Allocation

expenditure

, 37

financing allocations

, 193

optimal allocation

, 183

reduction

, 37

Application

cash waqf,

, 79

insurance

, 138

maslahah. See Maslahah

physical condition

, 140

rejection

, 148

tawarruq,

, 171–172, 175–176

Asset

durable asset

, 58

liquidation

, 105

quality

, 200, 205

real estate loan

, 182

transferrable assets

, 51

waqf assets

, 55

Asset liability management (ALM)

, 183, 184

Asset Structure Management

, 181, 182, 185, 189

Banda Aceh

academic experts

, 107–109

low-income earners

, 106–107

takaful practitioners

, 109–111

Banking

conventional banking

, 198, 199, 205

Islamic banking. See Islamic Banking

management

, 181

Banking products

, 169, 170

Banking sector

, 62, 183

Bank Muamalat Malaysia Berhad (BMMB)

Modus Operandi of products

, 176–177

tawarruq application

, 171–172, 175–176

Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM)

, 22, 137, 172, 188, 200

Bank’s characteristics

, 198, 200, 205

Bay’ al-tawarruq

BMMB products

, 172

commodity market share platform

, 172

definition

, 170–171

Bazar Wakaf Rakyat

construction

, 95

economic activity

, 89

Kelantan

, 89–95

spiritual development

, 95

BMMB. See Bank Muamalat Malaysia Berhad (BMMB)

Bond

, 52, 105

Business transactions

, 171, 175

Capital adequacy

, 184, 205

Capital adequacy ratio

, 204

Cash flow facility

, 172

Cash waqf

agriculture

, 79–80

arguments of Aceh scholars

, 58–60

economic development

, 78–79

education

, 77–78

flexible and benefit

, 55–56

health

, 79

Kelantan State, implementation

, 76

Majelis Ulama Indonesia

, 51–53

MUI scholars in Aceh

, 60–63

religious purposes

, 80

ruling

, 50–51

scholars of Aceh

, 56–58

social well-being

, 78

socio-economic development of society

, 69–71

Collateral

, 183

Commodity

, 172–173, 175, 177

Community

Banda Aceh

, 106

family takaful,

, 163

financial education

, 111

Indonesian Waqf Fund (TWI)

, 71

Muslim

, 36, 87–88, 163

public health sector

, 129

Consumerism

, 23

Control variable

, 193

Conventional

economics

, 4

financial system

, 170

insurance

, 122, 152, 154

Conventional banking

characteristics

, 198, 206–209

loans

, 210

mean value

, 205

profile comparison

, 205

ROAE ratio

, 210

z-scores

, 211–212

Corporate Social Responsibility

, 10

Corruption

, 4, 6

Counterparts

, 4

Credit risk

, 185, 204

Data collection

, 39, 75, 91

Debt

acquisition

, 20, 23, 24

credit card debt

, 20

impact

, 20

Maqasid al-Shariah,

, 24

purposes

, 30

Debt Management Programme (DMP)

, 22

Demand

, 103, 118, 183, 194

Demographics

, 127, 129

Dependent variable

, 185

Descriptive statistics

, 189, 190, 200

Determinants

, 103, 185, 193–194

Development

export possibilities

, 9

Kelantan

, 88

micro-takaful,

, 105

social welfare ranking

, 104

socioeconomic

, 10

Documentation

, 21, 124, 176, 177

Economic development

Bazar Wakaf Rakyat

, 92

cash waqf,

, 78–79

micro-takaful,

, 104

waqf,

, 86

Economic foundation

, 11

Enterprise

, 9, 10, 12, 14

Entrepreneur

, 4, 7, 9, 13, 14

Entrepreneurship

challenges

, 15

concept

, 9

Islamic perspective

, 12–13

sustainable entrepreneurship development

, 9–12

Equity

, 9, 200, 204

Fatwa

cash waqf,

, 50, 53

MUI

, 54, 55, 61, 63

scholars

, 60, 61, 63

Fee rates

, 38

Financial literacy

, 20

Financial markets

, 199

Financial performance

, 204

Financial statements

, 188

Financing

products

, 4, 177

profitability

, 185

Funds

application

, 175

cash waqf,

, 68

infaq funding

, 42

tabarru’,

, 126, 148

takaful,

, 122

Global

, 41, 102, 119, 198

Government

allocation reduction

, 37

entrepreneurship development

, 13

hospitals

, 129

micro-takaful,

, 109, 113

participation

, 10, 11

Government association

, 52

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 22, 73, 90, 120, 194

Halal protection plans

, 154

Holy Qur’an

, 4, 7

Household debt

, 20–25, 31

Income

distribution

, 4

micro-takaful,

, 113

respondents

, 157

Income group

, 108, 123

Increment

, 38

Independent

, 53, 85, 137, 152

Independent Variable

, 189, 191

Indicators

, 104, 182, 199, 202, 205

Indonesia

cash waqf,

, 50, 54, 63, 64

Islamic and conventional banks

, 199

micro-takaful,

, 103, 112

Indonesian Waqf Fund (TWI)

, 70

Infaq

categories

, 36

development

, 37

educational funding

, 36

Inflation

, 59, 193, 199

Interest rate

, 10, 182, 184, 185, 193

International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)

, 70

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 123, 200

Interviews

academic experts

, 106, 111

cash waqf,

, 78

low-income earners

, 106

qualitative data analysis

, 124

questions

, 39

takaful practitioners

, 106

Islamic banking

assets

, 211

financing

, 193

institutions

, 170, 177, 178

performance

, 199

Islamic banking products

, 169, 170

Islamic banking system

, 198, 213

Islam/islamic

concept and definition

, 5–8

entrepreneurship

, 13–14

microenterprise development

, 10–11

perspective

, 12–13

Islamic Banks

, 174

agricultural sector

, 10

Bangladesh

, 200

conventional banks

, 201, 213

Malaysian Islamic Banks. See Malaysian Islamic Banks

loans

, 205

profitability

, 199

return on average asset (ROAA)

, 205

subsidiaries

, 200

total income

, 199

Islamic bonds

, 52

Islamic economics

aim

, 4

charity

, 6

concept

, 5–8

definition

, 8–9

entrepreneur

, 9

entrepreneurship development

, 3

entrepreneurship

, 9, 12–15

quality

, 4

sustainable entrepreneurship development

, 9–12

Islamic equity

, 170

Islamic financial product

, 170

Islamic financial system

, 170, 171

Islamic financing

, 10, 122, 123

Islamic insurance

Malaysia

, 153

risk

, 152, 117–130

takaful. See Takaful

Islamic law

dalil

, 50

economic principles

, 4

entrepreneurship

, 13

Maqasid al-Shariah

, 24

Muslim community

, 154

risk

, 152

small- to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

, 12

takaful,

, 137, 163

waqf

, 85

Zakat

, 36

Islamic principles

, 118, 156, 159, 160, 161

Islamic state

, 7

Islamic teachings

, 85

Islamic value

, 8

Kelantan

Bazar Wakaf Rakyat

, 89–91, 92–95

data collection

, 75

Kelantan Islamic Religious Council (MAIK)

, 69

Muslim community

, 87–88

population

, 88

research methodology

, 91

society

, 71–72

socio-economic condition

, 73–75, 88–89

waqf

, 76–80

Legal

Islamic legal maxim

, 147, 149

Maslahah

, 31

requirements and policies

, 183, 184

waqf

, 60, 85

woman costs

, 128

Low-income earners

, 86, 103, 104, 106–107

Macroeconomic

, 182, 185, 188, 198, 199

Macroeconomic determinant

, 185, 187, 194

Macroeconomic variable

, 194

Malaysia

Bazar Wakaf Rakyat

, 83–96

cash waqf

, 51, 68–69

household debt

, 22–23

Infaq

, 35–43

Islamic banking institutions

, 169–178

Islamic Financial Services Act (IFSA)

, 153

Islamic insurance business

, 153

Kelantan Society

, 71–75

Takaful,

, 117–130

underwriting process, takaful products

, 135–149

Malaysian banking sector

characteristics

, 197–213

data and methodology

, 188

empirical findings

, 189–194

empirical variables

, 185

model specification

, 185

research methodology

, 200–205

stability analysis

, 197–213

Malaysian government

, 38

Malaysian Islamic banking

bank-specific determinants

, 193

correlation coefficients

, 189

descriptive analysis

, 189

financial condition determinants

, 193

macroeconomic determinants

, 194

Malaysian Islamic Financial Services Act 2013

, 148

methodology

, 185–188

model estimation results

, 192–193

model selections

, 189–192

Management

asset

, 171, 181–182, 185, 189

banks

, 204, 213

education and knowledge

, 10

financial resources

, 198, 199

household debt

, 19–31

infaq

, 39, 41

liability

, 171, 183, 184

profits and expenditure management

, 199

risk

, 102, 136, 152, 118

takaful

, 153

waqf

, 70

Market price

, 187

Marketing

, 4, 10, 14, 103, 108, 111

Marriage

, 7, 121

Maslahah,

, 149

cash waqf

, 56

debt purposes

, 30

dharuriyyat

, 24

hajiyyāt

, 24

levels

, 27–28

Malaysian Muslim

, 23

tahsiniyyat

, 24

takaful

, 149

Measurement

, 156, 203

Micro-takaful

, 103

academic experts

, 107–109

Banda Aceh

, 106–111

concept

, 104–106

definition

, 123

low-income earners

, 106–107

research

, 106

takaful practitioners

, 109–113

Money supply

, 186, 193, 199

Murabahah

, 177

Muslim Community

Bazar Wakaf Rakyat

, 93

cash waqf

, 56, 71, 78, 80

educational funding

, 36

Kelantan

, 72, 76, 87

maslahah. See Maslahah

mutaqaddimin scholars

, 54

Southern Thailand

, 154, 156, 157

Waqf

, 67, 68

Muslim consumer

, 23

Muslim countries

, 15, 70, 104, 118

Muslim population

, 103

Net profit

, 199, 203

Non Performing Loan

, 204

Occupation,

, 79, 137, 142, 144, 156, 157

Ownership

asset ownership

, 172, 186

commodity ownership

, 174, 177

foreign ownership

, 199

land ownership

, 102

Malaysian Islamic banks

, 188

rights

, 85

tabarru,

, 154

Panel data

, 188, 194

Perception

, 9, 39, 107, 108, 155, 184

Performance

banking performance

, 198, 199, 200, 204

financial performance

, 204

international market performance

, 11

Islamic banking

, 198, 204

programming model

, 184

stock market

, 187

Policy

banks internal policy

, 182

conventional life insurance policy

, 155

economic policy

, 15

expansionary monetary policy

, 194

fiscal policy

, 4, 24

higher premium policy

, 138

macroeconomic policy

, 182

microeconomic policy

, 11

Micro-takaful

, 105

New Economic Policy (NEP)

, 120

policy document

, 105

privatisation policy

, 120

rate-setting process

, 144

social and economic policy

, 7

takaful

, 105

Population

Kelantan

, 71–72, 79, 87, 88

Malaysia

, 198, 126

Muslim population

, 103

risks

, 102

statistics

, 145

World Bank

, 101

Portfolio

, 138, 182, 183

Potential

agriculture, cash waqf,

, 79–80

economic development, cash waqf

, 78–79

education, cash waqf

, 77–78

health, cash waqf

, 79

infaq

, 41–42

micro-takaful implementation

, 106–111

religious purposes, cash waqf

, 80

social well-being, cash waqfi

, 78

women

, 127

Poverty

distribution

, 88, 89

incidence

, 78

Poverty Line Income (PGM)

, 74

poverty alleviation

, 4, 5, 9

poverty reduction

, 8, 36, 74, 101

takaful

, 122

Privatization

, 7, 10–11, 193, 129

Producer

, 9

Profit rate

, 183

Profitability

, 94, 182, 183, 185, 204

Profitability of Islamic Bank

, 199

Property financing

, 23

Proportion of assets

, 183

Random effect model

, 189, 192

Reduction

, 74, 129, 175, 184

Regulation

, 129, 183

Researchers

, 39, 41, 75, 91, 103, 124

Return

, 21, 27, 183, 184, 194

Return on Asset (ROA)

, 203, 204, 205, 210, 211

Return on Average Asset (ROAA)

, 205, 210

Return on Average Equity (ROAE)

, 205, 210

Return on Equity (ROE)

, 204, 210

Return on investment

, 194

Risk

classification

, 184

management

, 117, 118, 136, 152, 171, 182

women

, 118–122

Sale contract

, 177

Scholars of Shariah

, 22, 25, 53

Securities

, 25, 52, 183, 184

Shariah

advisory members

, 163

debt acquisition

, 24

Islamic law

, 103

non-compliance

, 122

objectives

, 26

rationalisation

, 24

riba

, 136

underwriting

, 144–149

Shariah Advisory Council

, 137, 171

Shariah compliant

, 27, 153

Short term

, 26, 183, 184, 205, 210

Society

Bazar Wakaf Rakyat

, 83–96

infaq

, 42

Kelantan

, 67–80

micro-takaful

, 101–113

Muslim society

, 8, 55, 63

takaful

, 154

ummah

, 36

South Thailand

, 151–163

Stability

, 28, 147, 197–213

financial stability

, 147, 152, 184

Stakeholders

, 10, 67–80

Takaful

benefits

, 109

family takaful,

, 151–164

health takaful products

, 135–149

vs. micro-takaful,. See also Micro-takaful

, 105

practitioners

, 106, 109–111

and women

, 122–124

Underlying

, 182

Underwriting

age

, 139

family background

, 142

gender

, 139–140

hobbies

, 142–143

medical history

, 140–141

occupation

, 142

personal life

, 141

physical condition

, 140

Variable

, 185–187, 189, 200

Wakalah

, 126

Waqf. See Cash waqf

Women

career risk

, 127–128

crime risk

, 121–122

health risks

, 118–120

takaful,

, 122–124

Women’s takaful products.

, 124, 125, 127, 128

World Bank

, 101, 102

Zakat

, 7, 41, 59, 77, 89

Zakat funds

, 40, 68