Index

Citation

(2017), "Index", Aßländer, M.S. and Hudson, S. (Ed.) The Handbook of Business and Corruption, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 527-551. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78635-445-720161024

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2017 Emerald Publishing Limited

---

INDEX

A&P

, 488

Abacha, San

, 170, 171, 173

Abbott Australasia

, 470–477

ABN Amro

, 264

Absolute political power

, 78

Absolute truth

, 88

Access charges

, 485

“According-to-rule” transactions

, 211

Accountability

, 338, 340, 341, 352, 355

Accounting

, 10, 55, 58, 59, 64, 66, 140, 296–297, 425

fraudulent

, 136, 291–295

internal controls

, 218

profession

, 239, 290, 293

struggle

, 393, 409

transparency

, 260

Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME)

, 347

Adamu, Amos

, 435

Adiaphora

, 77, 88

Administration

, 161, 170, 211, 212, 314, 383, 385, 463, 482, 483

contracts

, 410

land

, 364

police

, 317

public

, 54, 55

tendering

, 410

Advertising fees

, 485

Advertorials

, 461, 467

Africa, crony capitalism in

, 123

“Against-the-rule” transactions

, 211

Agent(s)

, 33, 37, 51–52

corrupt

, 27–32, 40

perspective of facilitating payments

, 53–54

rational

, 45

as rational profit-seekers

, 29

See also Principal–agent theory

Agricultural sector, corruption in

, 363–385

extension service

, 367–368, 381

farmers’ input demand

, 375

forms and types of

, 364–369

government procurement programs, corruption and irregularities in

, 368–369

impact of

, 375–381

input market

, 365–367, 376–379

lack of proper representation, monitoring, and supervision

, 370–371

market structure and corruption

, 371–374

micro level factors

, 374–375

policy and institutional factors

, 369–375

policy recommendations

, 381–385

power imbalance and farmers’ low bargaining power

, 369–370

procurement program

, 379–381

Alienation

, 38, 99

Alternative institution building methods

, 137–139

American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)

, 293, 294

Accounting Research Bulletins

, 292

Anderson, Arthur

, 293

Annunzio–Wylie AML Act of 1992

, 263

Anticorruption laws

, 394

Anticorruption measures

, 57, 63–65, 212, 216, 337-343, 347-348, 351-355, 377, 477-478

distribution of medicines

, 353–355

manufacturing of medicines

, 343

marketing practices

, 347–348

media

, 477–478

procurement of medicines

, 354–355

registration processes

, 340–341

research and development

, 337–339

Anticorruption programs. See Anticorruption measures

Anti-money laundering (AML)

, 240–243, 251, 259, 264, 270, 273, 274

timeline of

, 278

ANZ Bank of Australia

, 468

Appeal to higher loyalties

, 31

Apple

, 283

Arroyo, Augustin C.

, 429

Asia

, 102, 142, 168, 171, 188, 264, 311, 441

Asian Football Confederation (AFC)

, 443

Aspire Academy for Sports Excellence

, 440

Association of American Medical Colleges

, 338

Audit

, 204, 225, 291, 293–297, 316, 434

Australia

Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)

, 461

Australian Taxation Office

, 402

construction industry

, 399–402, 417

crony capitalism in

, 142

Football Federation of Australia (FFA)

, 439–440

resource governance

, 180

shale gas production

, 193

Autonomy

, 82, 85

Bad faith, Sartre’s notion of

, 74–76

Banco Santander Central Hispano

, 264

Bangladesh

Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS)

, 369

banking sector

, 137–138

corruption in agricultural sector

, 363–385

Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE)

, 367

Department of Fisheries (DoF)

, 367

Department of Livestock (DLS)

, 367

Ban Ki-moon

, 330

Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi

, 258

Bankruptcy

, 10

Banking sector

, 237–251, 273, 469

Bank secrecy, and offshore tax evasion

, 243–250

Bank Secrecy Act of 1970

, 263, 271

Barclays

, 137, 258, 264

Barwick, Sir Garfield

, 401

BBC Hoax

, 468

Bechtel

, 170

Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC

, 10

Bernstein, Carl

, 477

Biased news

, 459–461

Bid Promotion Committee

, 428

Bidrigging

, 393–394

Bin Hammam, Mohamed

, 438–441

Black market

, 353, 354, 432

Blair, Jayson

, 459

Blazer, Charles

, 440–441

BNP Paribas

, 242–243, 258

Brazil

Brazilian General Comptroller Office (Controladoria-Geral da União – CGU)

, 434

FIFA World Cup 2014

, 432–435

jeitinho

, 106

market growth

, 272

power shortages and blackouts

, 180

resource governance

, 180

Bribe Payers’ Index

, 180

Bribery

, 13, 17, 27–28, 51, 52, 54, 64, 161, 211, 218, 320, 351, 364, 393

commercial

, 9

definition of

, 8–9, 19, 482

distinguished from extortion

, 9

distinguished from gift-giving

, 79, 84, 88

of foreign public officials

, 62

institutional

, 484

Bribery Act of 2010

, 397, 413

Bristol Employment Tribunal

, 397

British East India Company

, 4

Broadcast

, 121, 136, 433, 461–464

Buckley, Well

, 440

Buddhism

, 85

Building Information Systems (BIM)

, 416

Bureaucracy

, 35, 37, 110

Bureaucratic corruption

, 9

Burke, Edmund

, 143

Burma, crony capitalism in

, 123

Business organizations

role in combating facilitating payments

, 63–64

“Business Partner Compliance Due Diligence” program

, 225

Business Principles for Countering Bribery

, 64

Business Transactions

, 214

Task Force on Anti-Bribery and Corruption

, 231

Cambodia

bribery payment

, 484

Campbell Soup Со.

, 491

Canada

Pharmaceutical Advertising Advisory Board

, 346

shale gas production

, 193

Capital

investment

, 182, 188, 191

social

, 99

Capitalism

crony

, 17, 107, 108, 120–124

patrimonial

, 238

Capital One

, 462

Caribbean Football Union

, 436

Carrefour

, 483

Cascaded payments

, 55

Cash-for-comment

, 464, 467, 469–470

Cash-payments

, 486

Causes of corruption

, 26, 31, 123, 143, 153, 157–160, 164, 165-166, 172, 181, 369–375

Center for Media and Democracy (CMD)

, 462

Certified financial analyst (CFA)

, 286

Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB)

, 396–397, 416

Chase Bank

, 264

“Children Overboard,”

, 465–466

China

bribery payment

, 484

business organizations in

, 111–112

clean trade policy framework

, 201

construction industry

, 398–399

corruption in agricultural sector

, 364

corruption reform in

, 130

crony capitalism in

, 123

egalitarianism

, 105

expertise and capital investment in extractive industries

, 189

market growth

, 272

guanxi phenomenon

, 96, 106, 77–80, 392

low demand, low prices scenario

, 191

slotting fees

, 486

Chodan, Wojciech

, 171–172

Chung, Mong-Joon

, 440

Citibank

, 264

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

, 17–18, 19

City of London

, 258

Civil disobedience

, 468

Civil society

role in combating facilitating payments

, 63–64

Clean Hands Trusts

, 201

Clean Trade Act

, 201

Clean Trade Policy Framework

, 201

Clearing House Interbank Payments System (CHIPS)

, 261

Client

, 51

perspective of facilitating payments

, 54–55

Clinton, Bill

, 267

Code of Ethics of the Australian Institute of Public Relations (PRIA)

, 479

Codes of conduct

, 307, 314, 316

Codes of ethics

, 281, 315, 316

Cole Commission

, 399–400

Collective action

, 63, 65

Collective Action Guide

, 230

Collusion of corruption

, 320, 394, 417, 470–477

Colombia

wealth inequality

, 107

Commerzbank

, 258

Committee of Concerned Citizens (CCC)

, 370

Common good

, 82

Communication, as exchange of truth claims

, 86–88

Companies

, 64–66

role in combating facilitating payments

, 64–66

Competition

, 186–187

Competition Commission of South Africa

, 403

Complaint center, establishment of

, 385

Compliance

, 33, 57, 61, 65, 66, 120, 125, 126, 129, 131, 204, 218, 222–226, 228, 229, 244, 245, 247, 249–251, 316, 318, 342, 346, 367, 400, 416, 445

by financial institutions, failure of

, 240–243

legal

, 255–274

power-based top-down

, 134–137

CONCACAF

, 439, 442

Confidential payments

, 222

Construction industry corruption

, 391–418

Australia

, 399–402

challenges for

, 412–417

China

, 398–399

dynamic risk-based model

, 408–412

Germany

, 397–398

Hong Kong

, 398–399

North America

, 396

Sub-Saharan Africa

, 402–405

survey research

, 405–408

Turkey

, 398

United Kingdom

, 396–397

Consultants

investment

, 286–287

pension

, 286

Consulting, investment

, 287–289

Consumers

, 181, 184, 187, 189, 193, 267, 283, 307–309, 311, 312, 314, 331, 344, 348, 482, 492, 494–499, 501

Contemporary research on corruption, foundations of

, 153–155

Continuing Medical Education (CME) programmes

, 347

Contract research organizations (CROs)

, 335

Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions

, 59–60

Corporate citizenship

, 204

Corporate culture

, 215–219, 221, 226–229

Corporate governance

, 28

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

, 126, 205

Corrupt agent

, 27–32, 40

Corrupt environment

, 54, 135, 136, 138, 153, 155, 165, 210–215, 220, 230, 483

Corruption

bureaucratic

, 9

challenges to reduce

, 160–164

commercial

, 395

definition of

, 5-8, 11-17, 27, 35–36, 210, 330, 392–394, 458

democratic

, 50

as deviant behavior

, 6

effects of

, 394–395

features of, characterizing

, 456–459

functionality of

, 155-160

in governments across the world

, 151–176

grand

, 211, 212

implications of

, 45–46

iterations of

, 8–11

logic of exchange

, 6

market-centered definitions of

, 5

model

, 395

organizational

, 3–20

petty

, 12, 49–67, 211, 212

philosophy of

, 27, 34–40, 45, 46

public interest-centered definitions of

, 5

public office-centered definitions of

, 5

reform

, 119–143

as shadow politics

, 6–7

as social decline

, 6

as system of measurable perceptions

, 6

See also individual entries

Corruption Perception Index (CPI)

, 196

Cost of corruption (CoC)

, 370–371

Council of South African Trade Unions (COSATU)

, 403

Cover pricing

, 394

Credit Agricole

, 259

Credit Suisse

, 258, 137, 264

Crimes

as social facts

, 85

in sport

, 424–426

Criminality

human

, 83

religious

, 83

Critical Management Studies

, 33

Cromme, Gerhard

, 217–218, 223, 226

Crony capitalism

, 17, 107, 108

system dimensions of

, 120–124

Cronyism

, 95–113, 393

culture and

, 101–103

in developing and developed economies

, 108–109

disadvantages of

, 98–100

egalitarianism and

, 103–109

external forces

, 100

internal forces

, 100–101

resources and benefits of

, 97–98

CTS Eventim

, 432

Culture

and cronyism

, 101–103

definition of

, 101

Durkheim’s notion of

, 81–86

of integrity, building

, 225–226

Malinowski’s notion of

, 76–77

and nepotism

, 101–103

Customer Due Diligence (CDD)

, 445

Cybercrime

, 483

Cynicism

, 185

Cyprus

Ministry of Health

, 350

nepotism and cronyism in

, 96

De Beers

, 204–205

Debt financing, political control of

, 122

Declaration of Helsinki (2008)

, 337

Deferred prosecution agreement (DPA)

, 247, 249, 250

Democracy

, 19, 73, 158, 173, 214, 330, 447

Democratic corruption

, 50

Denial of injury

, 31

Denial of victim

, 31

Denmark

crony capitalism in

, 142

Deutsche Bank

, 258, 264

Developing countries

, 84, 96, 107, 181, 182, 186, 212, 238, 322, 342, 349, 364, 370, 394, 413, 483

Development

, 152, 154, 155, 157, 159, 160, 162, 166, 168, 170

Disguised bribes

, 71–90

bad faith and

, 74–76

Display fees

, 487

Distribution of medicines

, 353–355

anticorruption measures

, 354–355

Dodd–Frank Whistleblowing Program

, 338

Donation

, 309, 400–401

Donor programs

, 342

“Dr. Suguro” archetype

, 128

Drugs. See Pharmaceutical sector corruption

Drug-trafficking

, 425

Due Diligence Code

, 244–245

Durkheim’s notion of culture

, 81–86

Dynamic risk-based model, for corruption

, 408–412

Ebbers, Bernie

, 10

Eckert, Hans-Joachim

, 436, 437, 440

Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF)

, 404

Economic growth

, 99, 157, 160, 169, 175, 364, 483

Economic welfare

, 296

Education expenditure and corruption, relationship between

, 156–157

Efficiency, corruption of

, 39, 46

Egalitarianism

, 103–109

hierarchy versus

, 102, 104

Embezzlement

, 9–10, 28, 210, 308, 393

Employment

, 229, 295, 354, 355, 365, 482

England. See United Kingdom (UK)

Enron scandal

, 4, 33, 131, 293

Environment

corrupt

, 54, 135, 136, 138, 153, 155, 165, 210–215, 220, 230, 483

macro environmental obstacles

, 120–125

E-procurement system

, 321

Equality of opportunity

, 46, 104, 105

Equal treatment. See Equality of opportunity

Eskom

, 405

Esquivel, Rafael

, 442

Ethical climate

, 6

Ethical distance

, 33

Ethical imperialism

, 56

Ethical Investment Research Service (EIRIS)

, 216

Ethics

, 79, 99, 134–136, 139, 141

business

, 131

code of

, 315, 316

of facilitating payments. See Ethics of facilitating payments

information about cooperation from

, 126

material rewards

, 134

reciprocal

, 133

Ethics of facilitating payments

, 53–56

agent’s perspective

, 53–54

client’s perspective

, 54–55

European Central Bank

, 130

financial support to crony capitalism

, 122

European Commission

, 223

European Medicines Agency

, 337

European Parliament

, 9

European Union (EU)

, 63, 130, 351

financial support to crony capitalism

, 122

Existential truth

, 86–87

Expediting payments

, 50

Export

, 159, 182, 186, 196, 201, 340, 342, 433

Extension office activities, monitoring

, 384–385

Extension service in agriculture

, 367–368, 381

Extortion

, 9, 51, 52, 54, 64, 122, 124, 500

distinguished from bribery

, 9

Extractive industries corruption

, 179–206

reasons for

, 181–183

resource dependent countries

, 180

reversing corruption, contingencies of

, 205–206

scenario analysis

, 187–196

supply side corruption

, 183–187

transparency and reversing corruption

, 197–202

transparency initiatives

, 202–205

Extractive industries, definition of

, 181

Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)

, 184, 199, 203–205

Face-saving (mianzi)

, 77

Facilitating payments

, 49–67, 482, 485

ethics of

, 53–56

features of

, 50–53

Failure fees

, 487, 491

Fairness

, 99, 198

Fake news

, 462–463

Family

, 27, 38, 83, 84, 96, 97, 99, 102, 103n3, 106, 108, 110, 112, 128, 129, 164, 170, 210, 213, 238, 239, 257, 295, 306, 308, 310, 393, 404, 407, 464, 484

Fantini, Sergio Santander

, 430

Farmers

groups and organizations, strengthening

, 383–384

input demand, impact of corruption in

, 375

low bargaining power

, 369–370

subsidies to, providing

, 382–383

Faulkner, John

, 465

“Faust” archetype

, 128

Favoritism

, 18, 78, 98, 320, 322, 351

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

, 65, 258

Federalism

, 297, 400, 433

Federal Reserve

, 258, 261, 270, 271

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

, 501–502

Supermarket Code of Practice

, 501

Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)

, 297–298

Ethics Committee

, 436

Executive Committee

, 425n1, 440

Players’ Agents Regulations

, 425n1

Regulations on Working with Intermediaries

, 425n1

See also FIFA World Cup corruption

Fictional news

, 459

Fiction as fact

, 467

Fiduciary duty

, 287

FIFA World Cup corruption

, 424–426, 432–443

2010

, 403, 414

2014

, 432–435

2018

, 435–437

2022

, 435–437, 438–439

scandals and consequences

, 439–443

5th Pillar

, 64

Fight against petty corruption

, 56–66

business organizations and civil society, role of

, 63–64

companies, role of

, 64–66

legislative treatment

, 57–63

Figueredo, Eugenio

, 442

Filho, Álvaro de Melo

, 446

Finance

, 7, 17, 97, 122, 132, 137, 153, 154, 170, 185, 203, 279–299, 307, 367, 417

Financial Action Task Force (FATF)

, 238–242, 244, 443–444

Financial auditing sector

, 279–299

Financial auditors

, 290

and corruption

, 291–295

Financial crisis

, 280, 282, 297

Financial Fraud Task Force (FFTF)

, 263

Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (FINRA)

, 274, 281, 282

Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs)

, 444

Financialization

, 257, 280

Financial Reporting Council (FRC)

“Ethical Standards for Auditors,”

, 294–295

Financial sector, corruption in

, 279–299

importance of

, 284–285

FinTech sector

, 274

Firms

role in supply side corruption

, 183–187

Five Forces Framework

, 187–188

Fofana, Mohamadou Lamine

, 434

Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA)

, 343

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

, 335, 346

Amendment Act

, 337

Football. See Soccer

Football Federation of Australia (FFA)

, 439–440

Forbes

, 289

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (FCPA)

, 58–59, 60, 62, 65, 171–172, 214, 218, 260

Foreign direct investment (FDI)

, 155, 214

Foreign occupation, and corruption

, 123–124

France

crony capitalism in

, 142

egalitarianism

, 105

slotting fees

, 486

Fraud

, 28, 316–319

defined

, 306

Fraud Triangle

, 395

Gafir, Zein El Abdin Abdel

, 429

Gambling

, 408

Ganga, Jean-Claude

, 429–430

Garcia, Michael

, 435–439

Gas

, 167–168

liquefaction

, 168

liquefied natural

, 168, 173

natural

, 167, 168

General Motors

, 462

Georgia, transition economies of

, 161

Germany

construction industry

, 397–398

crony capitalism in

, 124–125, 142

egalitarianism

, 104

ethics and compliance codes

, 137

slotting fees

, 486

Strafgesetzbuch

, 8–9

“Get rich quick” syndrome

, 79

Ghana

egalitarianism

, 105

Ghostwriting

, 336

Gift-giving

, 32, 306–307, 314, 331

basic functions of, distorting

, 71–90

communicational function

, 86–89

cultural function of

, 76–80

distinguished from bribery

, 79, 84, 88

social function of

, 80–86

Glass, Stephen

, 459

GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)

, 342, 345

Global Agenda Council on Transparency and Anti-Corruption

, 231

Global anti-money laundering standards

, 240–243

Global Fund

, 342

Globalization

, 257

Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)

, 204–205

Goldblum, Stanley

, 292

Gonzalez, Henry

, 273

Good manufacturing practices (GMPs)

, 341–342, 343

Good Practice Guidance on Internal Controls, Ethics, and Compliance

, 61

Google

, 283

“Gorbachev” archetype

, 128

Governance

corporate

, 28

good

, 333, 370

weak

, 221–222

Governance for Extractive Industries Institute (GOXI)

, 196

Government Accountability Office (GAO)

, 241–242, 292

Government procurement programs, corruption and irregularities in

, 368–369

Gqirana, Thulani

, 404

Grameen Bank

, 138

Grand corruption

, 211, 212

Gratitude payments to doctors

, 331

Grease money

, 49–67, 482

Great Britain. See United Kingdom (UK)

Great Depression

, 284, 291–293

Great Recession

, 136, 142, 280, 283

Greece, crony capitalism in

, 123

Greenvale

, 484, 502

Greenwald, Robert

, 459

Groceries Code Adjudicator (GCA)

, 502

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 482

Guanxi phenomenon

, 77–80, 96, 392

Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises

, 61

Gyles Commission

, 399, 400

Hard law

, 57

Hawala

, 256n1

Healthcare

, 156, 223, 332, 342, 349, 353

Health payment systems, corruption in

, 308

Hierarchy versus egalitarianism

, 102, 104

High demand, high prices scenario

, 188–190, 195

competitive rivalry

, 188

power of buyers

, 189

power of suppliers

, 190

threat of entry

, 188–189

threat of substitutes

, 189

Hill and Knowlton

, 463

Holding Individuals Accountable and Deterring Money Laundering Act of 2013

, 259

Holland, crony capitalism in

, 142

Home country

, 125, 137, 174, 216, 230

Hong Kong

construction industry

, 398–399

informal relationships in

, 78

wealth inequality

, 107

Host country

, 162, 183, 198, 202, 203, 214, 424

Howard, John

, 466

HSBC Bank

, 258, 264

Human capital

, 153, 175

Hungary

formal patient payments, abolishment of

, 322

Hush money

, 222

IKEA

, 482, 483

Import

, 157, 169, 365, 366, 372, 373, 433

corruption

, 165

market

, 365

moral

, 81–86

social

, 81–86

Incentives

, 384–385

India

crony capitalism in

, 123

market growth

, 272

Indiana Constitution

, 102

Individualism

, 102

Individuals, and corruption

, 164–166

Indochina, crony capitalism in

, 123

Indonesia

crony capitalism in

, 123

nepotism and cronyism in

, 108

wealth inequality

, 107

Inequality

, 106-107, 257

Infomercials

, 461

Informal patient payments

macro level

, 318–321

meso level

, 314–318

micro level

, 309–314

Informal payments in health care

, 305–323

attitudes towards

, 313

definition of

, 306–309

Informal provider payments

, 315, 322

Information asymmetries

, 28, 307, 318

Information and Communication Networks (ICN)

, 217

Infrastructure

, 156, 157, 166, 168–170, 173, 183–186, 190, 194, 196, 198, 201, 206, 212, 223, 274, 280, 352, 397, 403, 410, 430

ING

, 258

Inglehardt–Welzel map

, 105

Injustice

, 54, 99

Insider information

, 186, 210, 213

Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA)

, 290

Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences

, 338

Institutional corruption

, 283, 295–298

Institutional economics

, 28, 29, 40

Institutional failure

, 4

Institutional/governance structures

, 183–187, 190, 192, 194

Institutionalization

, 30, 45

Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS)

, 216

Institutions

, 152, 154, 165, 175

Insurance payment

, 490

Integrity

, 12, 53, 66, 72, 204–206, 210, 216, 225–229, 241, 273, 294, 332, 337, 343, 353, 436, 439, 447

Intel

, 462

Intermediaries

, 182, 204, 245, 261, 425

Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

, 245, 246, 248, 249

International Anti-Bribery and Fair Competition Act of 1998

, 58n9

International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB)

, 294

International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)

corruption, definition of

, 8

Rules of Conduct to Combat Extortion and Bribery

, 63–64

International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)

, 338

International Federation of Accountants (IFAC)

, 294

International Financial Action Group (FATF)

, 424–425

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 56, 130, 185, 243

corruption, definition of

, 7–8

financial support to crony capitalism

, 122

Plenary Meeting of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) on Money Laundering

, 262

International Olympic Committee (IOC)

, 427–429

International Standard on Quality Control (ISQC)

, 294

International Standards on Auditing (ISAs)

, 294

International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism & Proliferation

, 241

International Transfer Certificates

, 426

Interpol

, 330

Introductory allowance

, 487–493

economic explanations of

, 489–491

empirical evidence of

, 491–493

Introductory fees

, 487

Investment consultants

, 286–287

Investment consulting

, 287–289

Invisibility

, 456, 457

Invitations to lunches

, 32

Iran

Iranian Transactions Regulations

, 267

supply side corruption

, 184

Iraq, supply side corruption in

, 184

Ireland, crony capitalism in

, 142

Italy, nepotism and cronyism in

, 96

IT sector, corruption in

, 209–231

Japan, premodern corruption system in

, 130

Jaspers’ notion of truth claims

, 86–89

Jeitinho (Brazil)

, 106

JGC (Japan Gas Corporation)

, 169, 172

Job satisfaction

, 99

Johnson & Johnson scandal

, 344

Johnson, David R.

, 429

Jouissance

, 43, 44

Journalists

, 200, 240, 289, 455, 460–464, 467, 470–478

JP Morgan

, 264

Judges

, 9, 19, 102, 122, 130, 430, 443

Judgment deficit

, 298

Jurisdiction

, 16, 58, 239, 240, 244, 257, 260, 261, 271, 283

Justice

, 39, 46, 53

Kaeser, Joe

, 230, 231

KBR (Kellogg Brown and Root)

, 171, 172

Keep-off-the-shelves fees

, 487

Keita, Lamine

, 430

Khasis, Lev

, 492

Kickbacks

, 319, 320, 322, 351, 393, 406, 407, 501

Kill fees

, 487

Kim, Jim Yong

, 330

Kleinfeld, Klaus

, 223, 228

Know your customer (KYC) requirements

, 274

Koloskov, Viacheslav

, 437

KPMG

, 297–298, 416

Krammer, Georges

, 171, 172

Kurer, Peter

, 246–247

Kurtz, Howard

, 460

Labor unions

, 140, 221

Language

, 43–44

Lasky, Benjamin

, 270

Latin America

crony capitalism in

, 123

nepotism and cronyism in

, 96

Law

anticorruption

, 394

hard

, 57

soft

, 60n14

tax

, 217, 219, 247

Laws, John

, 469–470

Lawyers

, 134, 140, 246, 288

Legality

, 31

Legislative treatment of petty corruption

, 57–63

Bribery Act of 2011

, 62

European Union

, 63

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977

, 58–59

OECD Convention

, 59–61

United Nations Convention against Corruption

, 61

Legitimacy

, 110–112

Lehman Brothers

, 297

License to operate

, 186, 243

Li, Eduardo

, 442

LIBOR scandal

, 258

Libya, supply side corruption in

, 184

Liquefied natural gas (LNG)

, 168–169, 173

Liquid purification techniques

, 168

Lloyds TSB

, 258

Lobbying

, 108, 109

Logistic contracts

, 502

London Stock Exchange

, 188

Löscher, Peter

, 217, 223–226, 228

Loss of commonalities

, 76–80

Loss of communicability

, 86–89

Loss of social bonds

, 81–86

Low demand, low prices scenario

, 191–196

competitive rivalry

, 192

power of buyers

, 193

power of suppliers

, 193–196

threat of entry

, 192

threat of substitutes

, 192–193

Loyalty

, 213, 217, 220–221, 229

Lynch, Jessica

, 459

MacMaster, Tom

, 467

Macro environmental obstacles to corruption reform

, 120–125

Macro institutional levels, vision and values at

, 129–130

Madoff, Bernie

, 10

Al Majid, Phaedra

, 438

Malaysia

crony capitalism in

, 123

wealth inequality

, 107

Malinowski’s notion of culture

, 76–77

Management

, 4, 26, 32, 33, 39, 99, 109, 134–136, 169, 171, 172, 180, 187, 196–198, 200, 204, 212, 215, 217, 218, 221–231, 242, 247, 263, 269, 270, 274, 295, 314, 331, 341, 351, 353, 354, 369, 396, 400, 410, 413–416

Manufacturing of medicines

anticorruption measures

, 343–344

corruption in

, 341–343

Marginal factor cost (MFC)

, 377, 378

Marginal physical product (MPP)

, 377–378

Marin, José Maria

, 442

Market(s/ing)

anticorruption measures

, 347–348

black

, 353, 354, 432

competitive

, 382

contracts

, 502

corruption in

, 344–347

input

, 365–367, 376–379

logic, corruption of

, 39

monitoring and supervision

, 384

structure

, 371–374

Martin Act of 1921

, 271

Marubeni

, 170

Masters, Chris

, 477

McCarthy, Joseph

, 477

McKinsey Global Institute

, 201

Media and Entertainment Arts Alliance (MEAA)

Code of Ethics

, 473

Media corruption

, 453–479

advertorials

, 461, 467

anticorruption measures

, 477–478

biased news

, 459–461

cash-for-comment

, 464, 467, 469–470

collusion of corruption

, 470–477

fake news

, 462–463

fictional news

, 459

fiction as fact

, 467

hackers

, 468–469

hoaxers

, 468–469

infomercials

, 461

news for sale

, 460–461

photo-manipulation

, 465

techno-media corruption

, 467–468

types of

, 459–466

Media release journalism

, 463, 467

Medicare fraud

, 348

Medtech industry

, 41

Mersiades, Bonita

, 438

Meso organizational level, vision and values at

, 131

Meso organizational obstacles to corruption reform

, 125–126

Metaphor of the ledger

, 31

Metro

, 482

Mexico

nepotism and cronyism in

, 96

wealth inequality

, 107

Micro individual level, vision and values at

, 131–132

Micro individual obstacles to corruption reform

, 127–129

Microlending alternative institution

, 137–138

Miller, Judith

, 460

Modern portfolio theory (MPT)

, 287

Money laundering

, 237–251, 255–274, 424–426, 441, 442, 444, 446, 483

global estimates of

, 261–262

integration stage of

, 240, 261

layering stage of

, 239–240, 260–261

placement stage of

, 239, 260

regulatory responses to

, 263–264

tools and techniques

, 261

Money Laundering Control Act of 1986

, 263

Monitoring

, 60, 63, 64, 66, 212, 222, 225, 227, 228, 241, 263, 274, 286, 308, 316, 321, 341, 347, 348, 351, 352, 355, 365, 366, 370–371, 384–385, 405, 416, 445, 447

Monopoly

, 108, 124, 181, 183, 197, 214, 215, 335, 348, 373, 495

Moosmayer, Klaus

, 226

Moral

authority

, 82, 83

autonomy

, 82, 85

behavior

, 55, 82

code

, 80, 84

consciousness

, 81–82

distance

, 46

hazard

, 315

import of culture

, 81–83

import of gift-giving

, 83–86

responsibility

, 54, 474, 475

Morality

, 75

Moral principles

, 81–83

Most-favored-company-clause

, 497–498, 500

Motivation

, 30, 82, 99, 181, 213, 310, 322, 344, 350, 379

Mukora, Charles Nderitu

, 430

Multinational enterprises (MNEs)

, 174

Multistakeholders. See Stakeholders

Murrow, Edward R.

, 477

Mutual gain negotiating

, 133

M.W. Kellogg

, 169

Myth of Gyges

, 453–454, 455, 463

Namibia, egalitarianism in

, 105–108

National Housing Enterprise (NHE)

, 106

National levels, vision and values at

, 129–130

National Minerals Agency

, 196

National resource companies

, 186

Natural gas

, 167, 168

Natural Resource Charter

, 200

Natural Resource Governance Institute (NRGI)

, 187–188, 191, 200

Natural Resource Charter

, 200

Resource Governance Index

, 180

Natural resources

, 121, 123, 159, 167, 168, 172–173, 180–185, 197, 199, 200

Navalny, Alexei

, 430

Nepotism

, 10, 95–113, 320, 393

culture and

, 101–103

in developing and developed economies

, 108–109

disadvantages of

, 98–100

egalitarianism and

, 103–109

external forces

, 100

internal forces

, 100–101

particularism and

, 109–112

resources and benefits of

, 97–98

universalism and

, 109–112

Netherlands

health care fraud and abuse

, 317

slotting fees

, 486

wealth inequality

, 107

Networking methods

, 132–134

News for sale

, 460–461

News of the World phone-hacking scandal

, 467–468

New store opening fees

, 487

New York Clearing House

, 261

New York State Department of Financial Services (NYSDFS)

, 258, 259, 265, 267–270, 273

complaint against Standard Chartered Bank

, 268

New Zealand

Medicine and Medical Devices Safety Authority

, 348

Nigeria

lower commodity prices

, 197

oil sector

, 196

power shortages and blackouts

, 180

TSKJ corruption scandal

, 166–174

Nigeria LNG

, 169

No Child Left Behind (NCLB)

, 464

Nokia Corporation

, 20

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

, 184, 189, 199, 202, 203, 368, 369, 370

Nonprosecution agreement (NPA)

, 249, 250

North America, construction industry in

, 396

Northern Italy, crony capitalism in

, 142

Northern Spain, crony capitalism in

, 142

Norway

crony capitalism in

, 142

resource governance

, 180

sovereign wealth fund

, 194

NovoNordis

, 131

Nuzman, Carlos Arthur

, 432

O & P Event Marketing

, 432

Obama Administration

, 263

Obstacles to corruption reform

macro environmental obstacles

, 120–125

meso organizational obstacles

, 125–126

micro individual obstacles

, 127–129

Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)

, 263, 267, 268, 270, 271

Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence

, 263

Office of the President of the United States

, 263

Offshore tax evasion, bank secrecy and

, 243–250

Olympic Bid Invitation Committee

, 427

Olympic Games corruption

, 424–432

Olympiads of Ancient Greece

, 426–427

Summer Olympic Games (2016)

, 431–432

Winter Olympic Games (1998)

, 427–428

Winter Olympic Games (2002)

, 429–430

Winter Olympic Games (2014)

, 430–431

Ombudsmen

, 222, 225

Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988

, 58

Ontology, positive

, 38, 39

Opportunistic behavior

, 78, 79

Opportunity

, 395, 408, 456

Organizational commitment

, 99

Organizational complexity

, 33, 46

Organizational corruption

, 3–20

Organizational structures

, 370, 383

Organizational theories of corruption

, 30–34

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

, 58n9, 59–61, 217, 262

Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions

, 59–60, 214

corruption, definition of

, 15

Good Practice Guidance on Internal Controls, Ethics, and Compliance

, 61

Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises

, 61

Recommendation on Bribery in International Business Transactions

, 59

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

, 193

Organized crime

, 238, 434, 441, 446

Othering

, 43, 44, 76

Out-of-pocket payments

, 310

Pakistan, crony capitalism in

, 123

Panama Papers

, 239, 477

Parmalat SpA

, 10

Particularism

, 109–112

Partnering against Corruption Initiative (PACI)

, 63

Patrimonial capitalism

, 238

Patriot Act

, 263

Patronage

, 393

Pay-for-space payments

, 485, 486

Pay-to-stay fee. See Slotting allowance

Peace, Sir John

, 272

Penalties

, 85, 135, 172, 225, 241–243, 245, 249–251, 258, 259, 263, 274, 295, 315, 321, 338, 348, 354, 355, 403, 413

Pension consultants

, 286

Petrobrás

, 180, 435

Petroleum sector

, 166

Petty corruption

, 12, 49–67, 211, 212

definition of

, 50

fight against

, 56–66

Pfizer

, 462

“Phaedo” archetype

, 129

Pharmaceutical Advertising Advisory Board (PAAB)

, 346

Pharmaceutical sector corruption

, 41, 137, 308, 318–320, 470–477, 329–355

distribution of medicines

, 353–355

manufacturing of medicines

, 341–343

marketing practices

, 344–348

methodology

, 333

procurement of medicines

, 349–353

registration processes

, 339–341

research and development

, 334–339

Philosophy of corruption

, 27, 34–40, 45, 46

Physician Payment Sunshine Act

, 347

Pieth, Mark

, 438

Plame, Valerie

, 460

Platini, Michel François

, 437

Poland

slotting fees

, 486

Police

, 317, 401, 407, 432, 454, 461, 477

Political institutions

, 29

Politically Exposed Persons (PEPs)

, 241, 263, 445

Political parties

, 106, 108, 121, 138, 140, 153, 164, 200, 210, 370, 383

Politicians

, 57, 83, 108, 203, 230, 257, 282, 404, 470

Positive ontology

, 38, 39

Postpositivist approach

, 42

Poverty

, 257

Power

, 6–14, 19, 20, 40, 134–137, 210, 456

of buyers

, 189

distance

, 104, 105

imbalance

, 369–370

of suppliers

, 190

Preferential Procurement Policy Framework

, 405

Presentation fees

, 487

Press. See Media corruption

Pressure

, 395, 408

Prevention of Corruption Performance Standards

, 204

Price

competition

, 482

bidding

, 169, 185–187, 197, 213, 320, 349, 351, 352, 393, 435–437, 439, 440, 494

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)

, 291, 483

Principal

, 28–30, 37, 52–53

Principal–agent theory

, 28–30, 37

Principles for Countering Bribery

, 63

Private sector

, 39, 40

Privatization

, 184–186

Procter & Gamble (P&G)

, 492

Procurement

, 308, 320

of medicines. See Procurement of medicines

program

, 379–381

Procurement of medicines

anticorruption measures

, 351–353

corruption in

, 349–351

isolated procurement corruption

, 350

systematic procurement corruption

, 350

Productivity, corruption and

, 123

Profit maximization

, 344, 377

Property rights

, 283, 433

Prosecutors

, 62, 102, 122, 130, 135, 216, 271, 432, 442, 443

Protected Disclosures Act

, 407

Protestantism

, 102

Pseudo-gifts

, 73, 90

Psychoanalysis of corruption

, 27, 40–46

Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)

, 295

Public investment

, 181, 468

Public management

, 39

Public opinion

, 219, 230, 463

Public Oversight Board (POB)

, 293, 294

Public–private partnerships

, 280

Public Relations (PR)

, 470, 474–477, 479

Public sector

, 5, 33, 39, 50, 98, 121, 122, 264, 331, 332, 393, 415

“Publish What You Pay” (PWYP)

, 199

Pulling strings (UK)

, 106

Putin, Vladimir

, 430, 437

Qatar

FIFA World Cup 2022

, 435–436, 438–439

Qualified Intermediary Agreements (QIAs)

, 245

Quasiformal patient payments

, 313

Racketeer Influenced and Corruption Organizations Act (RICO)

, 338

Radio. See Broadcast

Randomized control trials (RCT)

, 334–337

Rather, Dan

, 459

Rational agent

, 45

Rational choice theory

, 46

Rationality

, 42, 284

Rationalization

, 30, 31, 33, 45-46, 395, 409, 457

Reagan, Ronald

, 267

Reciprocal ethical networking

, 133

Reciprocity (renqing)

, 77, 79

Recommendation on Bribery in International Business Transactions

, 59

Recruitment

, 111, 112, 337

Redressive action

, 215, 222–228

Red tape

, 366, 381

Reform methods

, 119–143

alternative institution building methods

, 137–139

bottom-up whistle-blowing methods

, 134–137

macro environmental obstacles

, 120–125

meso organizational obstacles

, 125–126

micro individual obstacles

, 127–129

power-based top-down compliance methods

, 134–137

social movement methods

, 139–141

vision and values based methods

, 129–132

win-win incentive and networking methods

, 132–134

Regional development banks

, 56

Registration processes

anticorruption measures

, 340–341

corruption in

, 339–340

Regulations

, 55, 72, 134, 211, 213, 217, 219, 221, 224–229, 267, 269, 280, 281, 284, 291, 298, 307, 316, 319–321, 334, 355, 370, 405, 445, 446, 483, 484

Regulatory responses to money laundering

, 263–264

Reith, Peter

, 465

Relative deprivation

, 78

Religion

, 83, 158, 458

Religious criminality

, 83

Rent-seeking behavior

, 156, 161, 182, 187

Reputation

, 51, 54, 55, 63, 79, 218, 223, 226, 227, 231, 241, 259, 269, 273, 336, 401, 402, 470

Research and development (R&D)

, 334–339

anticorruption measures

, 337–339

Resource Governance Index

, 180

Resources. See Natural resources

Responsive adjustment principle

, 227, 228

Retail industry corruption

, 481–503

critical assessment

, 500–503

introductory allowance

, 488–493

slotting allowance

, 487, 493–500

slotting fees

, 485–488, 500–503

Return on equity (ROE)

, 267

Reversing corruption

, 197–202

contingencies of

, 205–206

Riza, Shaha

, 10

Rocha, Julio

, 442

Roman Empire, decline of

, 4

Roosevelt, Franklin D.

, 291

Royal Bank of Scotland

, 258

Royal Dutch Shell

, 169

Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS)

, 416

Ruddock, Philip

, 465

Rules of Conduct to Combat Extortion and Bribery

, 63–64

Russia

expertise and capital investment in extractive industries

, 189

FIFA World Cup 2018

, 435–437

market growth

, 272

power of suppliers

, 193

slotting fees

, 486

svyazi

, 106

Sainsbury’s

, 484

Salaries

, 11, 13, 52, 100, 156, 212, 314, 316, 354

Sam, David

, 430

Sanctions

, 53, 56, 62, 65, 82, 86, 193, 218, 220, 225, 226, 241–243, 258, 259, 263, 267, 269, 271, 272, 274, 295, 315, 338, 343, 352, 353, 413, 447

Sanofi

, 137

Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX)

, 59, 295–298

Sartre’s notion of bad faith

, 74–76

Satellite media tours (SMTs)

, 462

Saudi Arabia

power of suppliers

, 193, 194

Scandals

Enron

, 4, 33, 131, 293

FIFA World Cup

, 439–443

Johnson & Johnson

, 344

LIBOR

, 258

News of the World

, 467–468

TSKJ

, 166–174

Watergate

, 477

WorldCom

, 10, 20, 293

Scandinavia

, 134

Scenario analysis

, 187–196

high demand, high prices scenario

, 188–190

low demand, low prices scenario

, 191–196

Schulenberg, Klaus-Peter

, 432

Securities Act of 1933

, 291

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

, 65, 135, 281, 286, 291–293, 295

Securities Exchange Act of 1934

, 260, 291

Security

, 64, 99, 169, 220, 227, 263, 354, 364, 365, 381, 403, 434, 437, 460, 463, 467–468

Self-interest

, 89

Self-justification

, 395, 457

Self-knowledge

, 457

Self-reflection

, 457, 458

Self-regarding gain

, 456, 457n4

Self-regulation

, 245, 281, 292, 294, 295, 298, 346

Self-respect

, 83

Serious Fraud Office (SFO)

, 65

Shadow economy

, 393

Shareholder

, 16, 28, 34, 46, 242, 282

Shelf fees

, 487

SHUJAN (Citizens for Good Governance)

, 370

Sibandze, David Sikhulumi

, 430

Siekaczek, Reinhard

, 220

Siemens

, 124–125

corrupt corporate culture in

, 209–231

patterns of corrupt culture

, 218–222

redressive actions

, 222–226

Siemens Integrity Initiative

, 231

Siemens Value Map

, 231

trust, rebuilding

, 226–230

Sierra Leone

lower commodity prices

, 197

mineral industry

, 196

Singapore

informal relationships in

, 78

wealth inequality

, 107

Silence money. See Hush money

Slotting allowance

, 487, 493–500

economic explanations of

, 495–498

empirical evidence of

, 498–500

Slotting fees

, 485–488

ethical issues in

, 500–503

types of

, 487

Smurfing

, 261n3

Snamprogetti

, 169

Soccer

, 403, 414

Social capital

, 99

Social contract

, 76

Social differentiation

, 39

Socialization

, 30, 31–2, 45, 46

Social morality

, 81–83

Social movement methods

, 139–141

Social weighting

, 31

Social welfare

, 152, 320, 395

Société Générale

, 264

Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT)

, 239, 261, 268

Soft law

, 60n14

Sokol, Bill

, 287

“Sophist” archetype

, 128–129

Soros, George

, 199

South Africa

Competition Commission of South Africa

, 403

corruption in construction industry

, 391–418

Council of South African Trade Unions

, 403–404

National Department of Public Works (NDPW)

, 404

Preferential Procurement Policy Framework

, 405

Protected Disclosures Act

, 407

survey research

, 405–408

Speed money

, 50, 482

Sports industry, corruption in

, 423–447

FIFA World Cups

, 432–443

Olympic Games

, 426–432

prevention and law enforcement

, 443–445

Sports industry, crimes in

, 424–426

Staged news

, 463–464

Stakeholders

, 10, 16, 20, 60, 72, 199, 200, 202, 203, 205, 206, 226–228, 230, 331, 332, 396, 407

Standard Chartered Bank

, 255–274

financial ratio summary

, 266

geographic ownership summary of

, 265

holdings of

, 265

money laundering allegations

, 267–270

NYSDFS complaint against

, 268

overview of

, 264–267

Regulatory Fines, 2012-2015

, 272

2012 and beyond

, 270–273

Standard operation procedures (SOPs)

, 340, 352

Starbucks

, 283

State Board of Accounts

, 102

State capture

, 320

States. See Nation states

Stephens, Donald

, 103n3

Stock-buy-out fees

, 487

Street money

, 487

Sub-Saharan Africa

construction industry

, 402–405

Substitute industries

, 189

Summer Olympic Games (2016), corruption in

, 431–432

Superego

, 43

Supermarket Code of Practice

, 501

Supply chain

, 224, 308, 319, 332, 333, 354

Supply side corruption

, 183–187

Suspicious Activity Reports (SARs)

, 263, 444, 447

Sustainability

, 131, 185, 189, 205, 231

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 16, 330

Sweden

crony capitalism in

, 142

egalitarianism

, 104

wealth inequality

, 107

Sweett Group

, 397

Swiss Bankers Association

, 244

Swiss Bank Program

, 249

Swiss Federal Banking Commission

, 245

Switzerland

bank secrecy and tax evasion

, 243–250

crony capitalism in

, 142

wealth inequality

, 107

Symbolic order

, 43

Systemic corruption

, 211

Systemic institutional failure

, 240–243

Systems theory, corruption on

, 39

Takkas, Costas

, 442

Tanzi, Calisto

, 10

Task Force on Anti-Bribery and Corruption

, 231

Taxation

, 161

Tax evasion

, 237–251

offshore, bank secrecy and

, 243–250

Tax law

, 217, 219, 247

Tea money

, 50

Technip

, 169, 171–172

Techno-media corruption

, 467–468

Telecommunication. See IT sector corruption

Temarii, Reynald

, 435, 436, 439–441

Tender rigging

, 417

Thailand

wealth inequality

, 107

Theft

, 9–10, 308

The Investment Integration Project (TIIP)

, 281

Tibble v. Edison International

, 286

Tips

, 78

Tokenism

, 393

Trade

, 4, 17, 139, 184, 201, 205, 214, 240, 263, 264, 267, 271, 282, 286, 290, 433, 437, 486, 489

Traditions

, 29, 83, 134, 157, 158, 173, 211, 306, 307, 321, 484

Traffic Sports International Inc.

, 442

Traffic Sports USA Inc.

, 442

Training programs

, 224, 227

Transfer Matching System (TMS)

, 426n1

Transparency

, 196–202, 337, 338, 340, 341, 343, 352, 355

at deal-making licensing stage

, 198–199

initiatives

, 202–205

of negotiated outcomes in contracts

, 198

Transparency International (TI)

, 107, 159, 162, 219, 330, 392, 396, 415

Bribe Payers’ Index

, 180

Business Principles for Countering Bribery

, 64, 66

corruption, definition of

, 7, 27, 35, 37, 210

Corruption Perception Index

, 196

Global Corruption Report

, 308

Trinidad and Tobago Federation of Football (TTFF)

, 436

Trust

, 6–9, 11–14, 19, 20, 201, 203

absolute

, 88

claims, Jaspers’ notion of

, 86–89

empty

, 89

existential

, 86

generalized

, 6

philosophical

, 87

rebuilding

, 226–230

ultimate

, 87, 89

universal

, 86

TSKJ (Technip, Snamprogetti, KBR, Japan Gas) corruption scandal

, 166–174

Turkey

construction industry

, 398

nepotism and cronyism in

, 96

UBS tax case

, 245–248, 264

UEFA

, 441

Uganda, egalitarianism in

, 105

UK Bribery Act of 2011 (BA)

, 62

Ukraine, transition economies of

, 161

Under-the-table or envelop payments. See Informal payments in health care

Undue influence

, 15–18

Unethical pro-organizational behavior

, 220

Unfair treatment

, 99

UN Global Compact

, 64

United Arab Emirates

, 273

United Kingdom (UK)

Bristol Employment Tribunal

, 397

construction industry

, 396–397, 413

Financial Supervisory Authority

, 271

House of Commons Culture, Media and Sport Committee

, 437

nepotism and cronyism in

, 108

pulling strings

, 106

resource governance

, 180

slotting fees

, 486

system of regulating auditors and accountants

, 294

wealth inequality

, 106–107

United Nations

, 15, 50

United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC)

, 15, 61

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

, 392

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

, 262

United States of America (USA)

campaign finance in

, 7

Department of Justice

, 65, 135, 227, 258, 270–272

Department of Labor

, 286, 289

National Institute of Health

, 348

nepotism and cronyism in

, 102–103

resource governance

, 180

Securities and Exchange Commission

, 135

sentencing guidelines

, 135

shale gas production

, 193

slotting fees

, 486

Treasury

, 258, 263, 267, 271

Universalism

, 109–112

Unskilled labor

, 341

Valcke, Jerôme

, 442

Value of marginal product (VMP)

, 377, 378

Values-based methods, of corruption reform

at macro institutional and national levels

, 129–130

at meso organizational level

, 131

at micro individual level

, 131–132

Venal corruption

, 282–283

Venezuela

power shortages and blackouts

, 180

Vietnam, bribery payment in

, 484

Vietz, Eginhard

, 230

Vision-based methods, of corruption reform

at macro institutional and national levels

, 129–130

at meso organizational level

, 131

at micro individual level

, 131–132

Vnesheconombank

, 431

Volkswagen

, 137

Volume bonus

, 487

Von Pierer, Heinrich

, 216, 217, 220, 223, 228

Walgreens

, 283

Wall Street

, 258

Wal-Mart

, 482, 483, 494, 499

Warner, Daryan

, 442

Warner, Daryll

, 442

Warner, Jack

, 436, 439, 441, 442

Wasta (Arab world)

, 106

Water

, 100, 410

Watergate scandal

, 477

Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs)

, 460, 466

Welch, Thomas K.

, 430

Welfare

, 308, 315, 322

social

, 152, 320, 395

economic

, 296

Whistle-blowing

, 120, 124, 125, 129, 134–137, 139, 141, 142, 225

White-collar crimes

, 271

Whitlam, Gough

, 401

Winters, Bill

, 273

Win-win incentive methods

, 132–134

Wolfowitz, Paul

, 10–11

Wolfsberg Group

, 264

Woodward, Bob

, 477

World Bank

, 56, 10–11, 330

corruption, definition of

, 7, 27, 35, 37

Governance for Extractive Industries Institute

, 196

World Bank Institute

Collective Action Guide

, 230

World Business Environment Survey (WBES)

, 159, 164

WorldCom scandal

, 10, 20, 293

World Cup. See FIFA World Cup corruption

World Economic Forum

, 63, 280

Global Agenda Council on Transparency and Anti-Corruption

, 231

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 330, 337, 338

World Trade Organization (WTO)

, 214–215

Xi Jinping

, 130

Yoshida, Kazutani

, 428

Yunus, Muhammad

, 138

Zhu, Min

, 256

Zimbabwe, egalitarianism in

, 105

Zuma, Jacob

, 403–404