Stamp, 38
Statistics, 3, 49–50
Stigma, 166–168, 174–175, 190, 200–202
Stigmatisation. See also Stigma, 197, 200
Stories. See also Narratives, 52, 97, 165, 174, 178
Storybooks Mum, 34
Storytelling, 107, 109, 121
Strategies, 5–6, 60–62, 165, 190, 202
Strength, 6–7, 61, 114
Stress, 5–6, 56–57, 130, 137–138, 153, 168, 198
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, 132
Struggle, 32–33, 69, 108, 166
Student, 167, 168
Substance
dependency, 69
misuse, 75–76, 87–88, 91, 120, 131
Suffering, 116, 135, 151
Sugar, 40
Suicide attempts, 131, 134, 136
Supervision, 25–26, 94
Support
bespoke, 167–168, 170–171, 173
emotional, 108–109, 113, 164–165
financial, 6–7, 33, 77–78, 116, 121
practical, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
professional, 1–2
Supreme Court, 22
Surveillance, 56, 90–93
Suspended sentences, 14
Sympathy, 169
Teacher, 169, 171
Teenager, 73
Telephone
contact, 33–34, 38
credit, 34, 40, 45
in-cell, 34
interviews, 88–89
landline, 38–39
mobile, 38
Thematic analysis, 109
Theme, 166, 183–184, 202
Therapy, 113–114, 165–166
Throughcare, 87
Tobacco, 40
Toilet, 53–54
Toiletries, 39–40, 189
Total institution, 146, 158–159
Transcribe, 36
Transcripts, 109, 151
Transfer, 188
Transitions to adulthood. See also Adulthood, 106, 109–112
Transparency, 78, 157, 173, 185–186
Trauma, 2, 87–88, 128–129, 139, 153–154, 155, 166, 191
Trust, 75, 150–151, 168
lack of trust, 71, 76–77, 91–92
Uganda, 183–184, 191
Unborn
baby, 49–50, 53–54, 61–63, 199, 202
child, 51, 53, 130, 136, 139
Uniform, 146, 149–150, 157
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, 20–21
Article 2, 20
Article 3, 17–18
Article 9, 20
Article 12, 19–20
Article 20, 20
United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders 2010, 73
Victim, 16, 22–23, 69, 129–130, 174–175, 190, 202–203
Victimisation. See also Victim, 68–69
Vignettes, 19
Violence. See also Abuse; Domestic abuse; Domestic violence, 53, 68–69, 129–130, 146, 185
fear of violence, 199
violence in the home, 154, 158
Visiting conditions, 3
Visits
assisted prison visits scheme, 77–78
conjugal, 185
family days, 33, 78–79, 157
private, 185
social, 33
Voluntary organisations, 70
Volunteers, 70, 167
Vulnerable
children, 75–76, 188
women, 2
Wage, 34, 40, 147–148
Welfare, 17–18, 22, 77, 129
Well-being, 53–54, 63, 71, 112, 153–154, 182, 190, 202
Welsh Government, 108–109
Western, 182, 184, 192–193
Wife, 41, 93–94, 149–150
Wings, 34, 146, 154
Womanhood. See also Good womanhood, 60
Women In prison, 14, 36–37, 51, 54, 128–129, 130, 137, 147, 182–183, 184
Women's centres, 24–25, 87
Women's prisons, 3, 76, 147–148, 149, 176
Workplace
male dominated, 147, 148–149, 156, 200
masculinised, 148–149
World Health Organisation (WHO), 182
Worry, 3–4, 98, 113, 134–135, 166, 190
Young
motherhood, 86
mothers, 149
women, 91
Younger children, 92, 107, 111, 117, 121
Observation
, 56, 150–151, 159
Offender Health Research Network
, 130
Offender Rehabilitation Act 2014 (ORA)
, 25–26
Offending
behavior
, 72, 87–88
re-offending
, 33
Older children
, 73, 94, 97, 138, 167–168
Open prison
, 3, 138
Outcomes
, 1–2, 15, 39–40, 50–51, 89, 114, 130, 198–199
Out of court disposals
, 14
Outpatient treatment
, 135
Outsider
, 90
‘Overarching Principles: Seriousness: Definitive Guideline'
, 15–16, 16–17
Overcrowding
, 189
Pains of imprisonment
, 14–15, 63, 98–99, 118, 146, 197–199
Paranoia
, 91
Parent
parent-child relationships
, 106
single parent
, 170–171
Parenthood
, 34–35, 111–112
Parliament
, 14
Participants
, 35–36, 43, 56, 72, 88–89, 109, 132, 133
Partners of Prisoners Support (POPS)
, 71, 75–76
Passive victim. See also Victim
, 202–203
Paternal
abuse
, 192
figure
, 188–189
imprisonment
, 190
Peer support
, 165, 170–174, 198–199
Pen, coloured pen
, 37, 43–44
Performance
, 149–150, 149
Perinatal
experience
, 51
mental health
, 130, 131
Personality disorder
, 130, 132, 136, 138, 140
Person-Shaped Support (PSS)
, 70
Physical abuse
, 146–147, 151–152, 190
Physical environment
, 52–54, 189, 202
Physical health
, 4
Physical ill-health
, 68–69
Pilot study
, 19
Pink collar
, 147–148
Policy change
, 15
Post-birth
, 51–52
Post custodial support
, 86
Post custody supervision
, 25–26
Post-natal care
, 182
Post-partum
, 151–152
Post-release
, 26, 52, 86–88, 90–92, 99, 164–165, 177
Post-traumatic stress disorder
, 135
Potential harm
, 25–26, 41, 112
Potential risk
, 53–54, 202
Poverty
, 69, 73, 75–76, 184, 186–187, 191, 199
Power. See Powerlessness
, 54, 90, 165–166, 171–172, 174–175, 189, 192, 202
Practical support
, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
Practitioner-researcher
, 165
Pre-existing disadvantages
, 73, 75–76
Pre-existing secure attachments
, 18–19
Pregnancy test
, 128
Pregnant
, 5–6, 17, 53, 131, 151–154, 185, 199, 201
Premature death
, 68–69
Presentation of self
, 149–150, 154
Pre-sentence report
, 24, 71
Primary carer. See also Carer; Primary carer; Sole carer
, 16–17, 22, 36, 119–120
Prison
American prison
, 51
impact on family
, 16, 17–18, 20
neo-liberal penal policies
, 150–151
open prison
, 3, 138
prison environment
, 35–36, 53, 156–157, 191–192
prison estate
, 3–4, 6–7, 60
prison governor
, 35–36
prison landings
, 146–148
prison leavers
, 108–109
prison officer
career
, 106, 148–149, 156
female prison officers
, 146–147, 149, 151, 158–159
frontline
, 150–151
male prison officers
, 6–7, 147, 158–159
modern prison officer
, 146
role, gendered nature of
, 153
senior prison officer
, 151
working life of
, 147–149
prison policy
, 106, 109, 122
prison population
, 2
prison reform trust
, 136–137
prison regime
, 34
prison service order
, 42, 63
prison staff
, 185
prison violence
, 2, 146, 199
prison visits
, 32, 78, 167
prison wings
, 51–52, 146, 154
semi-open prison
, 183–184
women's prisons
, 3, 147–148, 176
Prisoner
children of
, 177
foreign national
, 76, 184, 199–200
male prisoner
, 2–3, 87
minimum standards for
, 182–183
violent prisoner
, 149–150
Private visits
, 185
Probation officer
, 24, 98
Promotion
, 148–149, 156
Property
, 116–117
Pro-social pathway
, 18–19
Protected characteristic
, 19
Protective factors
, 18–19
Pseudo families
, 60
Pseudonyms
, 36
Psychology
, 163–164
Punishment
, 17–18, 174
Purposive sample
, 35–36
Quaker United Nations Office, 182
Qualitative interviews, 132
Quantitative, 131–132
Questionnaire, 69–70, 88–89, 131
Race, 106
Rape, 185
Reading, 62, 167, 187
Recall, 25–26, 90, 111–112
Reception, 76
Recidivism, 34, 129, 140
Recorders, 19–20
Recruitment, 36–37
Regime (prison), 34, 136–137, 147, 192
Rehabilitation, 86, 106, 198
Reintegration, 87–88, 98
Relapse, 91
Relationships
breakdown, 120
with carer of children, 24
with children, 164–165, 177, 201
familial, 120
negotiating, 53
parent-child relationships, 201
positive, 59, 77, 164–165, 168
with prison staff, 5–6
rebuilding, 177
strained, 3
Release, 1–2, 26, 87–88, 164–165, 169, 177, 185–186, 192
Release on temporary license (ROTL), 70, 76, 98
Relief, 69, 173
Remand, 25–26, 184
Re-offending, 33
Reparation, 54
Research Ethics Framework, 19–20
Resentment, 155
Resettlement
resettlement agency, 33, 44, 122
resettlement support, 87–88
Resilience, 79, 174–176, 202–203
Resistance, 153, 197
Respect, respectable, 88, 149, 153, 155
Restraining, 148
Reunification, 86–88, 106
Revolving door, 33, 165
Risk. See also Health risk; Potential risk, 21, 53–54, 69, 127–128, 137, 139, 148–149, 168, 189
Risk factors, 18–19, 131
Role reversal, 6–7, 107, 116–120
Russia, 190
Sacrifice, 37, 39–43, 188
Sadness, 78, 151, 154, 174
Safeguarding, 24, 27, 174–175
Safety, 52, 56, 129, 171, 188
Sample
purposive, 35–36
sampling, 19–20, 35–36
Scared Straight, 156–157
Scare tactic, 156–157
School, 20–21, 68–69, 72, 78, 164, 168, 173, 190
Scotland, 51, 70, 71
Search, searching, 169–170
Secrecy, 78–79
Secretary of State, 17–18, 34
Security, 34, 38, 78–79, 176, 183–184, 198
Self
authentic self, 149–150
presentation of self, 149–150, 154, 159
self-blame, 108
self-harm, 116, 136, 201
self-worth, 98–99
semi-structured interview, 19, 32–33, 88–89
Sense of self, 5–6, 116, 121, 202
Sentence
length, 14, 21
short sentences, 78–79
Sentencing
decision-making, 20, 78, 140, 182–183
sentencing guidelines, 15–18, 22–23, 25
sentencing guidelines council, 15–16
sentencing policy, 127–128
Separation
from baby, 5–6
at birth, 49–50
from child, 56–57
fear of, 199
negative effects, 22–23
Severe (needs, disadvantage), 199–200
Severity of Dependence Questionnaire (SOD-Q), 132
Sexual abuse. See also Abuse, 2, 130
Sexual exploitation, 184, 188
Sexual violence. See also Abuse, 185
Shame, 171–173, 200–202
Shock, 73, 76
Short sentences, 78–79
Siblings, 20–21, 73, 118–119
Significant harm, 16
Silence. See also Forced silence, 73–74
Single parent, 170–171
Skype, 187
Sleep
sleep deprivation, 189
sleep loss, 169
Smoking, 40
Snowball sampling, 19–20
Social exclusion, 95–96
Social housing, 164–165
Social isolation, 74
Social media, 69–70
Social support, 191–192
Social visits, 33, 39
Social worker, 71, 77–78, 88, 129–130, 138, 149, 175–176
Socioeconomic status, 106, 190
Sole carer. See also Primary carer, 25, 42–43
Sounding board, 166, 166
Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator (SENCO), 169
Spoiled identity. See also Disrupted identity, 95–96
Stamp, 38
Statistics, 3, 49–50
Stigma, 166–168, 174–175, 190, 200–202
Stigmatisation. See also Stigma, 197, 200
Stories. See also Narratives, 52, 97, 165, 174, 178
Storybooks Mum, 34
Storytelling, 107, 109, 121
Strategies, 5–6, 60–62, 165, 190, 202
Strength, 6–7, 61, 114
Stress, 5–6, 56–57, 130, 137–138, 153, 168, 198
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, 132
Struggle, 32–33, 69, 108, 166
Student, 167, 168
Substance
dependency, 69
misuse, 75–76, 87–88, 91, 120, 131
Suffering, 116, 135, 151
Sugar, 40
Suicide attempts, 131, 134, 136
Supervision, 25–26, 94
Support
bespoke, 167–168, 170–171, 173
emotional, 108–109, 113, 164–165
financial, 6–7, 33, 77–78, 116, 121
practical, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
professional, 1–2
Supreme Court, 22
Surveillance, 56, 90–93
Suspended sentences, 14
Sympathy, 169
Teacher, 169, 171
Teenager, 73
Telephone
contact, 33–34, 38
credit, 34, 40, 45
in-cell, 34
interviews, 88–89
landline, 38–39
mobile, 38
Thematic analysis, 109
Theme, 166, 183–184, 202
Therapy, 113–114, 165–166
Throughcare, 87
Tobacco, 40
Toilet, 53–54
Toiletries, 39–40, 189
Total institution, 146, 158–159
Transcribe, 36
Transcripts, 109, 151
Transfer, 188
Transitions to adulthood. See also Adulthood, 106, 109–112
Transparency, 78, 157, 173, 185–186
Trauma, 2, 87–88, 128–129, 139, 153–154, 155, 166, 191
Trust, 75, 150–151, 168
lack of trust, 71, 76–77, 91–92
Uganda, 183–184, 191
Unborn
baby, 49–50, 53–54, 61–63, 199, 202
child, 51, 53, 130, 136, 139
Uniform, 146, 149–150, 157
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, 20–21
Article 2, 20
Article 3, 17–18
Article 9, 20
Article 12, 19–20
Article 20, 20
United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders 2010, 73
Victim, 16, 22–23, 69, 129–130, 174–175, 190, 202–203
Victimisation. See also Victim, 68–69
Vignettes, 19
Violence. See also Abuse; Domestic abuse; Domestic violence, 53, 68–69, 129–130, 146, 185
fear of violence, 199
violence in the home, 154, 158
Visiting conditions, 3
Visits
assisted prison visits scheme, 77–78
conjugal, 185
family days, 33, 78–79, 157
private, 185
social, 33
Voluntary organisations, 70
Volunteers, 70, 167
Vulnerable
children, 75–76, 188
women, 2
Wage, 34, 40, 147–148
Welfare, 17–18, 22, 77, 129
Well-being, 53–54, 63, 71, 112, 153–154, 182, 190, 202
Welsh Government, 108–109
Western, 182, 184, 192–193
Wife, 41, 93–94, 149–150
Wings, 34, 146, 154
Womanhood. See also Good womanhood, 60
Women In prison, 14, 36–37, 51, 54, 128–129, 130, 137, 147, 182–183, 184
Women's centres, 24–25, 87
Women's prisons, 3, 76, 147–148, 149, 176
Workplace
male dominated, 147, 148–149, 156, 200
masculinised, 148–149
World Health Organisation (WHO), 182
Worry, 3–4, 98, 113, 134–135, 166, 190
Young
motherhood, 86
mothers, 149
women, 91
Younger children, 92, 107, 111, 117, 121
Quaker United Nations Office
, 182
Qualitative interviews
, 132
Quantitative
, 131–132
Questionnaire
, 69–70, 88–89, 131
Race
, 106
Rape
, 185
Reading
, 62, 167, 187
Recall
, 25–26, 90, 111–112
Reception
, 76
Recidivism
, 34, 129, 140
Recorders
, 19–20
Recruitment
, 36–37
Regime (prison)
, 34, 136–137, 147, 192
Rehabilitation
, 86, 106, 198
Reintegration
, 87–88, 98
Relapse
, 91
Relationships
breakdown
, 120
with carer of children
, 24
with children
, 164–165, 177, 201
familial
, 120
negotiating
, 53
parent-child relationships
, 201
positive
, 59, 77, 164–165, 168
with prison staff
, 5–6
rebuilding
, 177
strained
, 3
Release
, 1–2, 26, 87–88, 164–165, 169, 177, 185–186, 192
Release on temporary license (ROTL)
, 70, 76, 98
Relief
, 69, 173
Remand
, 25–26, 184
Re-offending
, 33
Reparation
, 54
Research Ethics Framework
, 19–20
Resentment
, 155
Resettlement
resettlement agency
, 33, 44, 122
resettlement support
, 87–88
Resilience
, 79, 174–176, 202–203
Resistance
, 153, 197
Respect, respectable
, 88, 149, 153, 155
Restraining
, 148
Reunification
, 86–88, 106
Revolving door
, 33, 165
Risk. See also Health risk; Potential risk
, 21, 53–54, 69, 127–128, 137, 139, 148–149, 168, 189
Risk factors
, 18–19, 131
Role reversal
, 6–7, 107, 116–120
Russia
, 190
Sacrifice, 37, 39–43, 188
Sadness, 78, 151, 154, 174
Safeguarding, 24, 27, 174–175
Safety, 52, 56, 129, 171, 188
Sample
purposive, 35–36
sampling, 19–20, 35–36
Scared Straight, 156–157
Scare tactic, 156–157
School, 20–21, 68–69, 72, 78, 164, 168, 173, 190
Scotland, 51, 70, 71
Search, searching, 169–170
Secrecy, 78–79
Secretary of State, 17–18, 34
Security, 34, 38, 78–79, 176, 183–184, 198
Self
authentic self, 149–150
presentation of self, 149–150, 154, 159
self-blame, 108
self-harm, 116, 136, 201
self-worth, 98–99
semi-structured interview, 19, 32–33, 88–89
Sense of self, 5–6, 116, 121, 202
Sentence
length, 14, 21
short sentences, 78–79
Sentencing
decision-making, 20, 78, 140, 182–183
sentencing guidelines, 15–18, 22–23, 25
sentencing guidelines council, 15–16
sentencing policy, 127–128
Separation
from baby, 5–6
at birth, 49–50
from child, 56–57
fear of, 199
negative effects, 22–23
Severe (needs, disadvantage), 199–200
Severity of Dependence Questionnaire (SOD-Q), 132
Sexual abuse. See also Abuse, 2, 130
Sexual exploitation, 184, 188
Sexual violence. See also Abuse, 185
Shame, 171–173, 200–202
Shock, 73, 76
Short sentences, 78–79
Siblings, 20–21, 73, 118–119
Significant harm, 16
Silence. See also Forced silence, 73–74
Single parent, 170–171
Skype, 187
Sleep
sleep deprivation, 189
sleep loss, 169
Smoking, 40
Snowball sampling, 19–20
Social exclusion, 95–96
Social housing, 164–165
Social isolation, 74
Social media, 69–70
Social support, 191–192
Social visits, 33, 39
Social worker, 71, 77–78, 88, 129–130, 138, 149, 175–176
Socioeconomic status, 106, 190
Sole carer. See also Primary carer, 25, 42–43
Sounding board, 166, 166
Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator (SENCO), 169
Spoiled identity. See also Disrupted identity, 95–96
Stamp, 38
Statistics, 3, 49–50
Stigma, 166–168, 174–175, 190, 200–202
Stigmatisation. See also Stigma, 197, 200
Stories. See also Narratives, 52, 97, 165, 174, 178
Storybooks Mum, 34
Storytelling, 107, 109, 121
Strategies, 5–6, 60–62, 165, 190, 202
Strength, 6–7, 61, 114
Stress, 5–6, 56–57, 130, 137–138, 153, 168, 198
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, 132
Struggle, 32–33, 69, 108, 166
Student, 167, 168
Substance
dependency, 69
misuse, 75–76, 87–88, 91, 120, 131
Suffering, 116, 135, 151
Sugar, 40
Suicide attempts, 131, 134, 136
Supervision, 25–26, 94
Support
bespoke, 167–168, 170–171, 173
emotional, 108–109, 113, 164–165
financial, 6–7, 33, 77–78, 116, 121
practical, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
professional, 1–2
Supreme Court, 22
Surveillance, 56, 90–93
Suspended sentences, 14
Sympathy, 169
Teacher, 169, 171
Teenager, 73
Telephone
contact, 33–34, 38
credit, 34, 40, 45
in-cell, 34
interviews, 88–89
landline, 38–39
mobile, 38
Thematic analysis, 109
Theme, 166, 183–184, 202
Therapy, 113–114, 165–166
Throughcare, 87
Tobacco, 40
Toilet, 53–54
Toiletries, 39–40, 189
Total institution, 146, 158–159
Transcribe, 36
Transcripts, 109, 151
Transfer, 188
Transitions to adulthood. See also Adulthood, 106, 109–112
Transparency, 78, 157, 173, 185–186
Trauma, 2, 87–88, 128–129, 139, 153–154, 155, 166, 191
Trust, 75, 150–151, 168
lack of trust, 71, 76–77, 91–92
Uganda, 183–184, 191
Unborn
baby, 49–50, 53–54, 61–63, 199, 202
child, 51, 53, 130, 136, 139
Uniform, 146, 149–150, 157
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, 20–21
Article 2, 20
Article 3, 17–18
Article 9, 20
Article 12, 19–20
Article 20, 20
United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders 2010, 73
Victim, 16, 22–23, 69, 129–130, 174–175, 190, 202–203
Victimisation. See also Victim, 68–69
Vignettes, 19
Violence. See also Abuse; Domestic abuse; Domestic violence, 53, 68–69, 129–130, 146, 185
fear of violence, 199
violence in the home, 154, 158
Visiting conditions, 3
Visits
assisted prison visits scheme, 77–78
conjugal, 185
family days, 33, 78–79, 157
private, 185
social, 33
Voluntary organisations, 70
Volunteers, 70, 167
Vulnerable
children, 75–76, 188
women, 2
Wage, 34, 40, 147–148
Welfare, 17–18, 22, 77, 129
Well-being, 53–54, 63, 71, 112, 153–154, 182, 190, 202
Welsh Government, 108–109
Western, 182, 184, 192–193
Wife, 41, 93–94, 149–150
Wings, 34, 146, 154
Womanhood. See also Good womanhood, 60
Women In prison, 14, 36–37, 51, 54, 128–129, 130, 137, 147, 182–183, 184
Women's centres, 24–25, 87
Women's prisons, 3, 76, 147–148, 149, 176
Workplace
male dominated, 147, 148–149, 156, 200
masculinised, 148–149
World Health Organisation (WHO), 182
Worry, 3–4, 98, 113, 134–135, 166, 190
Young
motherhood, 86
mothers, 149
women, 91
Younger children, 92, 107, 111, 117, 121
Sacrifice
, 37, 39–43, 188
Sadness
, 78, 151, 154, 174
Safeguarding
, 24, 27, 174–175
Safety
, 52, 56, 129, 171, 188
Sample
purposive
, 35–36
sampling
, 19–20, 35–36
Scared Straight
, 156–157
Scare tactic
, 156–157
School
, 20–21, 68–69, 72, 78, 164, 168, 173, 190
Scotland
, 51, 70, 71
Search, searching
, 169–170
Secrecy
, 78–79
Secretary of State
, 17–18, 34
Security
, 34, 38, 78–79, 176, 183–184, 198
Self
authentic self
, 149–150
presentation of self
, 149–150, 154, 159
self-blame
, 108
self-harm
, 116, 136, 201
self-worth
, 98–99
semi-structured interview
, 19, 32–33, 88–89
Sense of self
, 5–6, 116, 121, 202
Sentence
length
, 14, 21
short sentences
, 78–79
Sentencing
decision-making
, 20, 78, 140, 182–183
sentencing guidelines
, 15–18, 22–23, 25
sentencing guidelines council
, 15–16
sentencing policy
, 127–128
Separation
from baby
, 5–6
at birth
, 49–50
from child
, 56–57
fear of
, 199
negative effects
, 22–23
Severe (needs, disadvantage)
, 199–200
Severity of Dependence Questionnaire (SOD-Q)
, 132
Sexual abuse. See also Abuse
, 2, 130
Sexual exploitation
, 184, 188
Sexual violence. See also Abuse
, 185
Shame
, 171–173, 200–202
Shock
, 73, 76
Short sentences
, 78–79
Siblings
, 20–21, 73, 118–119
Significant harm
, 16
Silence. See also Forced silence
, 73–74
Single parent
, 170–171
Skype
, 187
Sleep
sleep deprivation
, 189
sleep loss
, 169
Smoking
, 40
Snowball sampling
, 19–20
Social exclusion
, 95–96
Social housing
, 164–165
Social isolation
, 74
Social media
, 69–70
Social support
, 191–192
Social visits
, 33, 39
Social worker
, 71, 77–78, 88, 129–130, 138, 149, 175–176
Socioeconomic status
, 106, 190
Sole carer. See also Primary carer
, 25, 42–43
Sounding board
, 166, 166
Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator (SENCO)
, 169
Spoiled identity. See also Disrupted identity
, 95–96
Stamp
, 38
Statistics
, 3, 49–50
Stigma
, 166–168, 174–175, 190, 200–202
Stigmatisation. See also Stigma
, 197, 200
Stories. See also Narratives
, 52, 97, 165, 174, 178
Storybooks Mum
, 34
Storytelling
, 107, 109, 121
Strategies
, 5–6, 60–62, 165, 190, 202
Strength
, 6–7, 61, 114
Stress
, 5–6, 56–57, 130, 137–138, 153, 168, 198
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV
, 132
Struggle
, 32–33, 69, 108, 166
Student
, 167, 168
Substance
dependency
, 69
misuse
, 75–76, 87–88, 91, 120, 131
Suffering
, 116, 135, 151
Sugar
, 40
Suicide attempts
, 131, 134, 136
Supervision
, 25–26, 94
Support
bespoke
, 167–168, 170–171, 173
emotional
, 108–109, 113, 164–165
financial
, 6–7, 33, 77–78, 116, 121
practical
, 87–88, 116–118, 163–165
professional
, 1–2
Supreme Court
, 22
Surveillance
, 56, 90–93
Suspended sentences
, 14
Sympathy
, 169
Teacher
, 169, 171
Teenager
, 73
Telephone
contact
, 33–34, 38
credit
, 34, 40, 45
in-cell
, 34
interviews
, 88–89
landline
, 38–39
mobile
, 38
Thematic analysis
, 109
Theme
, 166, 183–184, 202
Therapy
, 113–114, 165–166
Throughcare
, 87
Tobacco
, 40
Toilet
, 53–54
Toiletries
, 39–40, 189
Total institution
, 146, 158–159
Transcribe
, 36
Transcripts
, 109, 151
Transfer
, 188
Transitions to adulthood. See also Adulthood
, 106, 109–112
Transparency
, 78, 157, 173, 185–186
Trauma
, 2, 87–88, 128–129, 139, 153–154, 155, 166, 191
Trust
, 75, 150–151, 168
lack of trust
, 71, 76–77, 91–92
Uganda, 183–184, 191
Unborn
baby, 49–50, 53–54, 61–63, 199, 202
child, 51, 53, 130, 136, 139
Uniform, 146, 149–150, 157
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, 20–21
Article 2, 20
Article 3, 17–18
Article 9, 20
Article 12, 19–20
Article 20, 20
United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders 2010, 73
Victim, 16, 22–23, 69, 129–130, 174–175, 190, 202–203
Victimisation. See also Victim, 68–69
Vignettes, 19
Violence. See also Abuse; Domestic abuse; Domestic violence, 53, 68–69, 129–130, 146, 185
fear of violence, 199
violence in the home, 154, 158
Visiting conditions, 3
Visits
assisted prison visits scheme, 77–78
conjugal, 185
family days, 33, 78–79, 157
private, 185
social, 33
Voluntary organisations, 70
Volunteers, 70, 167
Vulnerable
children, 75–76, 188
women, 2
Wage, 34, 40, 147–148
Welfare, 17–18, 22, 77, 129
Well-being, 53–54, 63, 71, 112, 153–154, 182, 190, 202
Welsh Government, 108–109
Western, 182, 184, 192–193
Wife, 41, 93–94, 149–150
Wings, 34, 146, 154
Womanhood. See also Good womanhood, 60
Women In prison, 14, 36–37, 51, 54, 128–129, 130, 137, 147, 182–183, 184
Women's centres, 24–25, 87
Women's prisons, 3, 76, 147–148, 149, 176
Workplace
male dominated, 147, 148–149, 156, 200
masculinised, 148–149
World Health Organisation (WHO), 182
Worry, 3–4, 98, 113, 134–135, 166, 190
Young
motherhood, 86
mothers, 149
women, 91
Younger children, 92, 107, 111, 117, 121
Uganda
, 183–184, 191
Unborn
baby
, 49–50, 53–54, 61–63, 199, 202
child
, 51, 53, 130, 136, 139
Uniform
, 146, 149–150, 157
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989
, 20–21
Article 2
, 20
Article 3
, 17–18
Article 9
, 20
Article 12
, 19–20
Article 20
, 20
United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders 2010
, 73
Victim
, 16, 22–23, 69, 129–130, 174–175, 190, 202–203
Victimisation. See also Victim
, 68–69
Vignettes
, 19
Violence. See also Abuse; Domestic abuse; Domestic violence
, 53, 68–69, 129–130, 146, 185
fear of violence
, 199
violence in the home
, 154, 158
Visiting conditions
, 3
Visits
assisted prison visits scheme
, 77–78
conjugal
, 185
family days
, 33, 78–79, 157
private
, 185
social
, 33
Voluntary organisations
, 70
Volunteers
, 70, 167
Vulnerable
children
, 75–76, 188
women
, 2
Wage, 34, 40, 147–148
Welfare, 17–18, 22, 77, 129
Well-being, 53–54, 63, 71, 112, 153–154, 182, 190, 202
Welsh Government, 108–109
Western, 182, 184, 192–193
Wife, 41, 93–94, 149–150
Wings, 34, 146, 154
Womanhood. See also Good womanhood, 60
Women In prison, 14, 36–37, 51, 54, 128–129, 130, 137, 147, 182–183, 184
Women's centres, 24–25, 87
Women's prisons, 3, 76, 147–148, 149, 176
Workplace
male dominated, 147, 148–149, 156, 200
masculinised, 148–149
World Health Organisation (WHO), 182
Worry, 3–4, 98, 113, 134–135, 166, 190
Young
motherhood, 86
mothers, 149
women, 91
Younger children, 92, 107, 111, 117, 121
Wage
, 34, 40, 147–148
Welfare
, 17–18, 22, 77, 129
Well-being
, 53–54, 63, 71, 112, 153–154, 182, 190, 202
Welsh Government
, 108–109
Western
, 182, 184, 192–193
Wife
, 41, 93–94, 149–150
Wings
, 34, 146, 154
Womanhood. See also Good womanhood
, 60
Women In prison
, 14, 36–37, 51, 54, 128–129, 130, 137, 147, 182–183, 184
Women's centres
, 24–25, 87
Women's prisons
, 3, 76, 147–148, 149, 176
Workplace
male dominated
, 147, 148–149, 156, 200
masculinised
, 148–149
World Health Organisation (WHO)
, 182
Worry
, 3–4, 98, 113, 134–135, 166, 190
Young
motherhood
, 86
mothers
, 149
women
, 91
Younger children
, 92, 107, 111, 117, 121
- Prelims
- Introduction: Mothering from the Inside
- Part I From Sentence to Resettlement: Experiences of Maternal Imprisonment
- Chapter 1 The Importance of Motherhood in Sentencing Decisions
- Chapter 2 Maintaining Family Ties: How Family Practices Are Renegotiated to Promote Mother–Child Contact
- Chapter 3 Negotiating Pregnancy, New Motherhood and Imprisonment
- Chapter 4 ‘What About Me?’ The Impact on Children when Mothers Are Involved in the Criminal Justice System
- Chapter 5 ‘A Life Sentence’: The Long-term Impact of Maternal Imprisonment
- Part II From the Margins to the Centre: Diverse Perspectives of Mothering and Imprisonment
- Chapter 6 The Ties That Bind: Stories of Women in Prison Who Are Mothers to Older Adult Children
- Chapter 7 Pregnancy in Prison, Mental Health and Alternative Approaches
- Chapter 8 The Gendered Nature of Prison Work: Empathy, Mothering and Emotions of Female Officers in a Women's Prison
- Chapter 9 Practical Support for Children with a Mother in Prison: Reflections from a Practitioner
- Chapter 10 International Perspectives on Mothering and Imprisonment
- Conclusion: Moving Forward
- Index