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With business and institution managers as the research subjects, 170 questionnaires were collected through mail and on‐the‐spot investigation. The results were: Forming time management effectiveness scale (TMES) including 11 inner factors; female manager is lower than male in total time management effectiveness; the total amount of male manager’s working time per week adds up to 52.489 hours and female manager’s 46.438 hours. Differences are seen in the amount and structure of working time as well as non‐working time. Finally, there is no significant difference between male and female managers in the serious degree of each wasting time factor but difference in sequence. The results here can serve as a reference for further studying and developing time management theory, for probing into the gender differences in time management, and will improve managers’ management practice.

Recently in China there has been a problem of “excessiveness of education”, i.e. parents′ education of their children exceeds certain limits. This is considered under three categories: (1) excessive attachment to children in daily life; (2) excessive care for children′s study; and (3) use of excessive regular methods. Category (1) can lead to priority being given to the child to the detriment of other family members and at extreme financial cost. Category (2): in addition to following school studies closely, parents often set extra‐curricular tests and studies for their children and work out “unrealistic objectives” which they expect their children to achieve. This exerts great pressure on the children and has even led to cases of suicide. In Category (3) children are taught at home pre‐school to the degree that they are well‐advanced in studies when they enter primary school. This has the negative effects that children are tired of study before they even attend school or are bored because they have already learned what they are now being taught. This continues throughout education with parents acting as “second teachers”. Excessive family education is seen to end in failure; producing negative influences on the development of children′s intelligence and personalities.

This study investigates the influence of artificial intelligence (AI) stimuli on customer stickiness (CS), the mediation effects of social presence (SP) and the moderating impacts of customer traits in this influencing process.

Drawing on the arousal theory and social response theory, a conceptual model was established and tested by a data set of 268 customers in the catering industry.

The results indicate that AI stimuli, such as perceived personalization and perceived interactivity, positively affect CS. SP partially mediates the influence of AI stimuli on CS. Customer traits such as customers' need for interaction (NFI) and novelty seeking (NS) actively moderate the mediating effects of SP.

This study advances the interactive marketing literature from three aspects. Firstly, instead of focusing on the functional aspects of AI stimuli, it extends our understanding of AI-enabled interactive marketing by examining the effects of social and emotional aspects of AI stimuli on customer response. Secondly, it extends our understanding of social response by illuminating the mediating effects of SP between AI stimuli and CS. Finally, it provides new insights and empirical evidence for the research focus on customer traits in AI-enabled interactive marketing.

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between leadership styles, psychological capital and job engagement.

Data were collected among knowledge workers working no less than 1 year in three high-tech enterprises in Henan Province, China. The investigation was conducted with the cooperation from the human resource departments of the selected enterprises from August to October 2014. To minimize potential common method bias, the authors adopted a cross-lagged design with a time gap of four months. The statistical methods included descriptive statistics, structural equation modeling (SEM) and bootstrap analysis.

The results showed: leadership styles significantly influenced employees’ psychological capital and work engagement; specifically, transformational and transactional leadership positively predicted employees’ psychological capital and work engagement; compared with transactional leadership, transformational leadership had stronger predictive power to employees’ psychological capital and work engagement; employees’ psychological capital positively predicted their work engagement; and employees’ psychological capital acts as partial mediator between leadership styles and employees’ work engagement.

Although a body of studies have shown that leadership is an important factor influencing employees’ work attitude and outcomes, it is only in recent years that the effect mechanism of leadership becomes a hot subject in organizational behavior and management fields. As for leadership styles, in general, most research concerned transformational leadership, rather than transactional leadership and only a little of research compared the effects of transformational leadership and transactional leadership on employees’ work outcomes. In terms of outcomes of leadership, as noted earlier, the previous research mainly explored job performance, job satisfaction, innovation behavior, job burnout and so on. Regarding the effect of leadership styles on employees’ work engagement, in spite of more and more supportive evidence of the link between transformational leadership and work engagement, few studies examined the relationship between transactional leadership and work engagement. What’s more, to the best of our knowledge, till now, no empirical research has explored the internal mechanism of this effect from the perspective of psychological capital. Therefore, the present study is a breakthrough for the direct model of leadership styles and employees’ engagement, theoretically bridges the research gap and contributes to the existing literature by presenting a new picture of leadership behavior effect mechanism.

The purpose of this study is to develop a deep learning framework for additive manufacturing (AM), that can detect different defect types without being trained on specific defect data sets and can be applied for real-time process control.

This study develops an explainable artificial intelligence (AI) framework, a zero-bias deep neural network (DNN) model for real-time defect detection during the AM process. In this method, the last dense layer of the DNN is replaced by two consecutive parts, a regular dense layer denoted (L1) for dimensional reduction, and a similarity matching layer (L2) for equal weight and non-biased cosine similarity matching. Grayscale images of 3D printed samples acquired during printing were used as the input to the zero-bias DNN.

This study demonstrates that the approach is capable of successfully detecting multiple types of defects such as cracks, stringing and warping with high accuracy without any prior training on defective data sets, with an accuracy of 99.5%.

Once the model is set up, the computational time for anomaly detection is lower than the speed of image acquisition indicating the potential for real-time process control. It can also be used to minimize manual processing in AI-enabled AM.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to use zero-bias DNN, an explainable AI approach for defect detection in AM.

This study investigated the impact of leader-member exchange (LMX) on emotional exhaustion among Chinese registered construction engineers by examining the mediating role of active management by exception (AMbE) and the moderating role of self-esteem.

Using a sample of 304 registered construction engineers, the study applies the job demands-resources (JD-R) model to explore how LMX, AMbE and self-esteem interact to influence emotional exhaustion.

The findings indicate a significant negative relationship between LMX and emotional exhaustion, suggesting that higher-quality exchanges between leaders and members reduce emotional exhaustion. Additionally, AMbE was found to mediate this relationship, where high-quality LMX relationships decrease the extent of AMbE, subsequently lowering emotional exhaustion. Self-esteem was also found to moderate the relationship between AMbE and emotional exhaustion, with high self-esteem exacerbating the negative impact of AMbE and low self-esteem buffering this impact.

These results extend the JD-R model by incorporating leadership quality and management style as critical factors influencing emotional well-being. The study underscores the need for balanced management approaches that consider both supportive and corrective behaviors and highlights the importance of tailoring interventions based on individual differences in self-esteem. The findings provide valuable insights for both theory and practice in managing stress and enhancing the well-being of professionals in high-stress industries. Future research should aim to replicate these findings with larger samples to further validate and extend the results.

Using social exchange theory, this paper explores the relationship between supervisor perceived organizational support and supervisor developmental feedback. It verifies the mediating role of supervisor felt obligation to organization and the moderating role of supervisor core self-evaluation in this relationship.

A two-wave survey sampling method was applied to collect 247 pieces of paired data (supervisors-new employees) in organizations in China.

The results show that supervisor felt obligation to organization mediates the relationship between supervisor perceived organizational support and supervisor developmental feedback. The findings suggest that a high level of supervisor core self-evaluation strengthens the relationship between supervisor perceived organizational support and supervisor felt obligation to organization and then facilitates supervisor developmental feedback.

This study combines two perspectives, organizational factor and supervisor trait, to reveal the occurrence mechanism of supervisor developmental feedback and complements the research on the influencing factors of supervisor developmental feedback. In addition, it provides some theoretical guidance and practical insights into how organizations can motivate supervisors to provide developmental feedback to new employees.

This study aims to clarify the impact of agriculture–tourism integration (ATI) on in situ urbanization (ISURB) of rural residents, to highlight the role of industrial integration in the process of China's ISURB and to provide industrial integration suggestions for promoting urbanization quality in Chinese counties.

By sorting out the panel data of China's 1868 counties, the evaluation index system of ISURB was constructed. Difference in difference (DID) and spatial Durbin-difference in difference (SDM-DID) model is used for estimate the relationship between ATI and ISURB.

First, ATI can improve ISURB by 11.4% higher than other regions. Second, theoretical analysis model of ATI on ISURB is constructed from four aspects of “drive–push–pull–block.” The results show that ATI can promote ISURB by increasing upgrading of rural industries, rural employment demand and income capacity, whereas ATI may inhibit ISURB by reducing farmland. Third, considering changes in institutional, hard and soft factors, rural collective economy, information infrastructure and digital finance all promote positive impact of ATI on ISURB. Fourth, ATI will produce spillover effects on ISURB in neighboring regions, which is more pronounced in the central and western regions.

This study lacks quantification of ATI, so future studies are encouraged to further quantify ATI at the county level.

This study has policy significance for constructing ATI demonstration counties and promoting ISURB in China's counties.

It is of great practical value to promote China's ISURB. By stimulating ATI, it can improve income and employment capacity of rural residents and stimulate ISURB of China.

This study enriches the theoretical and practical research on industrial integration behaviors during the process of ISURB.

1. Use county data to measure in situ urbanization (ISURB)

2. Agriculture–tourism integration (ATI) can increase ISURB

3. Constructs a “drive-push-pull-block” model to explain the influence mechanism

4. Use spatial Durbin-difference in difference (SDM-DID) models

5. Consider collective economy, rural information infrastructure and digital finance

Use county data to measure in situ urbanization (ISURB)

Agriculture–tourism integration (ATI) can increase ISURB

Constructs a “drive-push-pull-block” model to explain the influence mechanism

Use spatial Durbin-difference in difference (SDM-DID) models

Consider collective economy, rural information infrastructure and digital finance

In this study, a finite element model of a box-girder bridge along with the railway sub-track system is developed to predict the static behavior due to different combinations of the Indian railway system and free vibration responses resulting in different natural frequencies and their corresponding mode shapes.

The modeling and evaluation of the bridge and sub-track system were performed using non-closed form finite element method (FEM)-based ANSYS software.

From the analysis, the worst possible cases of deformation and stress due to different static load combinations were determined in the static analysis, while different natural frequencies were determined in the free vibrational analysis that can be used for further analysis because of the dynamic effect of the train vehicle.

The scope of the current investigation is confined to the structure's static and free vibration analysis. However, this study will help the designers obtain relevant information for further analysis of the dynamic behavior of the bridge model.

In static analysis, the maximum deformation of the bridge deck was found to be 10.70E-03m due to load combination 5, whereas the maximum natural frequency for free vibration analysis is found to be 4.7626 Hz.

The purpose of this study is to use polybenzoxazine (Pbz) functionalized ZrO₂ nanoparticles to synthesize polyurethane (PU)-PbZ/ZrO₂ nanocomposite. The results derived from the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization studies indicated the superior anticorrosive activity of PU-Pbz/ZrO₂ nanocomposite coatings compared to those of plain PU coatings. The decreased corrosion current was detected on the scratch of the PU-Pbz/ZrO₂ nanocomposite-coated mild steel surface by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) compared to other studied coatings. The superior anticorrosive and mechanical properties of the proposed nanocomposite coatings provide a new horizon in the development of high-performance anticorrosive coatings for various industries.

The Pbz functionalized ZrO₂ nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in terms of the structural, morphological and thermal properties of these coatings. A different formulation of coatings such as PU, PU-Pbz, PU-ZrO₂ and PU-Pbz/ZrO₂ were prepared and investigated for their corrosion protection performance on mild steel in natural seawater by electrochemical techniques. The surface morphological studies were done by SEM/EDX and XRD analysis.

The superior anticorrosive property of the proposed nanocomposite coatings provides a new horizon in the development of high-performance anticorrosive coatings for various industries. Addition of Pbz wrapped ZrO₂ nanoparticles into the PU coating resulted in the blockage of charge transfer at the metal/electrolyte interface, which reduced the dissolution of mild steel. It was revealed from the SEM/EDX analysis that the formation of the corrosion products at the metal/electrolyte interface behaved as the passive layer which reduced the dissolution of steel.

The inclusion of polybenzoxazine functionalized ZrO₂ nanoparticles to the polyurethane coating reinforces the barrier and mechanical properties of PU-Pbz/ZrO₂ nanocomposite, which is due to the synergistic effect of ZrO₂ and Pbz.