Citation

(2018), "Index", Camilleri, M.A. (Ed.) Tourism Planning and Destination Marketing, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78756-291-220181013

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2019 Emerald Publishing Limited

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INDEX

Index

Access, accommodation, attractions, activities and amenities (5A’s)

, 19

Accommodation

, 9

Airbnb model of shared accommodation

, 13

B&B

, 11–12

camping and caravanning

, 12

consortia

, 11

educational accommodation

, 12–13

farmhouse accommodation and agri-tourism

, 12

hotel brands and corporate chains

, 10–11

second homes and time-share accommodation

, 12

Accountability in sponsorship

, 231

Activities, Settings, Experiences, Benefits (ASEB model)

, 39

Adaptive and/or proactive innovator

, 255

Adventure motivation

, 174

Adventure tourism

, 21, 164, 175

Agenda 21 summit

, 126

Aggregation of experiences

, 29

Agri-tourism

, 12

AIEST

, 2

Air travel

, 5

legacy airlines

, 6

legacy vs. LCCs

, 7

low-cost carriers

, 7

scheduled and chartered services

, 6

Airbnb model of shared accommodation

, 13

Airlines

, 6

Allocentrics

, 51

Allocentrism

, 52

Allocentrism-psychocentrism

, 53–55, 57, 61, 65, 68

cosmopolitanism and

, 56

dimensions

, 62

distribution curve

, 60

Plog’s psychographic model

, 55

Alternative tourism

, 126

Ambient Intelligence (AI)

, 185

Amenities, public service and

, 14

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

, 55–56

Ancillary services

, 13

education and training

, 15

entertainment

, 15

financial services

, 14

food and beverage

, 14

public service and amenities

, 14

retail facilities

, 15

tourist guides and courier services

, 16

tourist publications and online content

, 13–14

Anticipation phase

, 33

Aomori prefecture

, 148

‘Ascape’ app

, 194

Attitudes

, 50

Attraction motivations

, 167

Augmented reality (AR)

, 184–186, 189, 196

Augmented virtuality (AV)

, 185

Authentic tourism experiences

, 194

Average variance extracted values (AVE values)

, 107

Bangkok city, urbanisation and tourism in

, 124

Basecamp Explorer site

, 136

Bed and breakfasts (B&Bs)

, 9–10, 11–12

Behavior Science Corporation (BASICO)

, 50

Big Data

, 185

Biocapacity

, 123

Blue Mountain National Park in Australia

, 134, 135

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)

, 192

Booking

, 191

Brand(ing)

attributes

, 211

destination branding to

, 211–212

hyperreality

, 225

local festivals for

, 209–211

positioning statement

, 212

Business travellers

, 3

Calabar Carnival Festival

, 211, 212

Camping

, 12

Canadian websites

, 167

Caravanning

, 12

Carrying capacity

, 123, 134

Caserta Italian province

, 240

creating and drafting project

, 251–252

opportunities and implementation challenges

, 252–253

project

, 248–250

S-TLSS assumptions for

, 246–253

stakeholder research

, 250–251

SWOT analysis

, 248–249

Catamaran

, 9

Certificate of Travel Agency Competence (COTAC)

, 15

Chartered Institute of Transport (CIT)

, 15

Chi-square analyses

, 54–55, 59

Circular Economy framework

, 129

City and Guilds of London Institute (CGLI)

, 15

Clement’s analysis of de-marketing in Cyprus

, 134

Closed-loop cruise

, 8

Co-creation

, 143

in online and offline platforms

, 230

Co-location

, 87

Co-productive process

, 122

Coastlines

, 124

Cognitive value

, 34

Commercial brand image

, 228

Communication

, 242

Communities

, 205–206

Community-based tourism (CBT)

, 143

Competition

, 75–77

Competitiveness

, 246

Competitors

, 89–90

Conservation

, 162, 164, 165

Consortia

, 11

Construct reliability

, 107

Consumer value and experiential approach

, 26–27

Consumption phase

, 33

Content analysis

, 168

Cooperation

, 76–77

Coopetition in tourism

, 78–79

features of tourism business in empirical analysis

, 87–91

future research directions

, 92–93

literature review

, 86–87

methodology

, 79–86

‘CorfuAR’ app

, 193

Corporate chains

, 10–11

Corporate market-led framework

, 224

Correlation analysis

, 57–58

Cosmopolitanism

, 55–56

Costa Rica

, 136–137

Courier services

, 16

Cradle-to-cradle product design

, 128–129

‘Creative space’

, 225

Creative tourism

, 155

Creativity-led development

, 144

Cross-cultural consumption in food tourism

, 144

Cruise

, 34

and stay

, 8

Cruising

, 8

Culinary tourism

, 21

Cultural/culture

, 142

appreciation

, 154–156

consumption in rural tourism

, 143–144

encounter

, 143, 154–156

meanings and perceptions

, 143–144

tourism

, 21

understanding

, 175

web

, 144

Customer engagement

, 93, 142

Customer journey (CJ)

, 184, 189

Customer-centric co-creation perspective

, 79

Cyberspace

, 184

Data analysis

, 209

‘Day-trippers’

, 212

De-marketing

, 133, 134

activities

, 135

‘Dead zones’

, 188

Decisiveness

, 55–56

Descartes, Rene

, 188

Destination

, 2

choice

, 51

development planning

, 223

loyalty

, 215

management

, 41, 190

Destination branding

, 209–210, 230

analyses

, 227

to brand image

, 211–212

Destination management

, 41

organisations

, 190

strategies

, 216

Destination marketing

, 205

communities

, 203–204

economic impacts of local events

, 206–209

increase in tourist flows

, 212–213

local events

, 205–206

relationship between festivals and tourism

, 209–212

theoretical and managerial implications

, 215–217

tourism management strategies

, 204–205, 213–215

Destination marketing organisations (DMOs)

, 63, 86, 190, 205, 228

‘Digital detox’

, 188

Digital tourism marketing

, 189

Direct economic effects of festival organization

, 206

Divergent strategies

, 223

Domestic flights depart

, 5–6

Dreaming

, 195

Drivers of Consonance

, 247

Drivers of Resonance

, 247–248

Dyadic coopetition

, 77

Economic

benefits

, 100

impacts of local events

, 206–209

and social activities

, 13

Ecotourism

, (see also Tourism), 21, 126, 162

definitional issues

, 164–165

differences between ecotourism and related tourism types

, 166

experiences

, 169

limitations and future research

, 176–177

motivation research

, 165–169

motivations

, 163, 172–174

organisation

, 169

research findings

, 169–174

solutions and recommendations

, 174–176

sustainability

, 170

synopsis of research-based ecotourism motivations

, 168

tenet-based motivations

, 170–172

website classification by type of company

, 169

Ecotourists

, 167

Education(al)

, 175

accommodation

, 12–13

cruises

, 8

tourism

, 21

and training

, 15

Edutainment

, 226

Effective marketing communications

, 226

Emotions

, 27

emotional appeal

, 247

and sensations

, 29

Empirical analysis, tourism business in

, 87–91

Employment, local events effects on

, 207–208

Energy-lethargy

, 51

Entertainment

, 15

Environmental conservation

, 137

Environmentally friendly tourism

, 126

Equestrianism

, 61–62

Eurochocolate Festival

, 212

Eurochocolate of Perugia

, 216

European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)

, 253–254

Event strategy

, 223

event design and marketing communication strategies

, 225–227

issues, controversies, problems

, 223–225

sponsorship strategy

, 227–229

Event(s)

, 227

bundling strategy

, 231

design

, 225–227

event-marketing model

, 222, 229

image

, 226

leverage

, 222

marketing

, 225

personality

, 226

tourism

, 222

‘Everest VR’

, 194

Experience

, 25–26

economy

, 225

marketing paradigm

, 191

in tourism

, 27–29

Experiential approach

, 26–27

Experiential approach in tourism

, 27

experiential approach to tourism services

, 30–39

industrial/academia gap despite paradigmatic realm

, 27–29

Extended marketing mix

, 129

External stimuli

, 187

Extrinsic tourist motivation

, 5

Facebook

, 195, 227

Facilitators

, 3

Farm inn

, 144–145

Farmhouse accommodation and agri-tourism

, 12

Feelings

, 25–26

Ferry services and new modes of crossing channels

, 8–9

Festivals

, 204, 206

branding

, 211

from destination branding to brand image

, 211–212

local festivals for branding

, 209–211

management

, 208–209

relationship between tourism and

, 209

relationship with festival stakeholders

, 208

satisfaction

, 215

Final meeting

, 254–255

Financial services

, 14

Flexibility

, 55–56

Flora MacDonald Highland Games (FMHG)

, 207

Fly cruises

, 8

Fly-drive packages

, 9

Food

, 205

and beverage

, 14

festivals

, 210

Food and Drink Festival

, 214

Frugal tourists

, 3

Fully-immersive systems

, 187

Gamification

, 193

Gap Adventures

, 174

Gartner’s Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies

, 185

Global accommodation market

, 10–11

Global distribution systems (GDSs)

, 7

Global village

, 79, 184

Google cardboards

, 196

Google Glass device

, 192

Grandfather Mountain Highland Games (GMHG)

, 207

Green Campania

, 254

Greenhouse gases

, 124

Half-board accommodation

, 10

Hallmark events

, 224

Hantens

, 148

Head-mounted display (HMD)

, 187, 192, 194

Health tourism

, 21

Hedonic values

, 26, 34

Heritage houses in rural Japan

, 145

Higashi Iwase

, 147

High subjectivity

, 29

Hirakawa rural tourism

, 148–149

Hospitality

consumer value and experiential approach

, 26–27

experience

, 25–26

experiential approach in tourism

, 27–39

facilities

, 9–10

future research directions

, 41–42

industries

, 1–2

solutions and recommendations

, 39–41

Hotel brands and corporate chains

, 10–11

Hotel Catering International Management Association (HCIMA)

, 15

Hovercrafts ride

, 9–10

HTC Vive

, 187

‘HudWay’ app

, 192

Hydrofoil

, 9

Hyperloop’s vacuum-sealed pod transportation system

, 5

‘I-want-to-get-away-moments’

, 190

IBeacons

, 192

Idiosyncratic features

, 28

Image transfer

, 228

Image-maker

, 209–212

Immersion

, 187

Immersive 2D/3D VR

, 192

Immersive 4D VR travel experience

, 190

Inclusive tours (IT)

, 16, 17–18

Independent inclusive tours (IITs)

, 18

Indirect effects of festival organization

, 206

Individual reliability

, 107

Induced economic effects of festival organization

, 206–207

Industrial/academia gap despite paradigmatic realm

, 27–29

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)

, 184, 189

in tourism

, 185

Information technology

, 79

Informationalisation of Society

, 184

‘Infotainment’

, 226

Inland waterways

, 9

Innovative Campania

, 254

Innovative communication strategies

, 222

Instagram

, 195

Institute of Travel and Tourism (ITT)

, 15

Insurance

, 14

Integrated communication strategies

, 229

Integrated marketing communication (IMC)

, 227

Inter-coder reliability rate

, 169

Inter-organisational coopetition

, 78

Intermediaries

, 16

International Conference on Leisure Recreation Tourism

, 2

International Ecotourism Summit in Quebec

, 162

International flights depart

, 5–6

Internet

, 184

Internet of Things (IoT)

, 185

Internet-based ecotourism

, 162

Intra-organisational coopetition

, 78

Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage

, 246

Japan

Japanese culture

, 155

rural tourism

, 144–145

rural tourism initiatives

, 145–149

JTB Global’s office

, 146

Kaustinen Folk Music Festival

, 208

Key elements of tourist destinations

, 19–20

Knowledge-skill-attitude model (KSA model)

, 246

Kyoto Protocol

, 145

Land transportation

, 9

Last Supper

, 134

Leadership

, 247

Legacy

, 7

airlines

, 6

carriers

, (see National airlines)

Life-cycle assessment

, 128

Line voyage services

, 8

Liners

, 8

Literature review of tourism coopetition

, 86–87

Live communications

, 225

Local community

, 208

Local economy, local events effects on

, 206–207

Local events

, 204, 205–206

economic impacts of

, 206

effects on employment

, 207–208

effects on local economy

, 206–207

festival management

, 208–209

Location Based Services (LBS)

, 192

‘London Streetmuseum’ app

, 193

Low-cost carriers (LCCs)

, 7

Macro-level inter-networks coopetition

, 78

Maldives, tourism in

, 123, 124

Management strategies

, 224

Marketing

, 11, 223–229

communication strategies

, 225–227

events

, 225

management model

, 222, 229

mix

, 129, 130

strategies

, 212

sustainable tourism

, 129–132

tourism

, 129

‘Marriott Teleporter, The’

, 190

Masai Mara National Reserve in Kenya

, 136

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

, 167

Mass tourism

, 125

Medical tourism

, 21

Meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions (MICE)

, 21

Mega-events

, 224

Mehrabian Affiliative Tendency Scale (MATS)

, 56

Meso-level inter-organisational coopetition

, 78

Meta-level regional coopetition

, 78

Metaphor of web

, 183–184

Micro-level coopetition

, 78

Middlemen

, 16

Milgram Continuum

, 185

Mini-cruises

, 8

Minimum impact tourism

, 126

Mixed reality (MR)

, 185

Mobile devices

, 189

Mochi

, 154

‘Mochi Tsuki’ event

, 154

Modern tourism

, 125

Monetary flows on entry

, 206–207

Multi-paradigm approach

, 76–77

Multilevel governance

, 243

Multiple interrelations and dimensions

, 29

Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)

, 60

Museums

, 193

National airlines

, 6

National tourism offices

, 19

National Trust

, 134

Natural Step Framework

, 128, 130

Natural tourism vocation

, 241

Nature-based motivation

, 174

Nature-based tour operators

, 169

Nature-based tourism

, 164

Network analysis methodology

, 224

Nightclubs

, 134

Non-immersive systems

, 187

Nonexhaustive list of tourism destination categories

, 21–22

Ocean cruises

, 7–8

Ocean liners

, 8

Oculus Rift

, 187

Olympics

, 224

One-way rentals

, 9

Online content

, 13–14

Outernet technologies

, 184, 185

Owatatsumi

, 147

Package tours or packages

, 18

Partial least squares regression (PLS regression)

, 101

Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM)

, 64

Participants

, 226

allocentrism–psychocentrism scores

, 56–57

engagement

, 225

Passengers

, 7

Passport

, 17

Path weighting

, 107

Perceived mental space

, 188

Perception of sociocultural impacts

, 101

Perceptional change of touristic space

, 184

Person-to-person communication

, 223

Personal income effects of festival organization

, 207

Personality

, 51

personality-based psychographic profiles

, 59

Phenomenological sense

, 26

Phygital Customer Journey

, 189

‘Phygital’ tourist experience

augmented reality

, 185–186

booking

, 191

at destination

, 193–195

dreaming

, 195

ICTs in tourism

, 185

inspiration/planning

, 190–191

metaphor of web

, 183–184

perception

, 187–189

preparation

, 191–192

recommendations

, 196

travelling

, 192

virtual reality

, 185, 186–187

Place attachment

, 215

Place identity

, 241

Place image

, 241–242

Place personality

, 241

Place-making model

, 229

Planned local events

, 205

Pleasure seeking

, 172

Plog’s model of personality-based psychographic traits

contexts, methods and findings

, 52–65

empirical research

, 66–67

future research directions

, 69–70

nomological connection with venturesomeness

, 65

Plog’s psychographic model

, 50

research

, 52

Plog’s scale

, 65

‘Pokemon Go’ (game)

, 193–194

Political market square concept

, 224

Positive economic impacts

, 102

Post-departure event

, 148, 149

Post-purchase phase

, 33

Postmodernism

, 184

Poteet Strawberry Festival

, 215

Pre-departure event

, 146–148

Price

, 10

Product, price, place and promotion (four Ps)

, 129

Psychocentrism

, 52

orientations

, 52

Psychographic model

, 51

Psychographics

, 57

Public sector

, 77

Public service and amenities

, 14

Punta Del Este, Uruguay

, 101

Push–pull motivations

, 166–167

Real space

, 188

Rebound effects

, 133

Recreation Experience Preferences (REP)

, 56

Regional Operational Program Campania (ROP Campania)

, 253, 254

Regional sport events

, 228

Relationship

, 248

Religious tourism

, 21

Reputation

, 240, 242

Residents’ attitudes towards tourism

, 100

effects of tourism impacts

, 106–107

final structural model

, 113

future research directions

, 114–115

loadings of structural models

, 108–109

path coefficients of direct causal relations

, 110

path coefficients of mediated causal relations

, 112

reliability and convergent validity

, 107

results

, 107–112

sociodemographic profile of samples

, 106

solutions and recommendations

, 112–114

structural model

, 105

studies

, 102

Resorts and inns, and eco-lodges

, 169

Responsible tourism

, 126

Responsible Tourism Award

, 136

Restoration process

, 134

Retail agents

, 17

Retail facilities

, 15

Rockwood Adventures

, 174

Royal Palace of Caserta

, 246

Rural Development Program (RDP)

, 254

Rural tourism

, 21, 141, 205

cultural consumption in

, 143–144

cultural encounter and cultural appreciation

, 154–156

cultural encounters in

, 143

empirical information and analysis

, 149–154

future research directions

, 156

initiatives in Japan

, 145–149

in Japan

, 144–145

participants of Tateyama rural tourism initiative

, 147

Sales and distribution

, 16

travel agency operations

, 16–17

types of tours

, 17–18

Sales distribution system

, 16

Scenic Caves Nature Adventures

, 174

Scheduled and chartered services

, 6

Seaside tourism

, 21

Seasonality

, 90

Second homes and time-share accommodation

, 12

Self-esteem

, 5, 172

Self-fulfilment

, 172

Service dominant logic

, 26

Service Science, Management, Engineering and Design (SSME+D)

, 240

Service/front-stage

, 247

Shape of professional

, 245

Shared VR

, 195

Simultaneous cooperation

, 75–76, 90–91

Sine qua non condition

, 245

Singapore Tourists Promotion Board (STPB)

, 53

Sissinghurst Castle Garden in Kent, England

, 134

Small-scale events

, 226, 230, 231

Small-scale sport tourism events

, 222

Smart Service System logic

, 246–247

Smart Tourism

, 185

Smart Tourism Local Services System (S-TLSS)

, 240

assumptions for Caserta province

, 246–253

bottom-up process

, 244

future research directions

, 256

identification of financial resources

, 253–255

interpretations of territorial configurations

, 242

solutions and recommendations

, 255–256

T-shaped professionals

, 244–246

value proposition for S-TLSS competitiveness

, 243–244

SmartPLS 2.0 software

, 107

Snapchat

, 195

Social equilibrium

, 246

Social media

, 227

channels

, 195

marketing

, 227

Social motivations

, 167, 176

Social network concept

, 223

Social psychology

, 26–27

Social responsibility

, 248

Sociocultural benefits

, 102

Sociocultural costs

, 113

Soft tourism

, 126

Solidarity Campania

, 254

‘SpaceVR’

, 194

Spatial planning

, 156

‘Spatial Turn’

, 184

Specialisation on specific activities

, 241

Spillover effects

, 78

Spiritual space

, 188

Sponsorship strategy

, 227–230

Sport event

, 228

Sports tourism

, 22

Stable identity

, 241

Stakeholder engagement (SE)

, 250–251

and involvement

, 230

Stakeholders

, 18–19, 206, 208–209, 222, 223

groups

, 142

power relationships

, 230

Standard of living

, 115

Statistical analysis techniques

, 211

Status-seeking motivation

, 173–174

Stone Forest in the Yunnan Province of China

, 132

Strategic Experiential Modules (SEM)

, 34–35

Strategic management of events

destination development planning

, 223

event strategy and marketing

, 223–229

future research directions

, 230–231

solutions and recommendations

, 229–230

tourism destination managers

, 221–222

Strengths, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats analysis (SWOT analysis)

, 248–249

Structural conditions

, 243, 244

Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)

, 101

‘Suspension of disbelief’

, 188

Sustainability

, 128, 170, 246

Sustainable consumption

, 132

Sustainable development

, 122, 125

Sustainable marketing

, 130

Sustainable tourism

, 121, 124, 164–165

co-productive process

, 122

evaluating good practice

, 135–137

frameworks for

, 126

key drivers of sustainable and ethical consumption

, 132–135

managing and marketing, frameworks for

, 126–129

marketing

, 129–132

sustainable development goals

, 127

T-shaped Model

, 245, 246

T-shaped professionals (T-SP)

, 240, 244–246, 255

Tangible event tourism strategies

, 225

Target market analysis

, 211

Tateyama community centre and nature centre

, 147

Tateyama kuyakusho (see Tateyama ward office)

Tateyama rural tourism

, 146–148

Tateyama Shizen Fureikan (see Tateyama community centre and nature centre)

Tateyama town and tourism association (TTTA)

, 146

Tateyama ward office

, 147

Tavriyskie Igry (international music festival)

, 210

Tenet-based motivations of ecotourism

, 170–172

The International Ecotourism Society (TIES)

, 168

Thilafushi Island

, 123

360-degree VR videos

, 196

‘Time switchers’

, 206

Time-share accommodation

, 12

Tour operator or tour wholesaler

, 16

Tour types

, 17–18

Tourism

, (see also Ecotourism), 1–2, 99, 126

ability to travel

, 3–5

coopetition in

, 78–79

from destination branding to brand image

, 211–212

destination managers

, 221–222

destinations

, 51, 76

development

, 114

effects of tourism impacts

, 106–107

experiential approach in

, 27–39

ICTs in

, 185

impacts

, 100

journals

, 76

local festivals for branding

, 209–211

management strategies

, 204, 213–215

nature of

, 2–3

organizations and stakeholders

, 18–19

relationship between festivals and

, 209

seasonality

, 222

stakeholders

, 190

tourism-related contexts

, 25–26

Tourism area life cycle model (TALC model)

, 87

Tourism business

, 76

in empirical analysis

, 87–91

Tourism coopetition, literature review of

, 86–87

Tourism local area (TLA)

, 240

Tourism local system (TLS)

, 240–241

Tourism product

, 5

accommodation

, 9–13

ancillary services

, 13–16

sales and distribution

, 16–18

tourism organizations and stakeholders

, 18–19

tourist destinations

, 19–22

transportation

, 5–9

Tourist

, 78–79

destinations

, 19–22

experience

, 39

guides and courier services

, 16

increase in tourist flows,

, 212–213

publications and online content

, 13–14

spaces

, 183, 184, 187, 188

tourist-carrying capacity

, 123

Toyamako rail line

, 147

Traditional cruises

, 8

Traditional funding sources

, 222

Transformative research agenda

, 230

Transmission technologies

, 185

Transportation

, 5, 79

air travel

, 5–7

land

, 9

water-borne

, 7–9

Travel

, 1–2, 129

agencies

, 190

agency operations

, 16–17

and communication

, 183

motivators

, 4

Travel-related companies

, 169

Travellers

, 6, 14

Travelling

, 133

Triple Bottom Line (TBL)

, 126–127, 130

sample application

, 131

Twitter

, 227

Ukrainian local festivals

, 210

Umbria Jazz music festival

, 207

United Nations Conference on International Travel and Tourism

, 2

United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

, 18–19, 132

Upstream coopetition

, 92

Urban tourism

, 22

Urban transport

, 8

Usu

, 154

Utilitarian–hedonic dichotomy

, 41

Value co-creation

, 245

Value notion

, 26

Value proposition for S-TLSS competitiveness

, 243–244

Values and Life Style (VALS)

, 62–63

Venturesomeness

, 49–51, 58–61, 63–64, 70

effectiveness

, 63

Viable systems approach (VSA)

, 240

Vinitaly

, 205

Vintage Indiana Wine and Food Festival

, 213

Virtual environments (VE)

, 185, 186, 191

Virtual mental space

, 188

Virtual reality (VR)

, 184–187, 189, 190, 194, 196

Google Cardboard

, 192

Virtual tourism space

, 187

Virtual travel experience

, 194

Virtualisation of society

, 184

Vision

, 247

Visitors

, 2

Visits to friends and relatives travel (VFR travel)

, 2–3

‘VRoom Service’

, 194

Water-borne transportation

, 7, 9

cruising

, 8

ferry services and new modes of crossing channels

, 8–9

ocean liners

, 8

Watzlawick, Paul

, 188

Web 2.0

, 227

Web of significance

, 144

Weighting scheme

, 107

Wine and Jazz Festival

, 207

Wine tourism

, 22

Word-of-mouth

, 226

World Expos

, 224

World Travel Award

, 136

‘Yelp’ app

, 193

Yokoso Spirit of Japan campaign

, 145

‘YouVisit’ app

, 194

Zoni

, 154