Abolitionism

, 339

Abstraction of freshwater

, 470–471

Aburto, Jose Manuel

, 91

Academic engagement

, 308–309

Access to justice

, 6, 71–72, 101, 106–107, 131–132, 138–139, 141–142, 156, 200–201, 244, 256, 405

Accumulation

, 448

Action Plan (2009)

, 388–389

Administrative law

, 251

Advocacy, technology as channel for

, 301–303

Afghanistan

, 34, 54, 205, 209, 326, 450

Africa

, 33–34, 88, 92, 112, 119, 161, 183–184, 427, 480

Agencija Republike Slovenije za okolje (ARSO)

, 477

Agency

, 281–283

freedom

, 278–279

2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

, 63–64, 176, 487–488

de-constructing and re-constructing

, 76–79

formal equality vs. material inequality

, 64–66

imposition of ahistorical and abstract characterisation of law

, 66–70

inequality in application of law

, 74–76

inequality of formal law

, 70–74

Agenda 2030

, 379–380, 382–388

Agozino, Biko

, 189, 200

Aid

, 203–206

Air pollution

, 533–534

global carbon trading and commodification of emissions

, 538–541

and global impacts

, 534–536

green criminology, atmospheric justice and ecocide

, 541–543

international responsibility, compliance and denial

, 536–538

Al-Qaeda (AQ)

, 398

Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)

, 408

Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent (AQIS)

, 408

Alert conscience

, 498

‘Alternative development’ programming

, 379–380, 391–392

Amin, Samir

, 67, 321–322, 400

AML

, 362

Annan, Kofi

, 48, 280

Annual report questionnaire (ARQ)

, 389–390

Anti-Anarchist Conference (1898)

, 27–28

Anti-IUU fishing interventions

, 502

Anti-Slavery International

, 10

Anti-US cynicism

, 404–405

Anticorruption policy frameworks. See also Corruption

, 119–122

institution strengthening

, 119–120

national anticorruption plans and strategies

, 120–121

political will and leadership

, 121–122

Antiquities looting

, 430–431

Antiquities trafficking

, 420, 422–423, 427, 431

‘AntiSocial Behavior Orders’

, 234

Asian Development Bank (ADB)

, 320

Assisting compliance

, 499

Association for Progressive Communication (APC)

, 307–308

Athabasca ‘tar sands’

, 447–448

Atmospheric justice

, 541–543

Australia

, 5, 90, 94, 141–142, 161, 228, 304, 325, 450, 539–540, 559

Autonomy

, 181–182, 235, 275, 282, 298

BAE Systems (BAES)

, 3, 10–12

Beneficial ownership registers (BORs)

, 15–18

‘Bibob’ screenings

, 19–20

Bin Laden, Osama

, 407–408

Biometric data and technology

, 211–212

Birmingham Local Council

, 208–209

Blast fishing

, 486

Blockadia

, 560

Bolivia

, 53, 390, 450–453, 479

Bolsonaro, Jair

, 102–103

Bolstering advocacy

, 306

Border controls

, 198

criminology, law and development

, 200–203

externalising border controls through development assistance

, 206–212

securitisation of UK Aid

, 203–206

Border externalisation

, 206–212

Borders

, 8, 29, 51, 207

Bottom trawling

, 486

Bourgeois law

, 70, 74

Brazil

, 4, 17, 90, 92, 97, 554

Bribery

, 110

Bribes

, 110–111

British Journal of Criminology

, 13

Broken windows approach

, 228–229

Bulk cash smuggling

, 5–6

Bush, George W

, 403

Caliphate

, 409

Canada

, 89, 161, 177–178, 320, 325–326, 536

Cannabis

, 390–391

cultivation

, 391

regulation

, 384

Capabilities approach

, 10–11, 274, 281–283, 400

Capitalism

, 69, 73, 442

‘extreme energy’ process

, 445–448

LtG

, 442–445

‘renewable’ energy

, 448–454

Capitalist system

, 442

Carbon

criminals

, 555

intensity of energy system

, 554

market

, 539

Carbon footprint. See Consumption-based emission estimates

Caribbean

, 34, 53, 90, 92, 96, 211, 386–387

Carothers, Thomas

, 33–34, 131–135, 140–141, 144–145, 147–148

Causal tension

, 48–49

Caution

, 179

Central Intelligence Agency

, 409

Centre for Crime Prevention (CCP)

, 32

Child labour

, 3, 8–9, 12–13, 281

Children

, 274, 281–283, 287

‘Children first’ approach

, 288–289

Children’s Trust, The lawsuit

, 564

Christchurch shooting

, 410

Cities

, 17–18, 96, 224, 226–227

Citizen Security Initiative (CSI)

, 186

Citizens

, 33–34, 66, 69, 140–141, 145, 274–275

Civil law

, 251

Civil wars

, 51

Clean Air Act (CAA)

, 561–562

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

, 539

Climate Action Plan

, 556–565

Climate change

, 11–13, 444, 449, 534–535, 537, 551–556

Climate Action Plan

, 556–565

UN Member States and Global Community

, 565–570

Climate change criminology

, 551

Climate denial movement

, 537–538, 542–543

Climate refugees

, 533–534, 568

Club of Rome

, 441–442

1972 Club of Rome report The Limits to Growth (LtG)

, 441

Cocaine Route Programme (CRP)

, 53

Cod

, 486

Cohen, Stanley

, 13, 320

Collectors

, 428–430

Colombia

, 53, 90, 95, 275–276, 390

Colonialism

, 11, 14, 67, 77, 567–568

Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND)

, 380

Commodification of emissions

, 538–541

Commodity form of law

, 69

Communicable diseases

, 93–94

Community

insecurity

, 520–521

security

, 515

Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)

, 386–387

Company Formation Agents (CFAs)

, 8

Competent authorities

, 139

Conceptual tension

, 46–48

Conferences of Parties (CoPs)

, 429–430

Confidence

, 247–248

Conflict, Stability and Security Fund (CSSF)

, 205, 210, 211

ConocoPhillips

, 443–444

Conservation

, 424–426, 502–503

Consumption-based emission estimates

, 554

Controlling Migration Fund (CMF)

, 208

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES)

, 420, 429

Coordination

, 164–165

Corporación Andina de Fomento (CAF)

, 177–178

Corporate vehicles

, 9–15

Corporations

, 2, 70, 72–73, 518–519

Corruption. See also Anticorruption policy frameworks

, 105–106, 466, 524–526

applying indicators

, 115–117

estimated monetary value

, 113–114

monitoring

, 115–116

principal corruption channels impacting sustainable development

, 109–113

reduction as sustainable development target

, 115–119

stymies

, 106

and sustainable development

, 107–109

Costa, Antonio Maria

, 33

Costa Rica

, 17, 248, 498, 502

Counter-narcotics approach

, 54

Counter-terrorism (CT)

, 398, 401–407

Counter-terrorism Committee (CTC)

, 401–402

Counter-terrorist laws

, 73–74

Countering violent extremism (CVE)

, 403

Covid-19 pandemic

, 4–6

CRAVED theft model

, 488–489

Creative compliance devices

, 4–5

Crime. See also Organised crime

, 177, 180, 185–187

in leisure spaces

, 233–235

prevention

, 491

in public housing/urban settlements

, 227–230

in public transport

, 230–232

Crime control

, 74–75

policies

, 186–187

‘Crime control and development’ rationale

, 178

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)

, 232–233

‘Crime script’ analysis

, 488–489

Crime–development nexus. See also Security–development nexus

modernisation to globalisation

, 27–31

politics of

, 9

SDGs

, 35–37

transnational organised crime

, 31–33

UN’s Crime Policy Agenda

, 33–35

UNODC

, 35–37

UNODCCP

, 31–33

Criminal interests

, 54

Criminal justice system (CJS)

, 249

Criminal law

, 322–323

Criminal networks

, 57–58, 206–207, 425

Criminality

, 28–30, 45, 54, 58, 555

Criminological analysis

city, safety and inclusion

, 226–227

crime in leisure spaces

, 233–235

crime in public transport

, 230–232

cultural heritage

, 235–237

inclusive cities

, 232–233

international research on safe cities

, 227–230

SDG 11

, 224–226

Criminological engagement with SDGs

, 13–15

Criminologists

, 179

in development debate

, 189–193

Criminology

, 8, 13, 179–180, 200–203, 551

‘Criminology and the UN Sustainable Development Goals’

, 8–9

Critique of the Gotha Program (1875)

, 71

Crony capitalism

, 112

Crop eradication processes

, 383

Crown Prosecution Service (CPS)

, 210

CRP conference (2013)

, 53

Cultural/culture

culture–nature nexus

, 422

heritage

, 235–237

of lawfulness

, 133, 135–136, 144

property

, 235

Cyberviolence

, 295–296, 299

Debt Crisis (1982)

, 29–30

Decarbonisation

, 556, 567

Decision-making

, 250–255

responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative

, 255–258

Decree on Drinking Water Supply (Slovenia)

, 470

Deforestation

, 383

in Vietnam

, 517

Democracy

, 33–34, 117, 134–135, 145

Democratisation

, 53–54, 131–132, 162–163, 200–201

Department for International Development (DFID)

, 203

Destructive fishing methods

, 486

Developing countries

, 177

Development. See also Sustainable development

, 25–26, 28, 185–189, 379–380, 425–428

actors

, 52

aid

, 16–17, 199, 211, 280

community

, 53

development-oriented drug control

, 382

involvement of

, 44–45

2030 development agenda

, 280–283

Development Assistance Committee (DAC)

, 204

Developmentalisation

, 34

Digital coercive control

, 299

Dignity

, 275–276

Diplomacy, development and defence/security (Three Ds)

, 51

Direct victimisation

, 230–231

Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS)

, 6

‘Dirty money’

, 2

Disaster risk reduction (DRR)

, 225

Disrupting markets

, 497

Diversity

, 6, 235, 244–245

Doha Declaration

, 136

Domestic violence

, 297

technology as channel to enacting

, 299–301

Donors

, 13, 34–36, 523–524

Dooley Method

, 6

Doomsday Clock

, 535

‘Double Irish Dutch sandwich’

, 5

Dravsko polje area

, 477

Dredging

, 486

Drinking water

regulation

, 474

supply in Slovenia

, 473

Drug policy

, 379–380

development agenda

, 382

historical context

, 381–384

impacts of drug policy on sustainable development

, 382–384

Drug traffickers

, 383

Drug trafficking

, 192

Drug-related violence in Mexico

, 55

Dutch Public Administration Act

, 19–20

Eco-justice

, 440, 542–543

Ecocide

, 541–543, 555

Ecological destruction

, 421

Economic

development

, 47–48, 107, 262, 455–456

globalisation

, 31

growth

, 6–7, 9, 31–32, 106–107, 177, 183–184, 454–456

imperialism

, 186

security

, 515

Ecuador

, 184, 236–237

Education

, 52, 101, 108, 208, 296–297, 427, 487–488

‘Education for Justice’ initiative (E4J initiative)

, 14–15, 136

Effective Institutions Platform (EIP)

, 120

Effectiveness of SDGs

, 12–14

Egalitarianism

, 276

El Salvador

, 71–72, 88–91, 91–92, 95, 97, 99

Elite interests

, 5

Embezzlement

, 109–110

Emissions

, 12, 533–534

Empowerment

, 78

Encalado method

, 452–453

End sustainable harvesting

, 521–522

Energy

consumption

, 446–447

production

, 440, 441–442, 455

security

, 443

Energy return on investment (EROI)

, 445–446

Engels, Fredrich

, 64–65, 68–69, 76–77

Enhanced Case Management (ECM)

, 285

Environmental

crimes

, 6, 422, 523–524, 541

harms

, 251

law

, 490–491, 552

protection

, 107, 386–387, 440, 454–455, 470

security

, 515

Environmental criminology

, 490–491

in IUU fishing

, 488–490

Environmental Protection Act

, 470, 473–474

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

, 561–562

Equality

, 276–278

Eradication

, 383

Escobar, Arturo

, 11, 37, 188–189

EU Water Framework Directive

, 476

European Commission

, 476, 479–480, 538, 540–541

European Consensus on Development

, 199

European Union

, 12, 16, 177–178, 199, 390, 443–444, 469, 474, 538

Evaluation

, 244, 261–264

Evidence collection

, 305–306

Exclusive economic zones (EEZs)

, 487

Executive corruption index

, 117

Exploitation

, 10–11

‘Exponential Climate Action Roadmap’

, 566–567

Extraction

, 18–19, 421–422, 442–443, 445–447, 563

‘Extreme energy’ process

, 445–448

Extremism

, 199, 404

ExxonMobil

, 443–444

Facilitation payments

, 110–111

Failed asylum seekers (FAS)

, 209

Failing states

, 12

Fairness

, 276–278

Family

law

, 251

violence

, 297

1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries

, 487

FAO Compliance Agreement

, 487

Fault-based liability

, 541–542

Fedotov, Yuri

, 34–37

“Feeling safe” concept

, 299–300

Femicide

, 316

‘Femicide Watch’

, 324–327

Financial Action Task Force (FATF)

, 15, 402

Financial flow. See also Illicit financial flows (IFFs)

, 7

Firearms

, 94

Food security

, 515

Forced labour

, 5

Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO)

, 203

Foreign direct investment

, 6, 108–109

Foreign national prisoners (FNP)

, 209

Forest protection

, 516–517, 523–524

Formal equality

, 64–66

Formal law, inequality of

, 70–74

Fortress conservation

, 425–426

Fossil fuel industry

, 442–443, 537–538, 555–556, 558–559, 569

Fossil fuels

, 421–422, 443–445, 447–448, 543–544, 560–561

Fourth Anti-Money Directive

, 16

Fracking

, 441

Fragile and conflict states (FCSs)

, 203–204

‘Free market’ approach

, 10

Freedom from fear

, 34

Freshwater

, 466

abstraction and supply of

, 470–471

Friends of the Irish Environment (FIE)

, 564–565

Friends of the Irish Environment CLG v. Fingal County Council

, 564

Funding

, 523–524

Futures, loss of

, 93–94

Gangs

, 99–101

Gender

, 10–11, 297–299

gender-based violence

, 297

gender-sensitive migration policies

, 11

Gender Equality in Public Administration (GEPA)

, 259

Generation Identity (GI)

, 410–411

Geneva Conventions

, 236

Gini coefficient

, 101

Global Burden of Disease study

, 94–95

Global carbon trading

, 538–541

Global commons

, 427, 429

Global Compact on Migration

, 9

Global Corruption Barometer

, 115–116

Global Counter-terrorism Strategy (GCTS)

, 398, 402–403

Global crime governance

, 16, 27–28

Global disparities

, 93

Global Financial Crisis (GFC)

, 204

Global Financial Integrity (GFI)

, 6–7

Global heating

, 551

Global liberal institutions

, 76–77

Global North

, 2, 186

Global poor

, 197–198

Global positioning systems (GPS)

, 297

Global Programme on Development Solutions for the Prevention of Violent Extremism

, 399

Global Slavery Index

, 6

Global South

, 176, 178

polycentric security governance in

, 157, 159–162

Global systems

, 421

culture, nature and green criminology

, 421–422

sustainable development as postcolonial resistance

, 430–432

trafficking culture and nature as neocolonial hegemony

, 422–430

Global War on Terror (GWOT)

, 398

Global warming. See also Climate change

, 535, 554

Global Wildlife Whistleblower Program

, 501

Globalisation

, 8

Globalisation project

, 187

Good governance

, 33–34, 50, 115, 119, 183, 317–318

‘Grease in wheel’

, 108

‘Great Gambia Heist’

, 2

‘Great Replacement’, The

, 410–411

Green criminology. See also Environmental criminology

, 421–422, 490–491, 541–543

Greenhouse gases emissions (GHG emissions)

, 553, 554

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 73, 105–106

Gross national income (GNI)

, 204

Groundwater

, 475

Guardian Angels

, 231–232

Guterres, Antonio

, 105–106, 537

Hague Convention

, 236

Harvey, David

, 10, 30–31, 67, 325, 451–452, 536, 538, 540–541

Health security

, 515

Hegemony

, 178

‘Heritage’

, 419–420, 425–428

‘Hidden’ violence

, 302–303

High-Level Panel on IFFs

, 6

Homicide

, 91, 93–94

in Latin America and Caribbean region

, 93

Honduras

, 71–72, 88, 90–92, 95, 99–100

Hot Money Method

, 6

Housing

, 229

Human development approach

, 46

Human Development Report

, 10–11

Human rights

, 466

Human security

, 246, 513–516

approach

, 46

illegal logging as threat to

, 519–521

Human Security Centre

, 516

Human trafficking

, 3–4

as global development challenge

, 10–12

to modern slavery

, 4–7

SDGs in

, 7–12

targets and indicators addressing

, 7–10

‘Identify property’ technique

, 496–497

Ideology

, 67–69, 422

‘Idyllic justice’

, 65

Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU fishing)

, 485–486

developing and developed nations in use of SCP to fight

, 499–500

environmental criminology in

, 488–490

nature, scope and prevalence

, 485–487

research methods

, 491–492

United Nations’ efforts to addressing problem of

, 487–488

Illegal activities

, 7

Illegal fishers

, 487, 488–489, 498

Illegal logging

, 513–514

large-scale

, 518

medium-scale

, 518

methodology

, 516–517

solutions

, 521–526

as threat to human security and SDG 15

, 519–521

in Vietnam

, 517–519

Illicit financial flows (IFFs)

, 1–2, 107, 111

conceptualising

, 3–5, 6

corporate vehicles and

, 9–15

situational interventions as plausible approach to IFFs reductions

, 15–18

sources and estimates

, 5–8

Illicit outflow

, 7

Impact of SDGs

, 2

Imperialism

, 11, 14

‘Incivilities’

, 233

Inclusion

, 226–227, 244–245

Inclusive cities

, 232–233

Independent Commission on Aid Impact (ICAI)

, 206

Independent judiciaries

, 143

Indicators for SDGs

, 107, 552

Indigenous people

, 5, 248, 251–252, 386, 523

Inequality

, 98

in application of law

, 74–76

of formal law

, 70–74

Information and education provision

, 303–305

Information communication technology (ICT)

, 295–297

Inner/human dignity

, 275

Institutional/institution(s)

, 50

strengthening

, 119–120

tension

, 49–50

Instrument contributing to Stability and Peace (IcSP)

, 53

Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)

, 566

Inter-Agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators (IAEG-SDGs)

, 258

Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)

, 177

Inter-rater reliability

, 491–492

Intergovernmental organisation (IGO)

, 27–28

Intermediaries (IFF)

, 3

International commitments

, 4–7

International community

, 15, 28–29

International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ)

, 9

International cooperation

, 5, 29, 176, 177–178

International Council for Science (ICSU)

, 70

International crime

, 27–28

prevention

, 28

International Criminal Court (ICC)

, 561

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)

, 247–248

International development

, 10–11, 20, 197–199, 201

International Development Act (IDA)

, 203

International Financial Institutions (IFIs)

, 177, 184, 399–400

‘International Fisheries News’

, 491, 500–501

International Labour Organization (ILO)

, 7–8

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 6, 399–400

2001 International Plan of Action on Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing

, 487

International organisations

, 135

International security

, 51, 53–54, 405

International Social Science Council (ISSC)

, 70

Internationalisation

, 211

Interpersonal violence

, 93

Intimate partner violence

, 297, 315–316

Invisibility

, 321

Iraq

, 44–45, 54, 409

Ireland and the Attorney General

, 564

Islamic State (IS)

, 398, 403–404

Istanbul Convention

, 317–318

Japan

, 89, 92, 385

Joint Border Task Force (JBTF)

, 211

Judicial

corruption decision

, 117–119

individual

, 69

Juliana et al v. United States

, 564

Justice

, 274

decision-making

, 250–255

inclusive, participatory and representative

, 247–248

responsive

, 249–250

sector institutions

, 247

sector reform

, 250–251

Kickbacks

, 110–111

Kyoto Protocol

, 539

Large-scale illegal logging (LSIL)

, 518–519

Latin America

, 176–178

penal systems

, 185

social and economic problems

, 184

Latin America and Caribbean region, homicide in

, 93

Law and Development movement

, 183–184

Law enforcement

, 32–33, 45, 53, 57, 99, 424–425, 562–563

Lawsuits

, 563

Leadership

, 121–122

League of Nations

, 28

Legal actions

, 556, 561, 563

Legal migration

, 198

Leisure spaces, crime in

, 233–235

Less-developed country (LDC)

, 399–400

LGBTQI+

, 19–20

Liberalism

, 14

Libya, organised crime in

, 57–58

Life expectancy

, 91–92

Limits to Growth (LtG)

, 441–445

Lithium

, 441–442

contamination

, 452

Lithium Triangle

, 450, 452

lithium-ion batteries

, 448–449

mining activity

, 452–453

in Peru

, 453

problem

, 448–454

Litigation

, 562

Local ecosystems

, 431–432, 447–448

Local ownership, principle of

, 246–247

1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB)

, 2

Malaysia

, 2, 15–16

Marine resources

, 486–488, 499, 502–503

Market economies

, 178, 188, 541

Marshall Plan

, 382–383

Marx, Karl

, 64–65, 67, 74

Marxian theorists

, 66–67

Marxist analysis

, 73

Mass impoverishment

, 77–78

Mass migration

, 198–199, 203, 207, 533–534

Material inequality

, 64–66

Materialistic approach

, 67

Medical cannabis

, 391

Medium-scale illegal logging (MSIL)

, 518, 519

Mega-corporations

, 72

Megacities

, 226–227

METRAC (Canadian association)

, 229–230

Metropolitan social disciplines

, 190–191

Mexico, drug-related violence in

, 55–57

Middle East and North Africa region (MENA region)

, 205

Migration

, 10–11

control

, 199, 207, 209

flows

, 198–199

management

, 202

Migration Impact fund

, 208–209

Milan Plan of Action

, 29–30

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

, 2, 6, 32–33, 275, 316, 398

to UN SDGs

, 317–318

Mining

, 452

‘Missionaries’ correctionalism, risk of

, 179–180

Mobility

, 231

Modern slavery

, 3–4

as global development challenge

, 10–12

SDGs in

, 7–12

targets and indicators addressing

, 7–10

trafficking to

, 4–7

Modernisation

, 425–428

to globalisation

, 27–31

project

, 26–27

to sustainable development

, 180–185

theory

, 181

thesis

, 29

Money laundering

, 111

Moon, Ban-Ki

, 321, 403–404

Moral panics

, 228

Motivational tension

, 50–52

National anti-corruption strategies

, 16

National anticorruption plans and strategies

, 120–121

National Crime Agency (NCA)

, 210

National Environmental Protection Action Plan

, 473

National Security Council (NSC)

, 205

National Security Review (UK)

, 206–207

National sustainable development strategies (NSDSs)

, 225

Natural disasters

, 514, 533–534, 536

Natural surveillance

, 495

Negotiations of SDGs

, 9, 14–15

Neo-jihadism

, 398, 403, 410

Neocolonial hegemony, trafficking culture and nature as

, 422–430

Neocolonialism

, 431–432

Neoliberal globalisation

, 181, 399–400

Neoliberalism

, 183–184

Net energy

, 445–446

New International Economic Order movement (NIEO movement)

, 29–30

New South Wales (NSW)

, 304

New York City’s transit system

, 231–232

“Nexus”

, 45, 47

9/11

, 398, 401–408

No Drop Policy

, 143

Nodal governance

, 158, 159

Non-citizens

, 14

Non-ODA funded programme

, 209

Nongovernmental organisations (NGOs)

, 17, 135

Nonstate in polycentric systems

, 159–160

Nontimber forest products (NTFPs)

, 519–520

Northern Triangle of Central America (NTCA)

, 100

North–South divide

, 98–99

Obama, Barak

, 167, 403–404, 559–560

Ocean Sentinel program

, 495

Office for Professional Body Anti-Money Laundering Supervision (OPBAS)

, 20

Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (OHCHR)

Official development assistance (ODA)

, 198, 204–205

Offloading catches in ports of convenience

, 487

Oil

, 11, 441, 562–563

Opium Economy in Afghanistan

, 34

‘Orange Day’

, 295–296

Organised crime. See also Crime

, 43–44

challenges

, 53–55

involvement of development

, 44–45

prospects

, 55–58

tensions in security–development nexus

, 45–52

‘Organised Immigration Crime Task Force’

, 210

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

, 33, 75–76

Organization of American States (OAS)

, 138, 177–178

Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP)

, 2, 12

Oslo Governance Centre Expert Group Meeting

, 75

Palermo Protocol

, 10–11

Panama Papers scandal

, 9

Paris Agreement

, 536–537, 542, 566

Participation

, 75–76, 134, 244–245

Peacebuilding

, 246–247, 254

‘Peaceful and inclusive societies’

, 6, 16–17, 76, 106–107, 131–133, 156, 162, 169, 244

Peer legitimacy (policing)

, 165–166

Peer support (SSR)

, 256

Penal aid

, 200

Penal exports

, 200

Penal imperialism

, 200

Penal power

, 199, 212

People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership (Five P)

, 2

Personal security

, 515

Pew Charitable Trusts, The

, 491

Philippines Human Rights Commission

, 563–564

Plural policing

, 16–17

Plurality

, 159

Poaching

, 420–421, 428, 520

Police

, 55–56, 231

Policing

, 4, 32–33, 160–161, 158

Policy coherence

, 384

Policy frameworks

, 107

Political

economists

, 5–6

economy

, 27, 31

pressure

, 166

security

, 515

will

, 121–122

Political Corruption Index (PCI)

, 117

Politics of crime

, 9

Polluter pay principle

, 541–542

Pollution

, 12–13, 476–479

Polycentric security governance

, 156

in Global South

, 159–162

public and private goods provision

, 157–159

South African Case of polycentricity

, 162–166

Polycentricity

, 159–160

and coordination

, 164–165

and peer legitimacy

, 165–166

South African Case

, 162–166

Ports States Measures Agreement

, 487

Post colonialism

, 142–143

Post development

, 11

Post neoliberalism

, 184

‘Post-Washington Consensus’

, 34

Postcolonial resistance, sustainable development as

, 430–432

Poverty

, 51

Prevention of violent extremism (PVE)

, 398

Private property

, 65–66

Private security

, 162–163

‘Private’ violence

, 302–303

Privatisation of water resources

, 479

Professional intermediaries, regulation of

, 18–20

Project Drawdown

, 566–567

Property

law

, 251

rights

, 68–69

Protectors

, 428–430

Psychological VAW

, 319

Public and private goods provision

, 157–159

Public consultations

, 257–258

Public criminology

, 14

Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys

, 109–110

Public goods

, 44–45, 159–161

Public legitimacy

, 166

Public transport, crime in

, 230–232

Punishment

, 186, 191

Quantitative Service Delivery Surveys

, 109–110

Quito, Ecuador

, 236–237

Race

, 96–97

Racial stereotyping

, 231

Racism

, 232–233

Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA)

, 19

Recharge Project

, 304

ReCharge: Women’s Technology Safety project (2015)

, 304

Referent object of security

, 46–47

Reform

environmentalism

, 560

reform-minded states

, 387

Register of persons with significant control (‘PSC register’)

, 17–18

Regulation

, 11–12, 66, 68

‘'Removing targets’ technique

, 497

‘Renewable’ energy

, 448–454

Republic of Slovenia

, 466–467

access to safe and affordable drinking water

, 467–469

access to water as fundamental human right

, 479–481

water protection in

, 469–479

water supply organisation in

, 469–470

Researching Solutions Against Violent Extremism

, 407

Resilience

, 249, 557

Resistance

, 34–35, 559

Resource scarcity

, 398

Response strategies

, 493–494

Responsiveness of institutions

, 248

Return and Reintegration Fund (RRF)

, 209

Rhino poachers

, 431

Right to the city

, 232–233

Right wing nationalism

, 398, 403

Right-wing extremism

, 410–411

Risk

, 179–180

‘Root causes’ of migration

, 198

Rule of law

, 131–132, 134–136, 176–177, 187–189

agenda

, 133–134

definition

, 131–132

history

, 134–136

indicators and measurement

, 133

programming

, 133

SDG 16. 3

, 136–140

Singapore

, 145–147

Solomon Islands

, 142–145

in Western democracies

, 140–142

Rule of Law Index (World Justice Project)

, 139–142

Rules on Drinking Water Supply

, 470

Russian Land Bank (RBX)

, 12

Russian Laundromat Scheme

, 3, 12–15

Sabin Center for Climate Change Law

, 561

Safer Cities Programme

, 225–226

Safety

, 226–227

audits

, 229–230

Safety Net activity

, 300–301

Safety Net Australia

, 300–301

SafetyNed

, 300–301

Sage Nightlife initiatives

, 234

‘Sand in wheel’

, 108

Scepticism

, 179

Sectoral interest groups

, 526

Securitisation

of development

, 51, 199

of UK Aid

, 203–206

Security governance

, 16–17, 156–157, 167–168

Security sector institutions

, 247

decision-making

, 250–255

inclusive, participatory and representative

, 247–248

responsive

, 249–250

Security sector reform (SSR)

, 52, 200–201, 246, 254

Security–development nexus. See also Crime–development nexus

, 198–199, 245–247

tensions in

, 45–52

Self-fulfilling prophesies

, 405–406

Sen, Amartya

capabilities approach to youth justice in Wales

, 286–289

capability approach

, 274

economic growth

, 278–280

Service provision

, 306

Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV)

, 247–248

Sexual harassment and assault

, 232

Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression (SOGIE)

, 249

Sexual violence

, 142–143, 301

Shock therapies

, 181–182

Singapore, rule of law in

, 145–147

‘Sis Bot’ chat bot

, 302–303

Situational crime prevention (SCP)

, 489–490

increasing effort

, 495–496

increasing risk

, 493–495

measures

, 492–499

percent of initiatives

, 493

reducing rewards

, 496–498

removing excuses

, 498–499

Slovenia

, 18–19, 89, 466–467, 469, 472, 479–481

Slovenian Environment Agency

, 474–475, 479

‘Slum’

, 226–227

Small arms and light weapons (SALW)

, 249–250

Small-scale illegal logging (SSIL)

, 518–519

SmartSafe+app

, 305–306

Social contract theory

, 67–68

Social defence

, 28–29

Social dignity

, 275

Social justice policies for children in Wales

, 283–284

Social laws

, 66–67

Social welfare

, 202, 431, 440–441, 454–455

Solomon Islands

, 142–145

South Africa

, 4, 16–17, 95, 97, 162–163, 257, 554

South African Case of polycentricity

, 162–166

South African Police Service (SAPS)

, 162–163

Southern criminology

, 188–189

‘Spacelessness’ of technology-facilitated violence

, 302

Spatiality

, 299

Special Rating Areas (SRAs)

, 157

in South Africa

, 163–164

Sponsor effect

, 259–260

State capture

, 111–112

State-corporate crime

, 5, 552–556

Stop and frisk. See Terry Stops

‘Stop Climate Crimes’

, 569

Strategic Planning and Interagency Affairs unit (SPIA)

, 35

Strong institutions

, 3, 115, 119, 135–136, 200–201

Structural adjustment policies (SAPs)

, 181–182

Structural adjustment programmes

, 68

Supply chains

, 11–12, 424–425

Supply reduction model

, 381

Surveillance

, 56, 304–305, 427, 501

Sustainability project

, 187

Sustainable development

, 2, 10–13, 399–401, 454–456, 513–514

corruption and

, 107–109

impacts of drug policy on

, 382–384

modernisation to

, 180–185

as postcolonial resistance

, 430–432

Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN)

, 319

Syria

, 73, 205, 403, 409, 537

‘Take Back The Tech!’

, 307–308

Tangible culture

, 235

Targets

indicators

, 107

for SDGs

, 521

Tax havens

, 9–10

Tax revenue

, 7, 513–514, 519–520

Technical assistance

, 26–27, 122, 567–568

Technical Support Team (TST)

, 258

Technology

, 295–299

to campaign for change

, 307–309

as channel for advocacy

, 301–303

as channel to enacting domestic violence

, 299–301

and evidence collection

, 305–306

and provision of information and education

, 303–305

and service provision

, 306

technology-facilitated advocacy

, 296–297

technology-facilitated coercive control

, 299

technology-facilitated VAW

, 298

Tensions in security–development nexus

, 45–52

causal tension

, 48–49

conceptual tension

, 46–48

institutional tension

, 49–50

motivational tension

, 50–52

Terrorism, trends in

, 407–410

Terry Stops

, 229

Testimonies

, 247–248

Theft

, 109–110

Third Worldism

, 29–30

Thuthuzela Care Centres (TCCs)

, 257

Tier 2 threat

, 54

Toxic emissions

, 533–534

Traceability

, 496–497

Trade Mispricing Model

, 6–7

Trafficking. See also Human trafficking

culture

, 420–421

culture and nature as neocolonial hegemony

, 422–430

Transnational

corporations

, 15

crime

, 420–421

organised crime

, 31–33

Transparency

, 6–7

Transparency International (TI)

, 8

Transport

, 224–225

Trump, Donald

, 407, 537

Trust

, 247–248

Trust and Company Service Providers (TCSPs)

, 8

Tuna

, 486

Uganda

, 308–309

UK Criminal Records Office (ACRO)

, 211–212

Ul Haq, Mahbub

, 382–383

UN Alliance of civilisations (UNAOC)

, 405

UN Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

, 322–323

1988 UN Convention on illicit trafficking in drugs

, 381

UN Counter-terrorism Centre (UNCCT)

, 401–402

UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs

, 245

UN Drug Control Program (UNDCP)

, 32

UN Environment

, 14, 533–534, 536

UN General Assembly Special Session (Drugs)

, 382

UN Guiding Principles on Alternative Development

, 382

UN Habitat

, 224–226

UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

, 555–556

UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)

, 386

2009 UN Plan of Action

, 382

UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children

, 4

UN Security Council (SC)

, 401–402

UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women

, 295–296

UN Women

, 4, 35–36, 224, 236–237, 256–257, 322–323

UN World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)

, 440

UN-Habitat and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

, 224–226

UN-Water Annual International Zaragoza Conference (2015)

, 467–468

UN’s Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB)

, 389

UN’s Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

, 28–29

‘Underdeveloped’ nations

, 25–26

Unemployment

, 51

UNICEF

, 93–94

UNiTE to End Violence against Women

, 322–323

United Kingdom (UK)

, 2, 17–18, 95, 100–101, 161, 228, 534–535, 538, 542–543

United Nations (UN)

, 25–26, 197–198, 295–296, 316, 398

agencies

, 14–15

Crime Policy Agenda

, 33–35

CT

, 401–407

Global Compact

, 9

Human Rights Council

, 15

Resolution 64/292

, 466–467, 467–468

United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND)

, 380

United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

, 30–31

United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC)

, 4–5, 32

United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime and Protocols (UNTOC)

, 32

1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

, 487

United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the child (UNCRC)

, 281–285

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

, 27, 177, 382–383, 405

United Nations Division for Sustainable Development Goals (DSDG)

, 224–225

United Nations Educational, Scientific and s Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

, 235

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

, 553

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

, 554

United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)

, 6, 32–33, 63–64, 115, 176, 398

United Nations General Assembly Special Session on Drugs (UNGASS)

, 380, 382, 384–388, 388–392

United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (UNODCCP)

, 31–33

United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention

, 31–33

United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

, 14–15, 33, 35–37, 137–139, 177, 324–325, 382–383

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 2, 4, 6–13, 27, 35–37, 43–44, 63–64, 106, 176, 197–198, 274, 275–278, 295–299, 316, 379–380, 399, 419–420, 440, 467–468, 487–488, 513–514, 552–556

in addressing trafficking and modern slavery

, 7–12

criminological engagement with

, 13–15

dignity

, 275–276

fairness and equality

, 276–278

MDGs to

, 317–318

negotiation process

, 9

operationalisation

, 8–9

question and effectiveness

, 12–14

SDG 11

, 224–226

SDG 13

, 12

SDG 14

, 502–503

SDG 15

, 514, 519–521

SDG 15. 9

, 522–523

SDG 16

, 6, 88, 131–132, 156, 244

SDG 16. 3

, 136–140, 145

SDG 16. 4

, 3

SDGs 12

, 454–456

SDGs 6

, 468

SDGs 8

, 454–456

violence and

, 94–95

United States (US)

, 398

homicide in

, 95–96

United States international development agency (USAID)

, 177–178

United States of America

, 554

Urban crime

, 225–226

Urban development

, 228–229, 233, 236, 387

Urban safety

, 224–226

Urban security

, 228

Urban settlements

, 226––230

Urgenda Foundation v. The State of Netherlands

, 564

Uruguay

, 17, 95, 184, 385, 390–391

US Climate Action Partnership (USCAP)

, 559–560

US Department of Justice (DOJ)

, 2

‘Utilising place managers’ technique

, 494–495

Utilitarianism

, 276

Value-added tax (VAT)

, 472

Varieties of Democracy Institute (V-Dem Institute)

, 117–119

Varieties of Democracy Institute

, 117–119

Victimisation

, 230

Victims

, 5, 135, 230–231, 235, 308–309, 562

‘Vienna Consensus’

, 385

Vietnam

deforestation in

, 517

funding

, 523–524

illegal logging in

, 517–519

Violence

, 88, 177, 180, 185

divide

, 88

firearms

, 94

global violence divide

, 89–91

and life expectancy

, 91–92

race and internal divide

, 96–97

and SDG framework

, 94–95

United States

, 95–96

upending gender

, 92

YPLL and loss of futures

, 93–94

Violence against women (VAW)

, 4, 6, 295–296, 315–316

defining

, 4

difficulty of defining

, 318–319

difficulty of measuring

, 320

measuring death

, 324–327

terminology

, 297

Violence against women and girls (VAWG)

, 316

MDGs to UN SDGs

, 317–318

target

, 321–324

Violence Resource Centre Victoria (DVRCV)

, 304

Violent extremism, trends in

, 407–410

Wales

, 283–289

Sen’s capabilities approach to youth justice in

, 286–289

social justice policies for children in

, 283–284

Welsh policies for children

, 285–286

War on drugs

, 381, 384

Washington Consensus

, 184

Water

, 466–468

and pollution in Slovenia

, 476–479

protection in Republic of Slovenia

, 469–479

quality monitoring

, 474–476

shortages

, 452, 466

supply in Slovenia’s local communities

, 473–474

supply organisation in Republic of Slovenia

, 469–470

use of

, 471–472

Water Act

, 469

Water Framework Directive

, 470

Weak states

, 57

Welsh Government

, 283–284

Welsh policies for children

, 285–286

Welsh Youth Parliament

, 284

Western democracies, rule of law in

, 140–142

Wildlife poaching

, 427

Wildlife trafficking. See also Trafficking

, 420–421, 427

Women in Cities International

, 229–230

Women of Uganda Network (WOUGNET)

, 308–309

World Bank (WB)

, 177–178

lending programs

, 183

World Bank Residual Method

, 6

World Drug Report (2015)

, 385–386

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 5, 89–90, 321–322, 533–534

World Heritage Convention (WHC)

, 236

World Justice Project’s Rule of Law Index (WJP Rule of Law Index)

, 139–141

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

, 553

World Trade Organization (WTO)

, 399–400

Years of potential life lost (YPLL)

, 93–94

Young People

, 280–283

Youth justice

, 274–275

Youth Justice System in Wales

, 285

Zaragoza Conference

, 466–468