Citation

Coutaz, G. (2018), "Index", Coping with Disaster Risk Management in Northeast Asia: Economic and Financial Preparedness in China, Taiwan, Japan and South Korea, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 159-168. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78743-093-820181010

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited

---

INDEX

Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” with numbers indicate footnotes.

Act on Development of Areas Resilient to Tsunami Disasters

, 103

Act on Earthquake Insurance (1966)

, 87, 104

Act on Promotion of Earthquake-proof Retrofit Building (1995)

, 102

Act on Promotion of Tsunami Countermeasures

, 103

Act on Special Financial Measures for Urgent Earthquake Countermeasure Improvement Projects

, 87

Act on Special Financial Support to Deal with Extremely Severe Disasters (1962)

, 87, 104

Act on Special Measures Concerning Countermeasures for Large-Scale Earthquakes (1978)

, 87

Act on Special Measures for Active Volcanoes

, 87

African Risk Capacity (ARC)

, 12, 141

Aggravating factors

, 153

Agricultural Disaster Compensation Law (1947)

, 104

Agricultural materials

, 37

Agricultural provinces

, 36

Agriculture losses, climate change and

, 35–37

Alaska earthquake (1964)

, 7

Alternative risk transfer (ART)

, 20n4, 45, 72

Anxin Agricultural Insurance Company

, 50, 50n30

Aquaculture

, 50, 74–75

Arrow–Lind theorem

, 19–20

ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER)

, 143–144

ASEAN Disaster Risks Financing and Insurance Programme (ADRFI)

, 144

ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)

, 144

ASEAN Regional Forum Disaster Relief Exercise (ARF DiREx)

, 40, 144

Asian Economic Integration Monitor

, 18

Assistance policy

, 42

Association of South East Asia Nations (ASEAN)

, 143–144

Avalanches

, 1, 6

Basic Disaster Management Plan

, 87

Bart typhoon (1999)

, 94

Biological disasters

, 6

Bolaven and Sanba typhoons

, 115

Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation

, 80

Budget function

, 20

Budget Law (1994)

, 42

Budget reallocations

, 20

Building resilience in Shanghai

, 47–52

Business-as-usual (BAU)

, 127–128

Caisse Centrale de Réassurance (CCR)

, 141

California Earthquake Authority (CEA)

, 138, 149

Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF)

, 12, 141

Caribbean Development Bank

, 8

Catastrophe (CAT)

, 3, 31–33, 39, 115, 147

bonds

, 24–26, 72

insurance program

, 46

models

, 135–136

transferring catastrophe risks

, 23–24

Central Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Headquarters (CDSCHQ)

, 119–120

Central Disaster Management Council

, 87

Central Disaster Prevention and Response Council

, 68, 75

Central Natural Disaster Livelihood Subsidy Fund

, 41

Central public funding

, 41–43

Central Reinsurance Corporation (Central Re)

, 69, 72

Centre for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED)

, 2, 9, 31n1, 63fn, 85n1, 113fn2, 138fn2, 151fn7

Chaba typhoon

, 115

Charitable donations

, 79–80

Chernobyl crisis (1986)

, 99

Chile earthquake (2010)

, 32, 103

China, disaster management in

, 31

building resilience in Shanghai

, 47–52

central public funding

, 41–43

civil society

, 52–54

climate change and agriculture losses

, 35–37

compact institutional system

, 37–39

economic development and urbanization

, 34–35

Great Sichuan earthquake

, 32–34

lack of insurance coverage

, 43–47

PLA role in disaster response

, 39–41

typhoons

, 31–32

China Earthquake Administration

, 38

China floods (1998)

, 17

China Insurance Regulatory Commission (CIRC)

, 46, 49

China Property and Casualty Reinsurance Company

, 45

China Re

, (see China Property and Casualty Reinsurance Company)

China Residential Earthquake Insurance Pool (CREIP)

, 46, 153, 155

Chinese Catastrophe

, 45, 94, 150, (see also Catastrophe (CAT))

Chinese civil war

, 62

Chinese provinces

, 42

Chuetsu earthquake (2004)

, 17

Civic forces

, 52, 54, 98, 149

Civil activism in China

, 54

Civil Defense Basic Act

, 116, 117

Civil society

, 52–54

Climate change

, 2–3, 150

and agriculture losses

, 35–37

South Korea and

, 113–114, 126–127, 129

Climatological disasters

, 6

Coastal City Flood Vulnerability Index (CCFVI)

, 47

Coherent financial protection

, 11, 20, 27, 133–134

Community involvement

, 98

Compact institutional system

, 37–39

Comprehensive disaster risk management strategy

, 10, 18–21, 24, 26, 39, 134, 144, 156

Comprehensive Plan on Climate Change Adaptation

, 126–127

Compulsory earthquake insurance

, 140

Compulsory insurance

, 5, 24, 137, 157

Construction activity

, 34

Contingent debt facility

, 11, 21–22

Cooperative Mutual Insurers

, 11, 90–95, 151

Cost of protection

, 103–106, 155

Counterpart assistance

, 42

Coverage gap

, 17–18, 17n2, 44, 47, 55, 94, 107, 148, 151, 153

“Creative destruction” process

, (see Schumpeterian “creative destruction” process)

Cross-sectional regression

, 9

Daegu subway, fire accidents at (2003)

, 111–112

Decentralized decision-making approaches

, 4

Deforestation

, 1

Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)

, 112

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK)

, 111

Democratic Progressive Party (DPP)

, 66–67, 72, 74, 153fn12

Desertification

, 1, 6

Development banks

, 5

Digital revolution

, 53

Direct damages

, 7

Disaster

, 1–2, 6–7

diplomacy

, 80

disaster-prevention measures

, 26

disaster–relief bond placement

, 25

impacts of past

, 114–115

insurance schemes

, 120–123

management

, 128

PLA role in disaster response

, 39–41

policy

, 4

preparedness

, 11, 18, 27, 37, 39, 87, 97, 112, 118, 129

protection

, 122

risk awareness

, 134–136

risk financing policies

, 135

risk governance

, 4–6

Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Headquarters (DSCHQ)

, 119

Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act

, 87, 102, 104

“Disaster Management 1.0”

, 103n25

“Disaster Management 2.0”

, 103n25

“Disaster Management 3.0”

, 103n25

“Disaster Management 4.0” Future Vision Project

, 103

Disaster Prevention and Protection Act

, 67–69

Disaster Prevention Bureau

, 88

Disaster Prevention Day

, 86

Disaster Relief Act

, 87, 104

Disaster risk management

, 38

Formosa Re CAT bond

, 72–73

importance of charitable donations

, 79–80

Morakot typhoon

, 73–75

natural disasters in Taiwan

, 62–64

before 1999 in Taiwan

, 64–65

921 earthquake revolution

, 65–69

public budgets and emergency funds

, 75–79

strategy

, 123

in Taiwan

, 68

Taiwan residential earthquake insurance fund

, 69–71

Disasters and Safety Act

, 117–118, 119

Disease epidemics

, 1, 6, 31, 119

Distribution systems

, 18

Diversification

, 50, 71, 76

Domestic and regional financial preparedness

, 133

Drought

, 1, 6, 31, 35n8, 114, 117

Earthquake Commission (EQC)

, 138, 139

Earthquake early warning (EEW)

, 90

Earthquake Early Warning System (EEWS)

, 69

Earthquakes

, 1, 31, 32, 64, 85, 139, 141–142

Economic

development

, 34–35

disruption

, 133–134

growth

, 112

impacts

, 26, 135

incentives

, 24

indicators

, 8

losses

, 17, 27

repercussions of natural disasters

, 8, 10

Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA)

, 74–75

Economics of Natural Disasters: Implications for Federal Policy (Dacy and Kunreuther)

, 7

Elsie typhoon

, 73

Emergency

funds

, 75–79

management

, 38

Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT)

, 9, 17n1, 31n1, 63n3, 66n7, 85n1, 113fn2, 138fn2, 151fn7

Emergency Management Act

, 116

Emergency Response Law and Aid Regulations of Natural Disasters

, 38

Energetic storms

, 36

Environmental protection

, 123–126

European and American carmakers

, 100

Ex ante financing instruments

, 20, 21–23, 27, 135

Ex post financing instruments

, 20, 21, 25, 27

Extraordinarily severe disasters

, 42

Extraterrestrial disasters

, 6

Extreme cold waves

, 1

5th Natural Hazards Risk Atlas (NHRA)

, 62–63

Financial policy

, 42

Financial preparedness

disaster risk awareness

, 134–136

international practices

, 138–141

PPPs

, 136–137

regional initiatives

, 141–144

Financial protection

, 18, 24, 27, 45, 147

Financing natural disasters

, (see also Natural disasters)

CAT bonds

, 24–26

comprehensive disaster risk management strategy

, 18–21

coverage gap

, 17–18

insurance and reinsurance

, 23–24

making difference

, 26–27

pre-disaster budgetary measures

, 21–23

Fire disasters

, 38

Fire Prevention Law

, 38

Fiscal policy

, 41

Fisheries Disaster Compensation Law (1964)

, 87, 104

Flood Control Act and River Act (1949)

, 102

Floods

, 1, 31, 36, 47, 113, 152, 153

Flossie typhoon

, 73

“Focusing event”

, 148–149

Forces of nature

, 88

Forest and grass land fires

, 31

Formosa Re CAT bond

, 72–73, 75

Fostering coherent financial protection

, 27

Framework Act on Low Carbon

, 127

Frequency Analysis Rainfall Data (FARD)

, 119

Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant

, 99, 102

Funds

, 123

emergency

, 75–79

reserve

, 21–22, 71, 78, 124, 151

General Insurance Association of Japan

, 100

General Insurance Rating Organization of Japan (GIROJ)

, 93n8, 97n17, 100n21

Geographic information system (GIS)

, 97

Geological disasters

, 38

Geophysical disasters

, 6

Geostationary Meteorological Satellites

, 88

Global adaptive governance

, 5

Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR)

, 147–148

Global financial assistance

, 51

Government(s)

, 5, 22, 24, 27, 157

bonds

, 105n28

intervention

, 137

“Graded response”

, 38

Great East Japan earthquake

, (see Tohoku earthquake and tsunami (2011))

Great Hanshin earthquake

, (see Kobe earthquake (1995))

Great Kanto earthquake (1923)

, 86, 91, 95, 98, 106

Great Leap Forward

, 37

Green infrastructure elements

, 51

“Green Ribbon” campaign

, 52

Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions)

, 126–127

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 3, 34, 61, 96, 114

Gulang earthquake (1927)

, 32n3

Haikui typhoon (2012)

, 48

Hails

, 31

Haiyan typhoon (2013)

, 2

Hanshin expressway

, 95

Hazard

, 6–7

hazard-specific approach

, 88n4

hazardous event

, 7

mapping

, 24

meteorological

, 32n2

natural hazards

, 21, 31

Heat waves

, 1, 35

Henan province

, 36

Herb typhoon

, 73

Hsinchu-Taichung earthquake (1935)

, 66

Huangpu river

, 47, 49

Human-induced factors

, 134

“Humanist and socially-engaged Buddhism”

, 80

Humanitarian assistance/disaster relief activities (HA/DR activities)

, 40

Hurricane Andrew (1992)

, 7, 25

Hurricane Katrina (2005)

, 7, 99

Hydrogen explosions

, 99

Hydrological disasters

, 6

Hyogo prefecture

, 95, 98

Indian Ocean tsunami (2004)

, 7

Indirect damages

, 7–8

Indispensable commitment

, 155–157

Industry policy

, 42

Institutional framework

, 48, 87, 117–120

Institutionalization

, 62

Insurance

, 23–24, 44

companies in China

, 44

industry

, 136

intermediaries

, 51

lack of insurance coverage

, 43–47

law

, 69

losses

, 17

market development

, 49

policy

, 46–47

products

, 151–152

Insurance-linked securities (ILS)

, 25n7

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

, 36

International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR)

, 5, 37

International Federation of Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)

, 2

International Foundation for Science, Culture and Education

, 5

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 5

International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES)

, 99

International practices

, 138–141

Internet

, 43, 53, 67, 85

Isewan typhoon (1959)

, 87, 88, 149

Izmit earthquake (1999)

, 66, 139–140, 149

JA Kyosai

, 11, 93, 93n9, 94

Japan, natural disasters in

, 85

Cooperative Mutual Insurers

, 90–95

cost of protection

, 103–106

Japanese expertise recognition in disaster risk management

, 86–88

JER

, 90–95

Kobe misery

, 95–98

post-disaster reactions

, 101–103

public awareness and education

, 88–90

Risk Allocation under Japan’s Reinsurance Scheme

, 91

Triple Disaster of Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami

, 98–101

Japan Earthquake Reinsurance (JER)

, 11, 69, 90–95, 100, 107, 149–150, 154

Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

, 88, 90, 97

Japan Tourism Agency

, 90

Japan’s past disaster management

, 103n25

Japanese Earthquake Reinsurance

, 24

Japanese expertise recognition in disaster risk management

, 86–88

Japanese law

, 104

Kobe earthquake (1995)

, 7, 11, 17, 86, 88, 89, 95–96, 95n13, 96, 151–152

Kobe misery

, 95–98

Korean Adaptation Center for Climate Change (KACCC)

, 127

Korean Meteorological Administration

, 114

Korean peninsula

, 111, 112, 113, 115, 125

Kuomintang (KMT)

, 66–67

Land policy

, 42

Landslides

, 1, 6, 31, 46, 63, 65, 73, 78, 85, 113–115, 119, 110

Larger disasters

, 42

Law on Protecting Against and Mitigating Earthquake Disasters

, 38

Legal system modernization

, 115–117

Limited private participation

, 154–155

Lushan earthquake (2013)

, 43n19, 53n33

Maemi typhoon

, 115, 120, 121

Marine disasters

, 38

Marine Environment Protection Law

, 38

Market-driven approach

, 46, 153

Matsa typhoon (2005)

, 48

Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)

, 144

Mesoscale

, 32n2

Meteorological disasters

, 6, 38

Meteorological hazard

, 32n2

Meteorology Law and Regulations on Meteorological Services

, 38

Mexican CAT bond issuance

, 25, 26

Military aggression

, 111–112

Military operations other than war (MOOTW)

, 40

Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs

, 121–122

Ministry of Civil Affairs

, 37

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)

, 101

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)

, 89

Ministry of Public Administration and Security

, 118

Miyagi earthquake (1978)

, 87, 88

Morakot typhoon (2009)

, 2, 64, 73–75

MultiCat Program

, 25, 25n8

Muteki CAT bond

, 94

Nari typhoon

, 73

National catastrophe pools

, 24

National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE)

, 68–69

National Committee for Disaster Reduction (NCDR)

, 37

National Defense White Paper

, 39

National Development and Reform Committee (NDRC)

, 42n17, 85n2

National disaster management

, 3

information analysis and sharing system

, 119

system

, 117

plans

, 5, 10, 12, 28, 37, 67, 151

National Disaster Management Authority for earthquake mitigation

, 118

National Disaster Management Research Institute (NDMI)

, 119

National Disaster Prevention and Protection Agency

, 68

National Disaster Prevention and Reduction Day

, 32n2

National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA)

, 117–118, 130

National emergency system

, 111

National Finance Act

, 123, 124

National floods (2010)

, 38

National Hazard Mitigation Program (NHMP)

, 64

National Rescue Command Center

, 68

National resilience

, 117, 148

National Treasury Agency

, 69

Natural Disaster Countermeasures Act (1995)

, 116–117

Natural Disaster Victim Relief Law (1998)

, 104, 105

Natural disasters

, 1, 7, 18, 23, 25, 31, 42, 47, 79–80, 129, 147, 157

addressing threat of

, 2–4

disaster risk governance

, 4–6

disasters

, 1–2

evolution of disaster risk management

, 11–12

financial protection

, 10–11

hazard, risk, and disaster

, 6–7

in Japan

, 85–106

protection against

, 44

in Taiwan

, 62–64

tragedy or opportunity

, 7–10

Natural hazards

, 21, 31

Navy hospital ship

, 41

Nepal earthquake (2015)

, 2

Nichido Fire Insurance

, 94

921 earthquake

, 75–76

revolution

, 65–69

921 Post-Earthquake Recovery Commission

, 66–67

Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK)

, 90

“1992 consensus”

, 62

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

, 5, 52, 54, 79–80

Non-life insurance companies

, 91, 92

Non-tax revenues

, 123

Northbridge earthquake (1994)

, 7, 64, 138, 149

One-party political system

, 52

Online message platforms

, 53

Ordinary disasters

, 42

Pacific Catastrophe Risk Assessment and Financing Initiative (PCRAFI)

, 142

Pacific Catastrophe Risk Insurance Company (PCRIC)

, 12, 141, 142

Panda Re CAT bond

, 45

Peace Ark

, 41

People’s Liberation Army (PLA)

, 33

role in disaster response

, 39–41

People’s Republic of China (1949)

, 37

Peugeot-Citroen cut production

, 100

Phoenix Quake Wind Ltd

, 94

Political and social obstacles

, 126–130

Political culture

, 22

Post-disaster

compensation

, 22

management approach

, 3

measures

, 5

phase

, 41, 133–134

reactions

, 101–103

reconstruction

, 18

Pre-disaster

budgetary measures

, 21–23

interventions

, 26

measures

, 5

phase

, 133–134

Preparedness

, (see also Disaster— preparedness; Financial preparedness), 5, 10, 18, 156

Pricing schemes for catastrophe insurance

, 23

Primary risk transfer tool

, 23

Priority Three-Year Reconstruction Plan

, 103n26

Private actors

, 23, 24, 81, 103, 137, 154

Private market actors

, 5, 52

Private sector

, 12, 23, 24, 69, 126, 135, 136, 143, 144, 154

Property

, 44

Property and Casualty (P&C)

insurance policies

, 152–153

insurers

, 69

market

, 44

Protection against natural disasters

, 44

Public

authorities

, 97

awareness and education

, 88–90

budgets and emergency funds

, 75–79

choice theory

, 22

perception

, 45

public-funding catastrophe insurance programs

, 46

welfare projects

, 51

Public Debt Act

, 78–79

Public–private partnerships (PPPs)

, 24, 121–122, 136–137

Quantity of insurance

, 23

Rapid-onset disasters

, 2

Red Cross Society of China (RCSC)

, 43n19, 52, 53n33

Regional catastrophe insurance pools

, 143–144

Regional initiatives

, 141–144

Regression analysis

, 8

Rehabilitation expenses

, 134

Reinsurance

, 23–25, 45, 51

Republic of Korea (ROK)

, 111

Reserve funds

, 21–22, 71, 78, 124, 151

Residential disaster insurance

, 44–45, 155

Residential earthquake financial protection

, 69–71

Residential earthquake insurance

, 46

insurance in Japan

, 91, 92

Restrictive regulatory system

, 53

Risk

, 6–7

identification

, 18, 112–114

modeling

, 24

reduction

, 18

risk-assessment

, 147

risk-linked security

, 24

risk-neutral approach

, 19

risk-reduction efforts

, 147

transfer mechanisms

, 20n4

“Rivers and mountains embroidered in silk”

, 112

Rusa typhoon (2002)

, 115, 117, 120, 121

Safety Tips app

, 90

Sampoong department store collapse (1995)

, 111–112

Sarah typhoon (1959)

, 115

School Health and Safety Act (1958)

, 89

School Safety

, 89

School Safety Plan

, 89

Schumpeterian “creative destruction” process

, 9

Sea-level rise

, 1, 6

Seismic wave analysis

, 88

Self-Defence Forces (SDF)

, 97, 98, 101

Semiconductor manufacturers

, 66

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR)

, 147–148

Seongsu bridge collapse (1994)

, 111–112

Seoul Metropolitan Government

, 125–126

Shandong province

, 42

Shanghai Implementation Plan

, 48n27

Shanghai Insurance Exchange (2016)

, 51n32

Shanghai Insurance Regulatory Bureau

, 51n32

Shanghai Meteorological Bureau

, 49, 50

Shenzhen landslide (2015)

, 43

Shinto religion

, 88

Sichuan earthquake (2008)

, 2, 17, 32–34, 38, 41, 43, 52

“Single-style” approach

, 38

Slow-onset disasters

, 1, 2

Slowly unfolding events

, 1

Snow and sand storms

, 31

Social groups

, 53–54

Social media

, 43, 53

Social obstacles

, 126–130

Songda typhoon (2004)

, 94

South Korea

, 112

disaster insurance schemes

, 120–123

disaster risk management strategy

, 123

environmental protection

, 123–126

impacts of past disasters

, 114–115

institutional framework

, 117–120

modernization of legal system

, 115–117

political and social obstacles

, 126–130

risk identification

, 112–114

Southeast Asia Disaster Risk Insurance Facility (SEADRIF)

, 144

Special-Purpose Vehicle (SPV)

, 25, 45, 72, 94

Stabilization

, 62

Standard fire insurance policies

, 94

Standard Procedure for Natural Disaster Assistance (SPNDA)

, 64

Standard Risk Management Manual

, 119–120

Storm and Flood Insurance Act

, 120–121

Swiss reinsurance (Swiss Re)

, 3, 47–48, 66, 66n7, 97, 138

Taiwan Cooperative Precipitation Ensemble Forecast Experiment (TAPEX)

, 69

Taiwan Earthquake Loss Estimation System (TELES)

, 69

Taiwan Residential Earthquake Insurance Fund (TREIF)

, 69, 71, 149

TREIF Act of Endowment

, 70

Taiwan residential earthquake insurance fund

, 69–71

Taiwan Typhoon and Flood Research Institute (TTFRI)

, 69

Tangshan earthquake (1976)

, 32

Tax and fee policy

, 41–42

Tax revenues

, 123

Thailand floods (2011)

, 2

Thelma typhoon

, 115

Third National Climate Change Assessment Report

, 35

13th Five-Year Plan period (2016–2020)

, 39

Thunderstorms

, 32n2

Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989)

, 40

“Tofu projects”

, 33

Tohoku earthquake and tsunami (2011)

, 2, 7, 11–12, 17, 32, 43, 80, 85–86, 89, 92, 94, 95, 98n19, 104, 151–152

triple disaster of

, 98–101

Tokachi earthquake (1968)

, 88

Tokio Marine

, 94

Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO)

, 102

Top-down system

, 37

Torrential rain

, 47, 73, 112, 114, 120, 122

Traditional post-disaster financing models

, 12, 20

Triple Disaster of Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami

, 98–101

Tropical cyclones

, 141–142

Pam (2015)

, 143

Ian and Vanuatu (2014)

, 142–143

Tsunami Disaster Response System (TDRS)

, 119

Tsunamis

, (see also Tohoku earthquake and tsunami (2011)), 1, 6, 85, 86, 96, 102–103, 120, 139, 142

2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

, 7

numerical simulation

, 88

Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool (TCIP)

, 25, 69, 138, 140, 149

12^th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015)

, 38n10

Typhoon-related catastrophes

, 76, 78–79

Typhoons

, 1, 6, 11, 31–32, 36, 46, 47, 63, 68, 85, 112–113, 152, 153

Bart typhoon (1999)

, 94

Bolaven and Sanba typhoons

, 115

Chaba typhoon

, 115

Elsie and Flossie typhoons

, 73

Haikui typhoon (2012)

, 48

Haiyan typhoon (2013)

, 2

Herb typhoon

, 73

hit Taiwan

, 63n4, 73

Isewan typhoon (1959)

, 87, 88

Maemi typhoon

, 115, 120, 121

Matsa typhoon (2005)

, 48

Morakot typhoon (2009)

, 2, 64, 73–75

Nari typhoon

, 73

Rusa typhoon (2002)

, 115, 117, 120, 121

Sarah typhoon (1959)

, 115

Songda typhoon (2004)

, 94

super typhoon hitting northern Malay Peninsula

, 40

Thelma and Vernon typhoons

, 115

Winnie typhoon (1997)

, 48, 49

UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs

, 34

UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP)

, 156

UN International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR)

, 5, 37

“Unified leadership”

, 38

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

, 127n28, 148fn3

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR)

, 2, 5

Urbanization

, 27–28, 34–35, 112, 114, 153

US dollars

, 2n1

US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

, 6, 22, 26

Vector autoregressions

, 9

Vernon typhoon

, 115

Victims

, 22, 27, 39

of earthquake

, 66

Volcanic catastrophes

, 85

Volcanic eruptions

, 1, 6, 7, 31, 89, 92, 139

of Mount Sakurajima

, 87

Warming of climate

, 36

Water-related risks

, 47, 49

wechat

, 53

weibo

, 53

Wildfires

, 1, 6, 119

Winnie typhoon (1997)

, 48, 49

Working-Level Manual for Risk Response

, 119–120

World Bank

, 4, 25n8, 27n9, 41n16, 140, 141, 142n11, 147–148

World Economic Forum (WEF)

, 2

World Trade Center on 9/11, terrorist attacks at

, 67, 85

Yunnan province

, 46

Yurekuru app

, 90

Zenkyoren

, (see JA Kyosai)

Zenrosai

, 11, 93, 93n10